BIOL 130 Flashcards by Sarah Kim

What are Protists?

very diverse group - made up of single cells that form from colonies

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What are the features of Prokaryotes?

Rely on cell wall and internal rigid protein framework for its structure

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What are the 7 properties of cells?

Have an enclosed cell membrane
Metabolic processes - Krebs, glycolysis
Use energy through bioenergetics, photosynthesis
Stimulants - receptors
Self-regulation - ensuring accurate replication
Contain genetic program through central dogma and DNA
Replication of accurate information

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What are the exceptions to cell theory?

Viruses - protein coat, small amounts of nucleic acid
Viroids - circular RNA, no protein coat
Prions - no nucleic acid, infectious particles

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What is cell theory?

The three tenets to cell theory include:
1. Unicellular cells become multicellular cells
2. Structural and functional units of life
3. Cells are the source of other cells

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First observation of cells?

Robert Hooke described chamber of corks as cells. Looked at empty walls and saw dead cells.

Anton van Leeuwenhoek looked through light microscope and saw ball of plast and notes that they were animalcules in pond water

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What is the definition of a cell?

Cell is the fundamental/basic unit of life
- All organisms are made of either a single cell or group of cells

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What are the different ways we see cells?

Microscopes
- light microscopy
- electron microscopy
- fluorescence microscopy

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The history of Cell Theory?

Schledien - German botanist, found that cells replicate

Schwan - German Zoologist

Virchow - Found that cells are the source of other cells

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What are Fungi?

Cell walls with chitin - modified polysaccharide

heterotrophs

dependent on performed organic molecules for carbon and energy - absorbed directly from the environment

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What are Plants

Multicellular have cell wall made from polysaccharides

Large water filled vacuoles - contribute to turgor pressure

Intercellular connection - Plasmodesmata

Autotrophs - produce their own food, chloroplasts convert sun’s energy into chemical energy

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What are Animals?

Multicellular
Don’t have cell walls
Heterotrophs - gain energy and carbon from performed organic molecules
Distinct mode of early development

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What are the features of Eukaryotes?

Membrane bound nucleus - defining characteristic that stores chromosomes

Organized by internal protein scaffolding (*cytoskeleton) can be remodeled quickly

consist of dynamic membranes - endomembrane system

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What are some features of Fungi?

Heterotrophs
Cell walls consist of chitin
Modified polysaccharide

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What are some features of Protists?

Diverse group of Eukaryotes
Mostly single celled but form colonies *

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What are some features of Plants?

Autotrophs: Chloroplast converts sun energy into chemical energy
Cell walls are made up of polysaccharides
Vacuoles *
Plasmodesmata - intercellular connections *

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What are some features of Animals?

Heterotrophs: obtain energy and carbon by consuming other organisms
Do not have cell wall
Polysaccharides
Have distinct mode of early development *

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Cytoskeleton in Eukaryotes

All Eukaryotes have two cytoskeleton elements - microfilaments, and microtubules.

Animals have a third - intermediate filaments

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What is the Endomembrane system?

Network of internal membranes - the endomembrane system

Consists of:
Nuclear envelope, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Apparatus, Mitochondria, Lysosome, Peroxisomes

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What are the features of Nuclear envelope?

Membrane surrounding nucleus, with inner and outer membranes consisting of nuclear pores

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What are the features of Endoplasmic Reticulum?

Responsible for lipid and protein synthesis

Rough ER: has ribosomes for protein synthesis
Smooth ER: lacks ribsomes

Network of interconnected tubules and flattened sacs

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What are the features of Golgi Apparatus?

Modifies protein and lipids

Sorts proteins and lipids to destination

Add carbohydrates to proteins and lipids

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What are model organisms?

Used to understand cell biology

Electrons move around the nucleus in a region of space ->

Orbitals They are grouped in layers based on given energy levels -> called a shell - differ in size and shape -> electrons in orbitals close to nucleus have less energy than those farther away - first shell -> spherical orbital that fills first with pair of electrons - next shells fill with four single electrons then form pairs

What does each atom contain?

Each atom contains a dense central nucleus which inhabits protons and neutrons. Also features an orbital - which can hold two electrons

What are shells made up of?

Shells are made up of orbitals. They are grouped into layers based on the energy level of the shell.

What are the features of orbitals?

They differ in size and shape - electrons in orbitals close to nucleus have less energy than those farther away First shell - spherical orbital that fills first with a pair of electrons.

What are valence electrons?

The outer most shell of an orbital and atom. Determines the number of bonds an atom can make. Atoms combine with other atoms to form molecules.

What are covalent bonds?

Combine H and O Most common because they are strong and stable. Occurs when there are (unequal sharing of electrons) covalent bonds are called polar. Which then, the polar molecules have a higher electronegativity than the other, combing them together However, when there are an equal sharing of electrons, covalent bonds are called non polar. They have nearly the same, or the same electronegativity.

What are Ionic Bonds?

These are weaker versions of covalent bonds. And are less common. Break more easily. Occurs when there is a significant difference in electronegativity. An example would include Chlorine and Sodium. Chlorine would take an electron from Sodium, which would them, make Chlorine more negatively charged, and Sodium more positively charged.

What are positively charged atoms called?

Cation - when an atom has extra proton relative to the number of electrons.

What are negatively charge atoms called?

Anion - when an atom has extra electrons relative to the number of protons

What are orbitals?

The layers surrounding the protons and electrons → clustered together called the nucleus. Electrons closer to the nucleus have less energy than those further away.

What are valence electrons?

Valence electrons are found on the outer most orbitals surrounding the nucleus.

What are covalent bonds?

Covalent bonds are the strong bonds formed between hydrogen and carbon. They are the most common, and plentiful.

What are the different types of organic molecules?

proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids

What is Carbon

Seen in every organic molecule, has 4 covalent bonds meaning it can attach to a lot of different molecules

What is condensation?

The use of energy and producing water, creates covalent bonds

What is hydrolysis?

The use of water and producing energy, the breaking of covalent bonds

What are Functional groups?

Polar and Nonpolar

What is part of the Amino Acid Structure?

Carbon in the middle with four covalent bonds amino group carboxyl group r group hydrogen

How to join Amino Acids together?

Covalent bond called the peptide bond

What are the types of Nucleic Acids?

DNA and RNA. Deoxyribose, Ribose

What are nucleiotides?

Three components - Phosphate group - Nitrogen containing base - Sugar

What are nucleosides?

Two components - Nitrogen containing base - Sugar

How do you connect nucleotides together?

Covalent bond, connected by phosphodiester bonds

What is the orientation of DNA?

5' to 3' end

What does the DNA structure resemble?

Two nucleotide strands, going in opposite directions from another called antiparallel

What is made up of Carbohydrates?

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

What is the simplest form of Carbohydrates called?

Saccharide

What are the types of saccharides?

Monosaccharide, Disaccharide, Ogliosaccharide, Polysaccharide

What is the characteristics of Cyclic Monosaccharides?

Circular form a ring, forms by 5 carbon or 6 carbon

What is used to link monosaccharides together?

Covalent bond linked by glycosidic bond

What are the storage forms of glucose?

Starch and Glycogen.

What are Lipids

Only monomer among the organic molecules, hydrophobic (which is why their shape is all batched up together)

What are the different ways Lipids is used?

Triacyglycerol, Glycerol, Steriods, Phospholipids