M1 Flashcards
3
1
Q
cell membrane
A
back to back phospholipids (bilayer)
2
Q
single phospholipid
A
head, chains (head is polar-hydrophillic, tail is nonpolar - hydrophobic)
3
Q
amphipathic
A
contains both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions
4
Q
intracellular fluid
A
fluid interior of cell - attracted to extracellular fluid
5
Q
extracellular fluid
A
fluid environment outside enclosure of cell membrane
6
Q
interstitial fluid
A
given to extracellular fluid not contained within blood vessels
7
Q
integral protein
A
protein embedded in membrane
8
Q
channel protein
A
integral protein selectively allows particular materials to pass in and out of cell
9
Q
receptor
A
recognition protein binds specific molecule outside of cell
10
Q
ligand
A
molecule that binds to a receptor
11
Q
neurotransmitters
A
dopamine molecule binds to dopamine receptor protein
12
Q
glycoprotein
A
carbohydrate molecules attached
13
Q
glycocalyz
A
fuzzy coating around cell
receptors for hormones
found in body - product of person’s genetic makeup
14
Q
peripheral proteins
A
found in inner or outer surface of lipid bilayer
attached to internal or external surface of integral protein
15
Q
selective permeability
A
only substances with certain criteria to pass unaided
16
Q
passive transport
A
movement without expenditure of cellular energy
17
Q
active transport
A
movement of substance with energy from ATP
18
Q
concentration gradient
A
molecules spread from where ther are more concentrated to less concentrated until equal
19
Q
diffusion
A
movement from area of higher concentration to area of lower concentration
20
Q
facilitated diffusion
A
for substances that cannot cross lipid bilayer due to size, charge, polarity
21
Q
osmosis
A
diffusion of water through semipermeable membrane
22
Q
isotonic
A
two solutions with equal tension
23
Q
hypertonic
A
shrivel was water leaves cell via osmosis
24
Q
hypotonic
A
cells within swell with risk of bursting
25
sodium potassium pump
transport sodium from cell while moving potassium into cell
26
electrical gradient
difference in charge across space
27
active transporters
active pumps work together with active or passive transporters to move substances across membrane
28
symporters
secondary active transporters moving two substances in same direction
29
antiporters
secondary active transport in opposite directions
30
endocytosis
process of cell ingesting material enveloping in portion of cell membrane
31
vesicle
membranous sac
32
phagocytosis
cell eating - many immune cells engage in phagocytosis of invading pathogens
33
pinocytosis
cell drinking, bring fluid containing dissolved substances into cell through membrane vesicles
34
receptor-mediated endocytosis
contain receptors specific for certain substance
35
exocytosis
process of cell exporting material using vesicular transport
36
endocrine cells
produce secrete hormone through body
37
cystic fibrosis
genetic disease - damage to lungs also liver, pancreas, intestines.
38
organelle
membrane-enclosed bodies in cell - perform a unique function
39
endoplasmic reticulum
channels with nuclear membrane, transport and store materials
40
rough ER
dotted with granules - ribosomes (bumpy)
41
smooth ER
doesn't have ribosomes
42
golgi apparatus
sort products come from rough ER - one side receives products in vesicles
43
lysosomes
remain inside cell for breaking down certain materials
44
autophagy
process of cell digesting own structures
45
autolysis
process of cell death controlled
46
mitochondria
bean shaped organelle - constantly at work, because cells use ATP constantly
47
peroxisomes
mostly enzymes - lipid metabolism and chemical detoxification - transfers hydrogen atoms
48
reactive oxygen species
free radicals highly reactive products of normal cellular processes
diseases believed to be triggered include - alzheimers, cardiovascular, diabetes, parkinson's, arthritis, huntigton's
49
oxidative stress
damage to cellular components from ROS
50
mutation
nucleotide sequence change within DNA
51
cytoskeleton
group of fibrous proteins providing structural support for cells
critical in cell motility, reproduction and transportation
52
microtubule
thickest, maintain cell shape and structure, resists compression of cell - make up two cellular appendages
important to set the paths
53
cilia
found on cells of the body - line airways of respiratory system, move rhythmically
54
flagellum
larger, and specialize in locomotion (propelling itself forward to female egg cells)
55
microfilament
thinner layer of cytoskeletal
56
actin
protein forms chains, primary component of microfilaments
important roles in cell division
57
intermediate filamen
cytoskeletal filament
long fibrous subunits of protein called keratin - wound together like threads composing rope, resist tension(forces of pulling apart)
58
nuclear envelope
nucleus surronding membrane
59
nuclear pore
passageway for passage of proteins, RNA, solutes
60
nucleolus
region responsible for manufacturing RNA needed for ribosomes
61
chromatin
composed of DNA
62
histone
DNA wraps around
63
nucleosome
single wrapped DNA-histone
64
chromosome
composed of DNA and proteins
65
DNA replication
cells divide to produce new daughter cells, billions are produced in humans, only few do not divide (nerve, skeletal muscle fibers, cardiac muscle cells - copying DNA that occur before cell division takes place
66
DNA bases
adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine
67
helicase
untwist and separate two strands of DNA
68
DNA polymerase
bring correct base to complement template strand, synthesize new strand - adds free nucleotides to end of DNA chain
69
genome
entire complement of organism's DNA must be replicated (very important for precise replication to occur, so that new cells contain exact same genetic material as parent cells)
70
proteome
complement of proteins
71
gene
functional segment of DNA - provide info
72
gene expression
transforms info coded in gene to final product gene
73
speed up biochemical reactions
enzymes
74
triplet
section of three section DNA bases - code specific amino acid
75
transcription
where synthesis of strand of mRNA(transcript) begin with DNA replication
76
codon
three-based sequence of mmRNA
77
promoter
sequence of nucleotides - trigger start of transcription
78
RNA polymerase
enzyme adds new nucleotides to growing strand of RNA
79
stages of transcription from DNA to RNA
initiation - promoter
elongation - RNA unwind DNA, RNA polymerase
termination - end of gene, sequence called terminator causing new RNA to fold up itself
80
ending transcription
where RNA folds up on itself, separating from gene and RNA polymerase. Before mRNA leaves modified to. a do not code for amino acids (splicing)
81
splicing
remove non-coding regions from pre-mRNA transcript
82
spliceosome
composed of various proteins attaching to mRNA and cuts out non-coding regions (intron)
83
removed segment of transcript
intron
84
segment RNA remains after splicing
exon
85
RNA to protein - translation
synthesize chain of amino acids(polypeptide)
two aids
translator - conduct translation
desk - where mRNA is translated into new protein
86
ribosomal RNA
with proteins composes small and large subunit
87
transfer RNA
ferries appropriate corresponding amino acid to ribosome
88
anticodon
on the base of tRNA
89
translation three stages
initiation - binding ribosome to mRNA transcript
elongation - recognition of tRNA anticodon with next mRNA condon
termination - trigger release of newly synthesized protein
90
polyribosome
string of ribosomes - translates single mRNA strand
91
somatic cell
body cell, produce eggs and sperm
92
homologous
pair of chromosomes is two copies of single chromosome found in somatic cell
93
diploid
condition of human to have 23 homologous pairs of chromosomes in each somatic cell
94
cell cycle
sequence of events of cell from moment it was created, until divides itself
95
interphase
when cell not dividing
g1 - growth
s - synthesis(cell replicates DNA)
g2 - where cell continues to grow and make necessary preparations for mitosis
g0 - resting phase, temporarily stopped dividing and are resting
96
mitosis
division of genetic material - break down into two new, nuclei formed
mitotic phase - 1 to 2 hours(undergo two major processes)
prophase - each chromosome becomes visible - centrosome(pair of centrioles together)
mitotic spindle - composed of centrosomes and emerging microtubules
kinetochore - point of attachment between mitotic spindle and sister chromatids
metaphase - line up in middle
anaphase - pairs of sister chromatids are separated
telophase - formation of two new daughter cells
cleavage - microfilaments form around midline of cell during cytokinesis
97
cytokinesis
divides cytoplasm into two distinctive cells
98
sister chromatid
physically bound, are the two copies of each chromosome
99
centromere
attach to one sister chromatid to another, during phase 92 chromatids (usually 46 chromosomes)
100
mechanisms of cell control
phase involves certain processes that must be completed, checkpoint where cycle is signaled to move forward or stop
101
cyclin
primary class of cell cycle
102
cyclin-dependent kinase
molecules work together to determine progression
g1 - cell is ready for DNA synthesis
g2 - cell is fullly prepared for mitosis
103
cell out of control
normal for cell escaping, and becoming cancerous, however certain cells of immune system recognize cells and destroy them
104
homeostatic imbalances
where cancer arises - from mutations of DNA, abnormal function
105
stem cell
unspecialized and divide without limit
can continuously divide new stem cells without further specializing
106
totipotent
first embryonic cell arise from division of zygote
107
pluripotent
stem cell with potential to differentiate into any type of human tissue
108
multipotent
stem cell with potential to differentiate from given lineage
109
differentiation
change in size, shape, metabolic activity, function
110
transcription factor
class that bind to specific genes on DNA molecule rather than promote their transcription
111
stem cell research
aims to find ways for stem cells to regenerate, repair cellular damage
