Mod 11 Cell Replication and Cell Division

Question 1

How can cells make more cells?

Answer 1

Through process called cell division

Question 2

What are the reasons for cell division occuring?

Answer 2

Cell growth, replacement, healing, reproduction

Question 3

Process of cell division needs to satisfy which procceses?

Answer 3

1. Two daughter cells should be completely identical and must receive all genetic information found in single parent cell
2. Parent cells should provide equal adequate cytoplasmic components to each daughter cell

Question 4

When prokaryotic cells divide, what do they divide by?

Answer 4

Binary fission

Question 5

When Eukaryotic cells divide, by which methods do they divide by?

Answer 5

Mitosis and cytokinesis

Question 6

What are the key steps of binary fission?

Answer 6

1. Circular genome attaches to plasma membrane
2. DNA replication travels around circle in opposite directions (along circular genome)
3. Two DNA molecules are synthesized and attach to plasma membrane
4. Two DNA molecules separate as cell elongates
5. Pinch appears in midpoint of cell, and when about twice original size, and DNA molecules are well-seperated

Question 7

What is the replication taking place in binary fission?

Answer 7

circular DNA molecule

Question 8

In eukaryotic division, what is the characteristics of the genome?

Answer 8

large and linear

Question 9

What is the replication taking place in eukaryotic cell division?

Answer 9

mitotic division

Question 10

What is the definition of a genome?

Answer 10

The genetic material of an organism

Question 11

Is there a relationship between genome size and organismal complexity?

Answer 11

No, there is no relationship between these two components, may instead be longer because of repetition, and buffer degradation

Question 12

What are the characteristics of prokaryotic genomes?

Answer 12

Circular, form structure with multiple loops (supercoiled DNA) called nucleoid

loops bound together by proteins

Question 14

What is needed in order to form a chromatin?

Answer 14

eukaryotic DNA first wrapped around group of histone proteins to form a nucleosome

Question 16

What are the three types of cells you need to be familiar with?

Answer 16

Stem cells - undifferentiated to create different specialized cells
Somatic cells - non-productive, most common found in our bodyi .e. hair
Germ cells - reproductive, main objective is to reproduce i.e. sperm, eggs

Question 17

What are the series of stages called for cell division that occur in eukaryotes

Answer 17

cell cycle

Question 18

Which two distinct stages of the cell cycle does it encompass?

Answer 18

m phase - divides two daughter cells
interphase - time between successive m phases

Question 19

what are the components are in interphase?

Answer 19

G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase, G0phase

Question 20

What occurs in the m phase

Answer 20

seperation of replicated chromosomes - called mitosis
division of cytoplasm into two daughter cells - called cytokinesis

Question 21

what happens in the G1 phase?

Answer 21

increase cell size and protein content to start making duplicates

considered the first “gap” phase

prepares cell for S phase

delete some errors

if too many errors will terminate itself

Question 22

what happens in the S phase?

Answer 22

synthesis of genome, replication of DNA

Question 23

what happens in the G2 phase

Answer 23

second “gap” phase, preparations for the next phase, M phase

does similar things as G1 phase, where it increase cell size and protein content

delete some errors

if too many errors will terminate itself

Question 24

what is the G0 stage?

Answer 24

separates off of G1 phase, no active preparations for cell division

occurs in cells that don’t
actively divide i.e. liver cells

no cell division occurs!