M1 Flashcards
2
1
Q
element
A
pure susbstance - cannot be created or borken down
2
Q
compound
A
in nature - elements rarely occur alone - come in form of compounds
3
Q
atom
A
smallest quantity of element, retain property of that element
4
Q
proton
A
positively charged
5
Q
neutron
A
non-charge
6
Q
electron
A
negatively-charged
7
Q
atomic number
A
number of protons in nucleus of atom - identifies element
8
Q
mass number
A
sum of number of protons and neutrons
9
Q
periodic table of elements
A
identify 92 elements
10
Q
isotopes
A
different form of element - different number of neutrons
11
Q
radioactive isotope
A
unstable, and much more than usual number of neutrons
emit subatomic particles that are detectable from imaging technologies
most advanced is PET (hot spots)
12
Q
interventional radiologist
A
treat disease through minimall invasive techniques
pro - reduce pain, cost, length
13
Q
electron shell
A
layer of electrons encircling nucleus
all hold eight except first shell
second electron shell is necessary to hold electrons in elements larger than hydrogen and helium
14
Q
valence shell
A
is the predictor of atom to participate in chemical reactoin
outer most shell - when full atom is stable and electrons unlikely to pull away from nueclues
15
Q
atoms in nature
A
tend to join with other atoms
example - carbon links up wth four atoms of hydrogen
16
Q
bond
A
weak or strong electrical attraction
17
Q
molecule
A
two or more atoms held together by chemical bond - molecule
18
Q
compound
A
when molecule made of two or more atoms - called chemical compound
19
Q
ions
A
atom with a electrical charge
20
Q
cation
A
positively charged ion
21
Q
anion
A
negatively charged ion
22
Q
ionic bond
A
opposite charges of cations and anions keeping atoms in close proximity forming ionic bond
23
Q
ionic bond with water
A
water breaks ionic bonds to free ions
24
Q
covalent bonds
A
share electrons mutually stabilizing relationship
25
non-polar covalent bonds
balanced sharing of negtive electrons relatively equal
26
polar covalent bonds
occur when atoms sharing electrons are unequal
27
polar molecule
molecule containing region with opposite electrical charges
28
hydrogen bond
weakly positive hydrogen atom bonded to electronegative atom
occur between molecules of water
29
kinetic energy
type of motion
30
potential energy
energy of position
31
chemical energy
form of potential - stored in chemical bonds
32
chemical reactions
release more energy than absorb
33
mechanical energy
stored in physical systems
34
radiant energy
emitted and transmitted as wave, vary from length
35
electrical energy
supplied by electrolytes in cells and body fluids - contribute to voltage changes helping transmit impulse in nerve and muscle cells
36
product
substances produced by a chemical reaction
37
synthetic reaction
chemical reaction from joining of components (formally disconnected)
38
decomposition reaction
chemical reaction of breaking down something larger into parts
39
exchange reaction
chemical reaction where both synthesis and decomposition occur - chemical bonds formed and broken
40
chemical reactions
quickly occur, atoms in reactants easily access each other
highly reactive elements - proceed more quickly
less reactive - more slowly
temperature: higher the faster, colder the slower
concentration - speed up reaction, by increasing concentration and decreasing the amount of space
41
enzymes
catalyst composed of protein and RNA
work by lowering level of energy invested in chemical reaction
critical to body's healthy functioning
42
activation energy
chemical reaction's threshold needed to break bonds in reactants
43
catayst
substance that increases rate of chemical reaction without undergoing change
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organic compound
contains both carbon and hydrogen
44
inorganic compound
doesn't contain both carbon and hydrogen
45
water
70 percent of adult body weight is water
major lubricant for body
watery fluids help food low in digestive tract
protects cells from physical trauma
heat sink - absorb dissipates heat, and absorbs heat generated by chemical reactions without increasing temperature
46
water as a lubricant and cushion
lubricates body's joints, helps lungs expand and recoil when breathing, ensures movement is friction free. protects cells and organs from physical trauma
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water as a heat sink
absorbs heat generated by chemical reactions, helps keep body cool - cooling effect occurs when warm blood from body flows to blood vessels under skin and is transferred to environment
48
water as a component of liquid mixture
maintain own chemical identity - water key component of having a mixture. liquid solution dissolves a substance called solute. considered the universal solvent.
49
concentrations of solutes
various mixture of solutes described in chemistry - concentration of given solute is number of particles of solute in given space
50
colloid
consists of tiny clumps of molecules
51
suspension
liquid mixture where heavier substance is suspended in liquid, and over time settles out
52
role of water in chemical reactions
dehydration synthesis: gives up atom of hydrogen and another gives up hydroxyl group
hydrolysis: molecule of water disrupts compound, breaking the bonds
53
salt
typical dissociates in water completely, positive and negative regions water attract negative chloride
54
acids
substnace that releases hydrogen ions
55
bases
substance that releases hydroxyl ions
56
concept of pH
make more sense when study pH scale
57
buffers
ph in human blood normally ranges from 7.335 to 7.45 - fluctuations can lead to threatening disorders
58
acidosis
excessive acid in blood and fluids
59
alkalosis
condition where blood and fluids are too akaline
60
metabolic alkalosis
prolong sever vomiting, causes loss of hydrogen and chloride ions
61
organic compounds
consist of carbon atoms covalently bonded to hydrogen, oxygen
62
carbon atoms
form long carbon chain known as carbon skeleton - don't share all electrons exclusively, tend to share with a variety of other elements
63
functional group
group linked by strong covalent bonds
64
monosaccharide
monomer of carbohydrates
65
polysaccharide
polymers, consist of hundreds to thousands of monomers
examples:
starches - stored in plant-based foods, relatively easy to digest
glycogen - stored in tissues of animals
cellulose - component of cell wall, plan food fiber
66
disaccharide
pair of monosaccharides
formed during dehydration process - split into component monosaccharide via hydrolysis
67
ATP consists of
ribose sugar, adenine base, three phosphate groups
68
lipids
made of hydrocarbons
69
tirglycerides
glycerol attached to three fatty acids through dehydration synthesis
major fuel for body, stored in fat tissues
70
prostaglandins
group of signalling molecules - from unsaturated fatty acids - stimulate production certain prostaglandins helping regulate blood pressure/inflammation, reduce risk of heart disease
71
protein
component of all tissue and organs - composed of amino acids - body's functional chemicals - digestive enzymes of digestive tract
also used to help regulate fluid-electrolyte balance - can be used for energy (causes tissue breakdown)
72
microstructure of proteins
polymers made up of nitrogen containing monomers (amino acids) - hydrogen atom, alkaline amino group, acidic carboxyl group, variable group
73
shape of proteins
determined by sequence of amino acids - called primary structure of protein
the long, slender shape of protein is shaped to contract (shorten) and relax (lengthen)
74
disulfide bond
covalent bond in polypeptide
75
denaturation
change structure of molecule through physical or chemical means - lose function and no longer able to carry out jobs
76
enzymatic reactions
substrate bind to enzyme at a particular spot only corresponding to that substrate
77
nucleotides
78
one class of organic compounds
one or more phosphate groups
pentose sugar: deoxyribose or ribose
nitrogen - containing base: adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine, uracil
79
nucleic acids
consist of different types depending on their type of pentose sugar
80
DNA
stores genetic information
two strands attach through hydrogen bonds
81
RNA
contains ribose, helps manifest choices in genetic code
one single strand
82
messenger RNA
carry genetic instructions from DNA to protein manufacturing plants in cytoplasm(ribosomes)
83
nucleotide ATP
ribose sugar, adenine base, three phosphate groups
high energy compound - two covalent bonds linking to three phosphates (consists of high potential energy)
84
phosphorylation
ADP undergo, resulting in ATP (where same level of energy has been released during hydrolysis is reinvested to power dehydration synthesis
