Mod 10 Cell and Tissue Form

Question 1

in multicellular organism , cells come together to form

Answer 1

tissues

Question 2

two or more tissues make

Answer 2

organ

Question 3

structural protein networks that work in cytoplasm

Answer 3

cytoskeleton

Question 4

anchor one cell to another

Answer 4

cellular junctions

Question 5

meshwork of proteins and polysaccharides outside the cell

Answer 5

extracellular matrix (ECM)

Question 6

what are the components in between cells

Answer 6

celluar junctions, and ECM

Question 7

what are the two layers of skin

Answer 7

Epidermis and dermis

Question 8

what is epidermis

Answer 8

protective outer barrier, water resistant

Question 9

what is dermis

Answer 9

layer beneath epidermis and supports and supplies with nutrients

Question 10

what are the four types of tissues in animals?

Answer 10

epithelial tissue, connective, muscle, nervous

Question 11

what does epithelial tissue cover?

Answer 11

the outside of the body and lines many internal structures of the body

Question 12

what is the epidermis composed of?

Answer 12

epithelial cells called keratinocytes - protect underlying tissues and organs

Question 13

what do melanocytes do

Answer 13

produce pigments of the skin

Question 14

what is the basal lamina

Answer 14

support epithelial cells, specialized ECM below bottom layer of epidermis

Question 15

wha tis connective tissue?

Answer 15

structure and support, dermis to support epidermis, connects nerves and blood vessels

Question 16

what are the three types of cytoskeletons

Answer 16

microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments

Question 17

all eukaryotic cells have which type of cytoskeleton?

Answer 17

microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments

Question 18

which cytoskeleton is part of animal cells?

Answer 18

intermediate filaments

Question 19

what is microfilament made up of ?

Answer 19

double helix of actin monomers, thinnest, short and extensively branched, support and stable in compact area, organize proteins, in various locations of cytoplasm

Question 20

what are intermediate filaments made up?

Answer 20

strong fiber composed of protein subunits

Question 21

what are microtubules made up of?

Answer 21

hollow tube formed form tubulin dimers
- alpha tubulin
- beta tubulin

Question 22

what are the functions of microtubules?

Answer 22

form centrosome

helps to maintain cell shape and withstand compression

organelles secured to microtubules guide arrangement of organelles in the cell

undergo random cycles of shrinkage and slower growth called depolymerization, and polymerization

Question 23

what are the functions of microfilaments

Answer 23

provide stability to microvillus and keep upright.

Question 24

how are microtubules and microfilaments dynamic?

Answer 24

always changing, become longer adding subunits, and shrink by losing subunits

have faster and slower ends
faster growing end - plus end
slower growing end - minus end

speed is key to whole event

Question 25

what is the dynamic instability in microtubules?

Answer 25

cycles of polymerization and depolymerization can result in microtubule catastrophe, allowing for rapid re-organization of cytoskeleton when needed

Question 26

what are microtubules and microfilaments called when joined by small accessory proteins?

Answer 26

motor proteins

Question 27

what are the two motor proteins called?

Answer 27

kinesin and dynein

Question 28

which end does kinesin move towards?

Answer 28

plus ends

Question 29

which end does dynein move towards?

Answer 29

minus end

Question 30

where does the energy for this movement for motor proteins come from

Answer 30

ATP

Question 31

what propels movement in microtubules?

Answer 31

cilia, and flagella

Question 32

what is the movement for microfilaments?

Answer 32

through crawling

Question 33

what are the different types of cell junctions?

Answer 33

adherens junctions, desmosomes, hemidesmosomes, tight junctions, gap junctions

Question 34

in epithelial cells, which face outside body?

Answer 34

apical - upper or outer surface of the cell

Question 35

in epithelial cells which face inner side of body?

Answer 35

basal - bottom or base of the cell

Question 36

in cell junctions what are the components that support structure and cell communication? found between cells

Answer 36

cadeherins and integrins

Question 37

what are the functions of cadherins as an integral transmembrane glycoproteins?

Answer 37

for cell-to-cell communication, act as an anchor for both cells, for cells to attach to other cells

Question 38

what are the functions of integrins as a integral transmembrane glycoprotein?

Answer 38

connect cell to a base, for cells to attach to ECM, interact with cytoskeleton, important for structure

Question 39

what is a cell junction

Answer 39

connect cells to other cells or to basal lamina, reinforced by cytoskeleton

Question 40

in which cell junctions are cadherins found in?

Answer 40

adherens junctions, and desmosomes

Question 41

what are adherens junctions?

Answer 41

belt-like complex of cadherins and go around circumference of cell intracellularly - belt attach to actin microfilaments near apical side extracellularly - cadherins in adjacent cell attach to each other

Question 42

what are desmosomes?

Answer 42

button like point huge amount of cadherins form to create strong connection between other cells

Question 43

what are hemidesmosomes

Answer 43

firmly anchored by integrins and bind to ECM proteins in basal lamina, structure like desmosomes

Question 44

what are tight junctions?

Answer 44

prevent movement of materials, seal extracellular space only way substance can travel is through cellular transport mechanism

Question 45

what are gap junctions?

Answer 45

cell-to-cell communication small channel (connexon) allow for low molecular weight, ions, to pass through

Question 46

what is plasmodesmata?

Answer 46

ONLY seen in plant cells, transfer of RNA molecules and proteins, send signal to other

Question 47

what is the cytoskeletal attachment for adherens junctions, desmosomes, and hemidesmosomes?

Answer 47

a - microfilaments d and h - intermediate filaments

Question 48

what are the major components for each cell junction? except tight junction

Answer 48

adherens junctions - cadherins demosomes - cadherins hemidesmosomes - integrins gap junction - connexins plasmodesma - cell membrane

Question 49

what is the primary function for cell junctions?

Answer 49

adherens junctions - cell-cell adhesion desmosomes - cell-cell adhesion hemidesmosomes - cell-ECM adhesion tight junctions - epithelial boundary gap junctions - animal cell communication plasmodesma - plant cell communication

Question 50

what are the two general functions of ECMs?

Answer 50

act as supportive and protective material allow expression of different cell functions

Question 51

what is plant ECM made of?

Answer 51

cell wall composed of three layers middle lamella primary cell wall secondary cell wall

Question 52

what is middle lamella

Answer 52

made of carbohydrates, where plant cells adhere to one another

Question 53

what is primary cell wall?

Answer 53

thin and flexible, made of cellulose fibers, pectin

Question 54

what is secondary cell wall

Answer 54

rigid, made of cellulose and lignin, harden cell wall and make water resistant

Question 55

what is animal ECM made of?

Answer 55

mixture of proteins - collagen, elastin, laminin

Question 56

what is collagen?

Answer 56

abundant protein, found in dermis, support, intertwined fibers making its strong, form triple helix

Question 57

what is basal lamina

Answer 57

specialized layer of ECM contain protein and collagen act as scaffold for other proteins to assemble on