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DPT 752 - Neurological Rehab I > Mobility and GAIT > Flashcards

Mobility and GAIT Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of mobility?

A

Mobility: The ability to independently and safely move oneself from one place to another.

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2
Q

What percentage of the gait cycle is the stance and swing phase?

A

Stance phase: When referred foot is in Contact with ground.

  • 62%

Swing phase: When the referred foot is not in contact with ground (in air)

  • 38%
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3
Q

What is cadence in gait analysis?

A

Cadence: The number of steps per unit of time, typically per minute.

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4
Q

What is stride length in gait analysis?

A

Stride: Distance covered from one heel strike to the next heel strike by the same foot

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5
Q

What is step length in gait analysis?

A

Step length: Distance from one foot strike to the foot strike of the other foot

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6
Q

What is speed/velocity in gait analysis?

A

Speed/velocity: Average horizontal speed of the body.

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7
Q

What are the essential requirements of locomotion?

A
  • Progressions
  • Postural control
  • Adaptation.
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8
Q

What is the gait speed of a typical adult?

A

Approximately 1.31 meters per second for women aged 50–59.

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9
Q

What does the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test measure?

A

Functional mobility and balance.

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10
Q

Describe the phases of the gait cycle.

A

Initial contact, loading response, mid stance, terminal stance, pre-swing, initial swing, mid swing, terminal swing.

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11
Q

What is the purpose of the Dynamic Gait Index (DGI)?

A

To assess gait, balance, and fall risk.

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12
Q

What is the MiniBest test used for?

A

Evaluating balance, including anticipatory and reactive postural control.

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13
Q

What muscle action occurs at the hip during initial contact of gait?

A

20 degrees flexion, extensors are active (eccentric contraction).

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14
Q

Describe the loading response phase of gait.

A
  • 20 degrees hip flexion,
  • 15 degrees knee flexion,
  • 5 degrees ankle plantar flexion

Hip: extensors (EC) and abductors
knee: Quads (EC)
ankle: Pretib (EC), calf (CC)

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15
Q

What is the function of the quadriceps during mid stance?

A

Eccentric contraction to stabilize the knee.

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16
Q

What are the key features of terminal stance in gait?

A

Hip hyperextension, knee flexion, ankle dorsiflexion.

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17
Q

What occurs during the pre-swing phase of gait?

A

10 degrees Hip hyperextension , 40 degrees knee flexion, 15 degrees ankle plantar flexion.

Hip: Hip flexors (CC)
Knee: PF (CC), hamstrings (CC)
Ankle: PF (CC), DF (EC)

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18
Q

What characterizes initial swing in gait?

A
  • hip flexion: 15 degrees- flexors (CC)
  • knee flexion: 60 degrees- flexors (CC)
  • ankle plantar flexion: 5 degrees- pretibial (CC), PF (EF)
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19
Q

What is the role of the hamstrings during terminal swing?

A

Decelerate the thigh and control knee extension.

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20
Q

What is Trendelenburg gait?

A

Pelvis drops on the contralateral side of a weak gluteus medius.

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21
Q

What causes a lateral trunk bending gait?

A

Weak gluteus medius or hip joint pain.

22
Q

Describe the characteristics of antalgic gait.

A

Shortened stance time on the painful limb, shortened step length on the unaffected limb.

23
Q

What is the effect of weak quadriceps on gait?

A

Forward trunk lean to move the GRF anterior to the knee, creating an extensor moment.

24
Q

What causes foot slap during gait?

A

Weak dorsiflexors or hypotonia.

25
Q

What is the result of excessive dorsiflexion with uncontrolled forward motion of the tibia?

A

Spastic dorsiflexors and weak plantarflexors.

26
Q

What is the cause of varus foot during gait?

A

Weak peroneals and spastic tibialis anterior.

27
Q

What is hip hiking during gait?

A

Action of quadratus lumborum to compensate for weak hip and knee flexors or weak dorsiflexors.

28
Q

Describe steppage gait.

A

Excessive hip and knee flexion due to dorsiflexor weakness.

29
Q

What is the effect of extensor synergy pattern on gait?

A

Excessive adduction with hip and knee extension and ankle plantarflexion.

30
Q

What are common gait deviations in elderly patients?

A
  • Decreased amplitude in trunk and pelvic rotation
  • Shortened step length
  • Reduced gait speed.
31
Q

Initial Contact = ?

A

Initial Contact: The moment when the foot contacts the ground.

32
Q

Loading Response = ?

A

Loading Response: When weight is rapidly transferred onto the stance limb.

  • This is the first perod of double support.
33
Q

Mid Stance = ?

A

Mid Stance: The body progresses over a single, stable limb.

34
Q

Terminal Stance = ?

A

Terminal Stance: Progression over the stance limb continues. The body moves ahead of the limb, and weight is transferred onto the forefoot.

35
Q

Pre Swing = ?

A

Swing - Pre Swing: A rapid unloading of the stance limb occurs as weight is transferred onto the contralateral limb.

  • This is the second period of double support
36
Q

Initial Swing = ?

A

Swing - Initial Swing: The thigh begins to advance as the foot comes up off the floor.

37
Q

Mid Swing = ?

A

Swing - Mid Swing: The thigh continues to advance as the knee begins to extend and the foot clears the ground in forward progression.

38
Q

Terminal Swing = ?

A

Swing - Terminal Swing: The knee extends; the limb prepares to contact the ground for initial contact.

39
Q

Phases associated with…

  • Heel Rocker = ?
  • Ankle Rocker = ?
  • Forefoot Rocker = ?
A

1) Heel Rocker:

  • Initial Contact to Loading Response
  • Involves Plantar flexion movement

2) Ankle Rocker:

  • Mid Stance to Terminal Stance
  • Involves Dorsiflexion movement

3) Forefoot rocker:

  • Terminal Stance to Pre-swing
  • Involves PF of Ankle and DF of MTP joints
40
Q

ROM

Pre-Swing:

  • Hip = ?
  • Knee = ?
  • Ankle = ?
A

Phase - Pre-Swing

Hip:

  • 10 degrees hyperextension
  • Hip flexors (CC)

Knee:

  • 40 degrees flexion
  • PF (CC), Hamstrings (CC)

Ankle:

  • 15 degrees plantar flexion
  • PF (CC), DF (EC)
41
Q

ROM

Initial Contact:

  • Hip = ?
  • Knee = ?
  • Ankle = ?
A

Phase - Initial Contact

Hip:

  • 20 degrees flexion
  • Extensors (EC)

Knee:

  • 5 degrees flexion
  • Extensors (EC)

Ankle:

  • 0 degrees (neutral)
  • Pretibial (EC)
42
Q

ROM

Loading response:

  • Hip = ?
  • Knee = ?
  • Ankle = ?
A

Phase - Loading response

Hip:

  • 20 degrees flexion
  • Extensors (EC) and Abductors

Knee:

  • 15 degrees flexion
  • Quadriceps (EC)

Ankle:

  • 5 degrees plantar flexion
  • Pretibial (EC) Calf (CC)
43
Q

ROM

Mid Stance:

  • Hip = ?
  • Knee = ?
  • Ankle = ?
A

Phase - Mid stance

Hip:

  • 0 degrees / neutral
  • Abductors (EC)

Knee:

  • 5 degrees flexion
  • Quadriceps (EC)

Ankle:

  • 5 degrees dorsiflexion
  • Calf muscle (EC), Dorsiflexors (CC)
44
Q

Trendelenburg Gait = ?

A

Trendelenburg Gait:

  • Description: This gait pattern occurs due to weakness in the hip abductor muscles, particularly the gluteus medius.
  • Characteristics: When standing on one leg, the pelvis drops on the opposite side of the weakened hip abductor. To compensate, the person leans their trunk towards the affected side during the stance phase of gait to maintain balance and prevent falling.
45
Q

Lateral Trunk Bending = ?

A

Lateral Trunk Bending:

  • Description: Also known as “waddling gait” or “abductor lurch.”
  • Characteristics: The individual leans their trunk towards the side of the stance leg during walking. This compensatory movement is often seen in cases of hip abductor weakness, pain in the hip joint, or leg length discrepancy.
46
Q

Backward Trunk Lean = ?

A

Backward Trunk Lean:

  • Description: This gait pattern occurs when there is weakness in the hip extensors (gluteus maximus) or to compensate for weak quadriceps.
  • Characteristics: The person leans their trunk backward during the stance phase of gait to shift the center of gravity behind the hip joint, reducing the demand on the hip extensors or quadriceps to keep the body upright.
47
Q

Forward Trunk Lean

A

Forward Trunk Lean:

  • Description: Often a compensatory mechanism for weak quadriceps or to improve balance.
  • Characteristics: The individual leans their trunk forward during the stance phase of gait, which moves the center of gravity forward. This can reduce the demand on the quadriceps and help with foot clearance during swing phase.
48
Q

Antalgic Gait = ?

A

Antalgic Gait:

  • Description: A protective gait pattern adopted to avoid pain.
  • Characteristics: The stance phase on the affected limb is shorter, and the swing phase is longer to minimize weight-bearing on the painful limb. The person may also demonstrate a limp and reduced walking speed.
49
Q

Excessive Hip Flexion

A

Excessive Hip Flexion:

  • Description: Also known as “steppage gait.”
  • Characteristics: The individual exhibits increased hip and knee flexion during the swing phase of gait. This pattern is often seen in individuals with foot drop or weak dorsiflexors, as it helps to lift the foot higher to avoid dragging it on the ground
50
Q

Limited Hip Flexion

A

Limited Hip Flexion:

  • Description: Reduced hip flexion during the gait cycle.
  • Characteristics: The person may have difficulty advancing the limb during swing phase, leading to a shortened stride length. This pattern can result from hip flexor weakness, hip joint stiffness, or pain.
51
Q

Limited Hip Extension

A

Limited Hip Extension:

  • Description: Reduced hip extension during the gait cycle.
  • Characteristics: The individual is unable to fully extend the hip during the stance phase, resulting in a shorter stride length and potentially compensatory movements in other joints (e.g., lumbar spine hyperextension). Causes can include hip flexor contractures or joint stiffness.

DPT 752 - Neurological Rehab I (22 decks)

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