mnsr 40 Flashcards
– is required for species to survive they must multiply and reduce to replace dead species and maintain stability. No rapid control needed by a —- which is provided by the endocrine system chemicals
reproduction, sustained stimulus
— implies the transfer of genetic material from one partner to another which allows the recombination if genotypes of both parents , since – is involved and the prodcution of haploid sperms and eggs we’ll have further possibilities by —-
- sexual reproduction ( it promotes genetic variation )
- meiosis
- crossing over in the bivealent arise
— is when both female and male sex organs are in the same individual
— is the ability of self- fertiizlation most common in lower vertebrates except. playphemith aka flat worms
—- is the transfer of sperm between hermaphrodite partner is the usual mechanism common in ringed worms
- hermaphroditism
- autogamy
- sexual annelid
— is the reproduction from a female gametes without fertilisation by a male gamets by which the unfertalized egg will develop to — in —- as: arthropods , crutesca and insecta
since the ova are usually — the offscrouds are effective – of the parents
some – can be induced to develop pathogenesis
-partheogenesis
- maturity in asexual reproduction
- diploid , effective clones
- eggs
in animal reproduction:
the — female deposits eggs into the water where the male will release sperm fertilising them
in —- as reptile/birds/mammals they have developed —- which requires the male copulatory organs to fertilise the egg and later female genital tracts for nutrition of the growing embryo
In mammals there is transition from —- to —-
- fish
- terrestrial tetrapods , internal fertilisation
- oviparous which is laying egg to viviparous which is producing live young
the basic reproductive organs are — which are —
- gonads
- testis in males which produce spermatozoa or sperm
- ovaries in females producing eggs or ova
ova ( egg) and spermatozoa ( sperm ) are known as —- which are mature —— cells which is able to unite with the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form —
- gametes ( mature haploid germ cells )
- zygot
both testis and the ovaries develop in the —- of the embryo just medial to —-
- mesodermal genital ridge
- mesonerphos ( intermediate kidney )
mesonerphic or wolffian ducts are gradually taken over by —-
males for reproductive purposes
paramesoneprhic or mullernian ducts are take by – for reproductive purposes
females
the in males the sperm is conducted —- via —-
outside via closed tubes of the excretory system
the females ova are shed into —- and then passed to —-
- column ( body cavity located between the intestinal canal and body wall ) , passed to special tube aka the mullerian tube or fallopian tube
the most male vertebrates will retain their testes in a —- in the —— of the coelmic cavity
the most mammals testes descends to the —- during the —– passing through —
- primitive position in the upper lumbar region
- scortal sacs ( paired pooches formed on the floor of the abdonmal cavity) , foetal devlopemt , inguinal canal ( which is a passage in the anterior abdominal wall and transmits structure from the pelvis to the perineum )
with the testes decent the —- , their nerve and blood supply and fold of mesentery is called —
the testes remains attached to the —
in some mammals the inguinal canal remain – and the testes may re-ascend between the —
- sperm duct
- gubernaculum
- scortal wall of the gubernaculum
- open , breeding seasons
seminerfous tubules are contained within the fibrous capsule called —
tunica albugenia
each testis contains up to 1,000 highly coiled —– that are open in both ends and produce — into —- which acts as —
- seminiferous tubules
- sperm
- rete testis
- reservoir
— are series of fine ciliated tubules which connects — within —
vasa efferentia or efferent ducts , connects the rate testist within the epidydims
— is a long conciliated duct lined with psedustraitifed colomanl epithelium with steriocilia ( micovilia )
epididymis
the — are transported through the — by peristalsis if the later of smooth muscle in the wall
- immobile spermatoza , epididymis
the — is the site of sperm maturation which acquire —–
epididymis which acquires motility and ability to fertilise ( CHECL STRUCTURE 14)
each seminiferous tubule has — surrounded by ——
- germinal epithelium
- outer basement membrane , fibroelastic connective tissue layer and myoid cells ( flattened smooth muscle-like cells of mesodermal origins that lies outside the basement membrane of the somniferous tubule )
1-the cells resting on the basment membrane is — and the slowly divide by —-
2- gives rise to clones of —- as —
3- these —- now undergo series of —- to produce —- and divide by — aka —–
4- to produce —– and they divide rapidly by — to produce —- by the process of —- which differentiate into —- and stored in the —
5- through out this process the cells are intimate contact with nurse cells called —
1- diploid 2N germ cells , type A1 spermatogenia , divide by mitosis
2- spermatogenia including type B spermatogenia
3- Type B spermatogenia , mitotic divison to produce primary spermatocytes ( 2N) , divide by meiosis aka spermatogenesis
4- secondary spermatocytes , meiotic divisor , haploid spermatids N , spermiogonesis , spermatozoa , epididymis
5- steroli cells
( CRHCK SLIDE 19)
The process of spermatogenesis is largely under control of —-
—- secreted testastone to maintain secondary male charactestics
testasttone production is regulated by —-
FSH from pituitry gland
Leydig
LH
penis has an — which is capable of being filled with blood and is composed of —- and — surrounding the —
the — supplying the cavernous bodies dilate and filling the cavernosa with the blood while at the same time the veins are compressed
- erectile tissue
- corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum
- urthera
- helicine artery
( CHEKC STRUCTURE 21)
Prior ejaculation ( explosion of semen ) the spermatozoa are propelled from —– into —- which these passes over the — then through — to join —-
epididymis by perstalis of smooth muscle into the vas deferens , they pass over the bladder then on through the prostate gland join urthera
— a muscular tube which brings spermtotza back into the abdominal cavity
vas deferns
in males the – is a common urino-genital duct
urethra
accessory organs for seminal fluid include:
1- the paired — empty into the vas defers and produce —- which is 60% of semen volume
2- single —- produces — containg citric acids (used for ATP production of sperm and ) and acid phosphatase which is 30% of semen volume and basic amines are netrailzied by the acidity of the vagina
3- — aka — produces viscous mucous secretion for —
- paired seminal vesicle produces viscous fluid containing the fructose which is used for ATP production by sperm
- prostate gland
- Cowper gland aka bulbo-urtheral , lubrication
-ejaculation emerges as: ——
- the semen initially coagulates then becomes —- over the next 15-20 minutes
- this is helped by the —–
- the sperm that are – in the male ducts will now become —-
- cowpers secretion –> prostatic fluid –> speromtoza –> seminal vesicle secretions
- less viscous
- prostatic proenzyme
- inactive becomes active and motile
