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mnsr > mans 38 > Flashcards

mans 38 Flashcards

1
Q

pancreas has —- functions and its located —-

A

exocrine and endocrine functions ( exo as: secretes digestive juices containg enzymes and bicarbonate ) and endo as: produces 2 major hormones as : insulin and glucagon and are secreted by islets off langrhans which are scattered throughout the exocrine acinar tissue
- located in the abdomen behind the stomach

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2
Q

insulin and glucagon are secreted by — and their cells are arranged in —- and the cords are sepreated by —-
the two main cells found are :

A
  • islets of langrehans
  • irregular chains separated by rich blood supply
  • alpha and beta cells distinguished by their stains and morphology
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3
Q

– cells secrets insulin and is 80% arranged at the centre

A

b cells

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4
Q

— cells are prepharlly arranged and they secrete glucagon and is 20%

A

alpha cells , this increase the glucose level in blood

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5
Q

smaller amount of omega cells (10%) secretes

A

somastaytin which regulates insulin and glucagon secretion

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6
Q

the glucose levels in our body is regulated by —— and the main target organ of both is —

A
  • insulin and glucagon ( pancreatic hormones )
  • liver
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7
Q

diabetes mellitus is when glucose is found in the — which is due to the state of — where blood glucose levels rises over the —- which is 180mg/100ml and lost in urine

A
  • urine
  • hyperglycemia
  • renal threshold
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8
Q

the effects on an injection of insulin will cause —

A

rapid loss of blood glucose levels

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9
Q

insulin is a small protein composed of – and has important effects on —

A
  • two peptide of 21 and 30 a.a
  • carbohydrate metabolism
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10
Q

-in insulin :
glucose transport is — in the cell membrane and across the body as liver and muscles
- excess glucose is coverted into — and —-

A
  • increased
  • glycogen in muscles and liver and fatty acids in liver
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11
Q

— is the process of production of glucose from amino acids and glycerol in the liver is —

A

glucogenesis , reduced in insulin

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12
Q

— a hormone consist of a single chain protein of 29 amino acids and is synethesised as —
this hormone function is —

A
  • glucagon
  • proglucagon which is cleaved by protease enzyme to release active glucagon and signalling proteins
  • diametrically opposed of insulin and leads to increase of blood glucose levels
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13
Q

effects of glucagon:
— breakdown is promoted in the liver
glucongenesis ( production of glusose from a.a ) is —-
—- is promoted within the adipose tissue

A
  • glycogen
  • increased
  • lipolysis ( breakdown of lipids )
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14
Q

glucagon and insulin release is controlled by —
while fasting the blood glucose level is between —–

A
  • glucose level passing through the pancreas
  • 70-100mg/100ml in blood
    ( normal : less than 100mg/dl , high risl 100-125 , diabetes 126 mg/dl )
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15
Q

after a meal the glucose levels starts rising to —- so — is secreted and after a while it’ll be lowered to — so —- will be secreted

A
  • 100mg/100ml , insulin
  • 70mg/100ml , glucagon
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16
Q

sources of glucose : —-
stored glucose can be —
utilised glucose can be —

A

1- dietary intake , glucogenesis , glycogenlysis which is the glycogen breaking down to glucose
2- stored in form of glycogen by glycogensis or fat as lipogenesis
3- production of energy

17
Q

adrenal gland :
the medulla occupies the — of the gland which forms homogenous well vascularised ruse with irregularly arranged cells often called —-
the cells are modified —-
contain granular — due to many small granules of hormones molecules
there are large number of myelinated fibres of the – which is in contact with medullary cells

A
  • medulla
  • chromaffin cells
  • postganglionic neurons ( neruoednocine )
  • cytoplasm
  • sympathetic nervous system
18
Q

the two hormones secreted from adrenal gland are — and are derived from – also referred to as:

A
  • adrenaline 80% and noradrenaline 20%
  • derived from tyrosine like thyroxine
  • catecholoamines found in medulla
19
Q

the release of — causes a fight or flight reaction in mammals which causes :

A

-adrenaline ( epinephrine )
- sympathetic stimualtion as: bronchodilaton , decreased peristalsis of GIT , increased heart beat , increased flow of blood in brain and muscles , decreased flow to skin and GIT , increased mental alertness , increased lipolysis and glycogenolyisis

20
Q

-the response of the medulla is very — due to the — intervention
- adrenaline binds and activates —- which causes the effects of :

A
  • very rapid , sympathetic
  • alpha and beta adrengenic
  • increased cardiac output of b1-adrenoreceptors
  • increased lipolysis and glycogenlysis in alpha and beta
  • bronchodilator and vasodilation in beta in smooth muscle and skeletal blood vessels
21
Q

over – sterioid are isolated in — but only — are considered factor and 2 of them are major and 2 are minor and they are divided into — groups

A
  • 30
  • cortex
  • 4
  • 3 groups
22
Q

the mineracorticdoe is found in — and the major product is —
( CHEKC SLIDE 15)

A
  • glomerulus
  • aldesteron
23
Q

glucocotocdo is found in — and major product is — and minor product is —

A
  • fasiculata
  • cortisol ( hydrocortisone )
  • minor ( corticosterone )
24
Q

adronegens produced in — and minor product is —

A
  • reticulis
  • androstenedione
25
Q

the effects of glucocorticode is the stimulation of —- which is then accompanied by —-
another effect is :
net result :

A
  • stimulation of glucogenesis in liver followed by reduction glucose then leading to elevation in blood glucose level
  • protein metabolism which promotes breakdown of protein in all cells except liver where they increase and amino acid transport will decrease in muscle but in liver its increased
  • increase in blood protein and amino acids levels
26
Q

the major function of cortisol is — and the major therapeutic functions of cortisol is :

A
  • related to stress due to pain injury o blood loss of fear which cause the release of ACTH followed by the release of cortisol
  • decrease in inflammatory repose which treats excema and iv treatment of anaphylaxix
  • and allows the person to perform despite the injury
27
Q

—- accounts for 95% of mineralcorticides activity of the adrenal gland , while corticosterone and cortisol has weak effects
main function is :

A
  • aldosteron
  • increase the sodium reabsorption in distal convutaed tubule and collecting ducts and promotes the secretion of k and hydrogen ions
  • prevents the loos of Na + by the sweat glands, salivary and colon
28
Q

aldesterone secretion is controlled by —- when this falls the hormone will be secreted with — and —- also stimulates aldosterone release

A
  • circulating blood volume
  • ADH
  • renin-angiotensin system
29
Q

-andorgens:
-small qunatities of male sex hormones as androstenedione are secreted by — in both sexes
- the precursors in the synthesis of both androgens with are —-
- the excert — endogenic activity of its own
effects males in :
effets females in :

A
  • cortex
  • testastron and estrogen ( estrone )
  • weak
  • effect is masked after puberty by more potent testatsron secreted by testis
  • androgens will have mild anabolic effect ( aka increase protein synethsis + muscle )
30
Q

the hypoactivity and glucacoride is insufficient primarily cortisol is called —- and is caused by —– more common in —-
symptoms are—–
treatment—

A
  • addiosns disease
  • autoimmune destruction of cortex due to tuberculosis
  • females
  • hypertension m increased ACTH which can cause increase in skin pigment MSH will be releases , nausea , hypoglycemias
  • replacement therapy with oral synthetic steroid as hydrocortisone
31
Q

hyperactivity - hyperaldosteronism also known as —- is when —– caused by —– and symptoms are —

A

-conn’s disease
- increase aldosterone secretion
- tumor within the zone glomersla
- hypertension due to sodium and fluid retention and overstimualtion of renin-angiosyenin system
-weakened muscles due to k dificency

32
Q

the increased secretion of glucorticode ( cortisol) is —

A

crushing syndrome which is 4x more common in females 30-40 years

33
Q

75% of crushing syndrome cases is due to —- and 20% is —- and symptoms are —-
the characteristic of the features are:
treatment:

A
  • overproduction of ACTH
  • adrenal cortical tumor
  • hyperglycemias leads to polyuria which is extreme production of urine and polydipsia which is excessive thirst
  • muscle loss due to protein usage of glucogenoeiss
  • features are: moon face and buffalo hump , protein removal of the bone causes ostepporis , adrenal androgen production may increase body hair in females and if left untreated will be fatal
  • treatment” surgical removal of tumor and hormone replacement therapy

mnsr (22 decks)

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