mnsr 39 Flashcards

1
Q

the – produce gametes and act as endocrine glands

A

gonads

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2
Q

the sex hormones are all – based —

A

cholesterol based steroids
( cholesterol is a molecule of 27 carbons )

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3
Q

the first step of steroid production removes — producing an intermediate of —- known as —- which is then converted into active — which are divided into – groups based on the number of — in the structure:
the carbon-21 steroid is :
the carbon 19:
the carbon 18:

A
  • terminal 6 carbons
  • 21 carbons
  • pregnenolone
  • active sex steroids
  • 3 groups
  • number of carbons
  • prostergone, cortisol , aldosterone
  • androgens
  • estrogen’s
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4
Q

the hormones produces in the testes are called —-

A

androgens

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5
Q

some 95% of the circulating testasteon is produced by —

A

leydig cells of the testis

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6
Q

at puberty under the influence of —- the intestinal cells begin to secrete – and continue to do so during the reproductive life through reading peak about —

A
  • pitutry LH
  • testosterone
  • 20 years
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7
Q

the functions of testatsron includes:

A
  • mainatance of male ducts and glands as penis and prostate
  • stimulates and supports spermatogenesis
  • induce and maintain the male secondary sexual characteristics such as: body hair , beard growth , lower voice , aggressive behaviour
  • anabolic effects as muscle build up, nitrogen retention and male shape
  • during the FETAL LIFE from the 7th week small quantities are produced by the testes which differentiate male ducts and organs
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8
Q

— is a hormone that stimulates Sertoli cells and promotes spermatogenesis , secretions of androgens binding proteins and inhibin which is the -ve feedback mechanism of this hormone secretion

A

FSH

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9
Q

— stimulates the leydig cells and induce the secretion of testastron as its released into the blood stream by systemic circulation and directly into the seminferfous tubules ( bound and concentrated by AMP )

A

LH

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10
Q

the hormones produced by the ovaries are in 2 groups —- and — and they are both controlled by —-
( CHECK SLIDE 10)

A

estrogen ( has 3 main types ) and prosterogen
both are controlled by FSH and LH

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11
Q

—- is the most active and most abundant during woman’s reproductive years and produced by granulosa cells developing in the ovarian follicle

A

estradiol-17

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12
Q

—- produced in large amount by the placenta in pregnant woman

A

estriol

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13
Q

— main estrogen and found in post-menopausal women and produced within the peripheral tissue especially adipose tissue

A

estrone

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14
Q

the main functions of estrogen:

A
  • mainatance of female ducts and increase the division of vaginal epithelium and uterine endometrium
  • induce and maintain the female secondary characyertsic such as: breast enlargement, deposition of adipose tissue, external genital hair , distribution of hair , skeletal effects as shorter stature and broader pelvis
  • physiological effects including mainatance of bone density , anti- inflammatory signalling m liver and cardiac function , cognitive function
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15
Q

the most active progestogen hormone is — which is secreted by —- and during pregnancy by —

A
  • progesteron
  • cells in the corpus lutem
  • placenta
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16
Q

the functions of progesterone:

A
  • functions primarily as: pregnancy hormone
    1- prepare the uterine endometrium for implantation specially in the development of coiled glands
    2- stimulates the secretory alveoli in the mammry glands and prepares for milk production ( progesterone inhibits lactation during pregnancy )
    3- reduces uterine smooth muscle sensitivity to oxytocin ( reduces the uterine contraction )
17
Q

the name of the sexual cycle at the beginning of puberty which is under the control of the endocrine system is —

A

oestrous which means heat and when females are most receptive to males

18
Q

in most mammals they will mate only in the oestrous and at other times the reproductive system is quiescent , the females will not mate is said to be —–
when mammals show succession of cycles are said to be —- as primates , rodents , domesticated animals
when mamas only breed at certain times of the year are said to be — as: carnivores and wild ungulates

A
  • an anoestrus
  • polyestrous
  • monstrous
    ( CHECK GRAPH ON SLIDE 13)
19
Q

Humans are not really — because they don’t show marked changes of behvaoirs at oestrous .
Mammals vary in the timing of —-
Most mammals are —– by which they ovulate spontaneously as part of the oestrous cycle
Other mammals are — who only ovulate after the stimulation of copulation as: rabbits kitties and ferret

A
  • polyestrous
  • ovulation
  • spontaneous ovulators
  • induced ovulators
20
Q

– is the loss of blood as a result of endometrium degradation where the ovum is not fertilised and only found in higher primates as humans apes and old world monkey

A

menstrual cycles ( ceases at pregnancy , starts at puberty and continuous till menopause between ages of 45-50 )
( CHECK GRAPHS ON SLIDE 15,16)

21
Q

at the end of the menstrual cycle most mammals will reabsorb the —- and won’t experience —-.
Humans lose about — of blood on an average of – days
The menstrual cycle commences from day – of the menstruation and the average cycle lasts — days
The regular mestrual cycle of women are series of —

A
  • endometrial lining
  • loss of blood
  • 50-100 ml
  • 5 days
  • from day one and lasts 28 days
  • oestrous cycles
22
Q

——- is a stage in the menstrual cycle by which the follicles will develop and is controlled primary by — and it ends at —-

A
  • follicular phase
  • estrogen of LH , FSH
  • ovulation
23
Q

— begins following ovulation where the — will develop from an ovarian follicle and begins to secrete —-
this stage ends by the —- which trigger — and the beginning of the next cycle

A
  • luteal phase
  • corpus lutem
  • progesterone
  • falling levels of progesterone
  • mesuutartion
    ( CHECK GRAPH 17 )
24
Q

follicular phase:
1- prior to menstruation, high levels of —- from the corpus lutem suppress the production of —
2- degradation of the —- causes a sharp decrease in the —— which triggers — and removes —–
3- under the influence of —- the – will be secreted between 6-12 primary follicle in the ovary to start enlarging into —-
4- —– induce secondary follicles to start the secretion of —-
5- — will trigger the regrowth of the endometrial lining
6- estrigen inhibits —- causing —- to drop down
7- reduced —- causes most of the follicles to die leaving behind one or two occasionally —-

A
  • estrogen and progestrerne will supress LH + FSH
  • corpus lutem , progesnterone and estradiol17, trigger mestruation and removes -ve feedback on the production of FSH + LH
  • gonandtrophin releasing hormone ( GnRH) , FSH , secondary follicle
  • LH + FSH , estradiol-17
  • estrogen
  • GnRH causing FSH + LH levels to drop back down
  • LH + FSH , dominat follcile
25
Q

ovulation:
1- blood — levels peak one to two days before —
2- once the levels of — reach threshold , their previous inhibitory on GnRH will be —-
3- — stimulates large amount of — producing — and smaller amount of —
4- This surge of gonandtropins causes the —- to ovulate within — around or on – day of the cycle

A
  • estradiol-17 , ovulation
  • estrogen , temporary reversed
  • estrogen , LH , LH surge , FSH
  • graffian follciule , 18 hours , 14th day
26
Q

luteal phase:
1- the peak of — cause lutenizarion of the membrane granulosa cells of the follicle becoming —
2- this body grows for 7 to 8 days after ovulation producing large amount of —– and — which inhibits the hypothalamus and pitutry to produce —–
3- – levels of —- during luteal phase of the cycle causes the ednomaterium to proliferate further

A
  • LH , corpus lutem
  • progesterone and estradiol-17 , inhibits production of LH and FSH
  • high, progesterone
27
Q

in the absence of fertilisation the —- starts to age , regress , and degrentrates by the day — of the cycle
this leads to sharp — of —— causes constriction in the spiral arteries in the endometrium which starts to break down
the — level of — and — will remove the -ve inhibition of hypothalamus and pitutry and —- will start to rise again and triggers the next ccycle

A
  • corpus lutem , 26th
  • drop of progesterone and estradiol-17
  • decreasing level of progesterone and estrogen , FSH + LH
28
Q

pregnancy:
1- should fertilisation take place in — will implant on the endometrial wall some 6 to 7 days after ovulation
2- the first task is to maintain the — until the — takes over about – week of the pregnancy
3- the blastocysts will secrete —- which maintain the corpus lutem aka progestren and estrogen levels
4- this hormone peaks at — and then they begin to fall low for the rest of the pregnancy
5- the — produces considerable amount of —– which climb steadily thoughout the pregnancy reaching levels —- those in — phase
6- another hormone secreted by the placenta is —— which has —- and — properties

A
  • blastocysts
  • corpus lutem , placenta , 6th week
  • Human chorionic gonandtrophin HCG
  • 60 days
  • placenta , oestrogen and progesterone , 10x and 200x , luteal phase
  • Human Placental lactogen HPL ,growth hormone and prolactin
29
Q

the pregnancy evtenually culminates in the process of — by which the foetus and the placenta are expelled from the uterus by contractions of the myeometruim at 280 days aka 9th month

A

parturition aka labour

30
Q

the role of placenta and foetal hormones are unlike by the might be liked with —-

A
  • drop of progetroen and rise of estrogen levels from 36th week tio initiate the process
  • oxytocin and prostaglandin play a role too