mnsr 35 Flashcards
the branch of biology that deals with endocrine glands and their secretions as: relations to their process of function
endocrinology
endocrine glands:
sercrete —
are —
secrete directly into —
are located –
- hormones
- ductless
- bloodstream and ciruclate all the time
- throughout the body
is a substance secreted by the cell on one part of the body and passed to another part where its effective in – concentrations and its for regulating — and —
- hormones ( to stimulate/excite)
- small concentrations
- growth/ activity
-hormones function as – time regulators and are involved in —
regulation of plasma calcium via hormones secreted by —
- levels of cirulating hormones will – and — in reposes to a stimuli
- level of insulin – in response to blood glucose
- only cells w/ appropriate — will reposed to the hormone
- long term regulators
- heamostaiss
- parathyroid gland
-rise and fall - increase
- receptor
hormones are usually complexed with — such as — and —
- plasma proteins
- steroid and thyroid hormones
neruhoromes/ neurosecretions are hormones that are produced by — and pass down the axon to the — and released into — near the target organ
exampl:
- nerurons
- nerve ending
- special capillaries network
- serotonin
– are hormones produced by varoius parts of the body which has – effect on cells and tissues such as:
. kinin (bradykinin ) for —
. prostaglandin h2 for —-
. gastrin from git for —
. secretin from git for —
. choleocytoskin from git for ..
. adipose tissue as adipocetin for — and resistin for —
- tissue
- local effect
- blood vessel dilator
- inflammatory response
- gastric acid secretion
- regulation of ph in dudrom
- digestion of far and proteins
- glucose regulation and fatty acid catabolism
- inflammation/obesity/T2DM
three types of signalling for hormones:
- endocrine signalling : horomenes act on target cells distant from site of synthesis as: adentocorticode that stimulates the release of steroids
- paracrine ( local regulators ): signalling molecules on the neighbouring cells as serotonin
- autocrine ( local regulators ) for signally the sane cell to amplify the signal as cytokine interleukin 1 for fever
the four major chemical goups for hormones:
1- peptide hormone: long chain of amino acids as: ocytoxin and vasopressin
2- amino acid derivatives: derived from a.a ( tyrosine , trytophron ) as adrenaline
3- steroid hormone: derivates of chlosetol as: testastrione, striven, cortisol
4- fatty acids derivatives : derived from arachodinc acids as: prostaglandins
4 major pathways of mechanisms of actions:
- influencing the rate of synthesis of enzymes or proteins
- altering the rate of enzyme catalysis
- speeding up or slowing down the metabolic pathway
- altering the permability of the cells membrane
two general mechanisms are mostly utilised depending whether the hormone is – or —
hydrophobic: intracellular signalling
hdyrophillic: cell surface signalling
– and – are small lipid soluble molecules that can pass the cell membrane and they enter the —and interact with — to activate or repress specific gene.
the synthesis of certain proteins lead to – we recognise as hormone action
- steroid and thyroid hormone
- nucleas
-receptor - changes
peptide hormones are — soluble and can’t pass the — they attach to receptors on the cells – and don’t enter the — . many receptors will transmit the signal into the cell by different mechanisms but most of them are —
- water
- cell membrane
- surface
- cell
- g-protein coupled receptors ( GPCRs)
binding of the hormone triggers — in the receptor and – protein will be — and moves away from the — . G protein can activate other signalling portions often the —- and atp becomes — and this is a — cascade
- conformational changes
- G protein , activated
- receptor
- adenyl cyclase
- cyclic amp
- phosphorlation
— links the nervous system to the endocrine system and receives input from the – and alters the release of hormones in response and it secretes —
- hypothalamus
- brain
- neurohormones
hormones synthesises in the hypothalamus will be either stored in the — or later for secretion or regulation of hormones
- posterior pitityry gland
- anterior piitury gland
most hormones are generate by the hypothalamus are distributed to the pituitary by —-
the regulatory hormones can be – or —
- hypothermic hypophyseal portal system
- stimulatory or inhibitory ( stimulatory will be moved to the anterior pitutiry )
— controls other endocrine glands and is influnced by —- and the system is mostly – feedback loop and is partially regulated by —
it consist of – loops derived from ——
- pituitry gland
- endocrine gland
- -ve feedback
- hypothalamus
- two loops derived from different embryonic tissue
posterior pituitary aka neurohypophysis is a — tissue
anterior pituitry aka adenihypothsys is a — tissue
- neural
- glandular
-the pituitry gland lies in the depression of — above the — which is the most protected part of the organism size of a —
- its attached to a short connection called — to the —
- composed of two glands derived from —–
- one part is derived from the down growth of hypothalamus —-
-the other is derived from —
- cranium ( sella turcica )
- mouth
cherry 0.5 grams - pituitry stalks to the hypothalamus
- different embryo orgins
-infudilubum - rathke’s pouch
—- is the depression of the roof of the developing mouth and breaks away from the — and forms —-
- rathke’s pouch
- pharynx
- anterior pitirtry
hypothalamus extends from the infundibulum to form —-
posterior pituitry
the posterior pituitary is also known as — is composed of — and —-
- neurohypophysis
- pars nervosa and median eminence
— is also known as adenophysis developed from the inpushing of the mouth ectoderm called —–
- anterior pituitry
- rathke’s pouch
rathke’s pouch comes in contact with the infundibulum and eventually constricts off from the – forming —
- mouth
- cavity of its own
constrists the middle to from two lobes which grow out to surround the infudinbular neck forming —
the — is formed from parts pf the pouch which met the infundibular first
the remainder forms the —- or —-
the pars dastalis and pas intermedia are separated by — called —-
- pars tuberlaris
- pars indermedia
- pars distalis or anterior lobe
- rathke’s pouch called residual cleft
( CHECK THE STRUCTURE SLIDE: 25)
the hormones of the anterior pituitry gland are — but – are tropic hormones
- seven , four
— are hormones which have another endocrine gland as their target organ
tropic hormone
true or false: most of the anterior pituitry gland appear to have releasing factors only
false; releasing and inhibitory factors
– function is dominant
prolactin is an exception and is inhibited by —
- releasing function
- dopamine
the names of hormone in the anterior pitutry gland:
- growth hormones - from growth hormone releasinh hormine
- luitenzing hormoen - gonadotrophin releasing hormine
- thyroid-stimulating hormone - thyroid releasing hormine
- adencroticotrophic hermone - cortisone releasing hormone
- endorphins -
- prolactin - domain inhibition
-follicle stimulaiting cell - gonadotrophin releasing hormone
the control and secretion of the pituitry hormones is under the direction of — and they release — which are called — and —-
- hypothalamus
- neurohormones
- hypothalamic releasing
- hypothalamic inhibitory hormone
the hypothalamus is divided into areas or nuclei which release specific hormones
- paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei release — to the pars nervosa
- tubular nuclei as arcuate release — and — to pars distalsis
- oxytocin , vasopressin
- lutinzing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone
the final hormones — the pituitry gland and the hypothalamus which is — feedback
- inhibit
- -ve
in posterior pitutry hormones are made in the — positioned in —- and they are transported down the nerve cell axon to —-
nerve cell bodies , hypothalamus , posterior pituitry gland
hormones secreted by posterior pituitry gland:
- oxytocin
- vasopressin ( ADH ) aka anti-diuric hormone
the boundary between the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitry is called —
pars indermedia
an increase in MSH ( melanocyte stimulating hormone ) leads to
darkening of epithelial tissues in humans
crushing syndrome is caused by the — of — which also leads to high levels of — which causes
- high levels of ACTH
- adrenocorticotropic
- msh (its produced by tge intermediate lobe aka pars intermedia )
- abnormal darkening
true or false: different levels of MSH is not a major cause of racial variation
true
( although in red headed ppl they don’t tan well , there are variations in their hormone receptor causing them to not produce MSH in the blood)
adrenaline is a hormones derived from —
amino acids
