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mnsr 35 Flashcards

1
Q

the branch of biology that deals with endocrine glands and their secretions as: relations to their process of function

A

endocrinology

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2
Q

endocrine glands:
sercrete —
are —
secrete directly into —
are located –

A
  • hormones
  • ductless
  • bloodstream and ciruclate all the time
  • throughout the body
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3
Q

is a substance secreted by the cell on one part of the body and passed to another part where its effective in – concentrations and its for regulating — and —

A
  • hormones ( to stimulate/excite)
  • small concentrations
  • growth/ activity
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4
Q

-hormones function as – time regulators and are involved in —
regulation of plasma calcium via hormones secreted by —
- levels of cirulating hormones will – and — in reposes to a stimuli
- level of insulin – in response to blood glucose
- only cells w/ appropriate — will reposed to the hormone

A
  • long term regulators
  • heamostaiss
  • parathyroid gland
    -rise and fall
  • increase
  • receptor
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5
Q

hormones are usually complexed with — such as — and —

A
  • plasma proteins
  • steroid and thyroid hormones
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6
Q

neruhoromes/ neurosecretions are hormones that are produced by — and pass down the axon to the — and released into — near the target organ
exampl:

A
  • nerurons
  • nerve ending
  • special capillaries network
  • serotonin
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7
Q

– are hormones produced by varoius parts of the body which has – effect on cells and tissues such as:
. kinin (bradykinin ) for —
. prostaglandin h2 for —-
. gastrin from git for —
. secretin from git for —
. choleocytoskin from git for ..
. adipose tissue as adipocetin for — and resistin for —

A
  • tissue
  • local effect
  • blood vessel dilator
  • inflammatory response
  • gastric acid secretion
  • regulation of ph in dudrom
  • digestion of far and proteins
  • glucose regulation and fatty acid catabolism
  • inflammation/obesity/T2DM
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8
Q

three types of signalling for hormones:

A
  • endocrine signalling : horomenes act on target cells distant from site of synthesis as: adentocorticode that stimulates the release of steroids
  • paracrine ( local regulators ): signalling molecules on the neighbouring cells as serotonin
  • autocrine ( local regulators ) for signally the sane cell to amplify the signal as cytokine interleukin 1 for fever
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9
Q

the four major chemical goups for hormones:

A

1- peptide hormone: long chain of amino acids as: ocytoxin and vasopressin
2- amino acid derivatives: derived from a.a ( tyrosine , trytophron ) as adrenaline
3- steroid hormone: derivates of chlosetol as: testastrione, striven, cortisol
4- fatty acids derivatives : derived from arachodinc acids as: prostaglandins

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10
Q

4 major pathways of mechanisms of actions:

A
  • influencing the rate of synthesis of enzymes or proteins
  • altering the rate of enzyme catalysis
  • speeding up or slowing down the metabolic pathway
  • altering the permability of the cells membrane
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11
Q

two general mechanisms are mostly utilised depending whether the hormone is – or —

A

hydrophobic: intracellular signalling
hdyrophillic: cell surface signalling

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12
Q

– and – are small lipid soluble molecules that can pass the cell membrane and they enter the —and interact with — to activate or repress specific gene.
the synthesis of certain proteins lead to – we recognise as hormone action

A
  • steroid and thyroid hormone
  • nucleas
    -receptor
  • changes
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13
Q

peptide hormones are — soluble and can’t pass the — they attach to receptors on the cells – and don’t enter the — . many receptors will transmit the signal into the cell by different mechanisms but most of them are —

A
  • water
  • cell membrane
  • surface
  • cell
  • g-protein coupled receptors ( GPCRs)
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14
Q

binding of the hormone triggers — in the receptor and – protein will be — and moves away from the — . G protein can activate other signalling portions often the —- and atp becomes — and this is a — cascade

A
  • conformational changes
  • G protein , activated
  • receptor
  • adenyl cyclase
  • cyclic amp
  • phosphorlation
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15
Q

— links the nervous system to the endocrine system and receives input from the – and alters the release of hormones in response and it secretes —

A
  • hypothalamus
  • brain
  • neurohormones
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16
Q

hormones synthesises in the hypothalamus will be either stored in the — or later for secretion or regulation of hormones

A
  • posterior pitityry gland
  • anterior piitury gland
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17
Q

most hormones are generate by the hypothalamus are distributed to the pituitary by —-
the regulatory hormones can be – or —

A
  • hypothermic hypophyseal portal system
  • stimulatory or inhibitory ( stimulatory will be moved to the anterior pitutiry )
18
Q

— controls other endocrine glands and is influnced by —- and the system is mostly – feedback loop and is partially regulated by —
it consist of – loops derived from ——

A
  • pituitry gland
  • endocrine gland
  • -ve feedback
  • hypothalamus
  • two loops derived from different embryonic tissue
19
Q

posterior pituitary aka neurohypophysis is a — tissue
anterior pituitry aka adenihypothsys is a — tissue

A
  • neural
  • glandular
20
Q

-the pituitry gland lies in the depression of — above the — which is the most protected part of the organism size of a —
- its attached to a short connection called — to the —
- composed of two glands derived from —–
- one part is derived from the down growth of hypothalamus —-
-the other is derived from —

A
  • cranium ( sella turcica )
  • mouth
    cherry 0.5 grams
  • pituitry stalks to the hypothalamus
  • different embryo orgins
    -infudilubum
  • rathke’s pouch
21
Q

—- is the depression of the roof of the developing mouth and breaks away from the — and forms —-

A
  • rathke’s pouch
  • pharynx
  • anterior pitirtry
22
Q

hypothalamus extends from the infundibulum to form —-

A

posterior pituitry

23
Q

the posterior pituitary is also known as — is composed of — and —-

A
  • neurohypophysis
  • pars nervosa and median eminence
24
Q

— is also known as adenophysis developed from the inpushing of the mouth ectoderm called —–

A
  • anterior pituitry
  • rathke’s pouch
25
Q

rathke’s pouch comes in contact with the infundibulum and eventually constricts off from the – forming —

A
  • mouth
  • cavity of its own
26
Q

constrists the middle to from two lobes which grow out to surround the infudinbular neck forming —
the — is formed from parts pf the pouch which met the infundibular first
the remainder forms the —- or —-
the pars dastalis and pas intermedia are separated by — called —-

A
  • pars tuberlaris
  • pars indermedia
  • pars distalis or anterior lobe
  • rathke’s pouch called residual cleft
    ( CHECK THE STRUCTURE SLIDE: 25)
27
Q

the hormones of the anterior pituitry gland are — but – are tropic hormones

A
  • seven , four
28
Q

— are hormones which have another endocrine gland as their target organ

A

tropic hormone

29
Q

true or false: most of the anterior pituitry gland appear to have releasing factors only

A

false; releasing and inhibitory factors

30
Q

– function is dominant
prolactin is an exception and is inhibited by —

A
  • releasing function
  • dopamine
31
Q

the names of hormone in the anterior pitutry gland:

A
  • growth hormones - from growth hormone releasinh hormine
  • luitenzing hormoen - gonadotrophin releasing hormine
  • thyroid-stimulating hormone - thyroid releasing hormine
  • adencroticotrophic hermone - cortisone releasing hormone
  • endorphins -
  • prolactin - domain inhibition
    -follicle stimulaiting cell - gonadotrophin releasing hormone
32
Q

the control and secretion of the pituitry hormones is under the direction of — and they release — which are called — and —-

A
  • hypothalamus
  • neurohormones
  • hypothalamic releasing
  • hypothalamic inhibitory hormone
33
Q

the hypothalamus is divided into areas or nuclei which release specific hormones
- paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei release — to the pars nervosa
- tubular nuclei as arcuate release — and — to pars distalsis

A
  • oxytocin , vasopressin
  • lutinzing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone
34
Q

the final hormones — the pituitry gland and the hypothalamus which is — feedback

A
  • inhibit
  • -ve
35
Q

in posterior pitutry hormones are made in the — positioned in —- and they are transported down the nerve cell axon to —-

A

nerve cell bodies , hypothalamus , posterior pituitry gland

36
Q

hormones secreted by posterior pituitry gland:

A
  • oxytocin
  • vasopressin ( ADH ) aka anti-diuric hormone
37
Q

the boundary between the anterior and posterior lobes of the pituitry is called —

A

pars indermedia

38
Q

an increase in MSH ( melanocyte stimulating hormone ) leads to

A

darkening of epithelial tissues in humans

39
Q

crushing syndrome is caused by the — of — which also leads to high levels of — which causes

A
  • high levels of ACTH
  • adrenocorticotropic
  • msh (its produced by tge intermediate lobe aka pars intermedia )
  • abnormal darkening
40
Q

true or false: different levels of MSH is not a major cause of racial variation

A

true
( although in red headed ppl they don’t tan well , there are variations in their hormone receptor causing them to not produce MSH in the blood)

41
Q

adrenaline is a hormones derived from —

A

amino acids

mnsr (22 decks)

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