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Final Review > Mitosis and the Cell Cycle > Flashcards

Mitosis and the Cell Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

What is the process by which new cells are formed?

A

Cell Reproduction

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2
Q

What is the difference between cell reproduction and the reproduction of a multicellular organism?

A

The number of “parents” involved.

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3
Q

When body cells and most single-celled organisms reproduce, there is only one parent:______________________________________

A

One cell divides to produce two new cells, which are called daughter cells.

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4
Q

The two daughter cells are _______ to each other and to their parent cell, at least in the genes they contain.

A

Identical

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5
Q

In sexual reproduction, two parents mate and the offspring receive ____ of their genes from each parent (one chromosome from each pair of chromosomes).

A

Half

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6
Q

True or False: Although offspring share genetic material and may look alike, they are not exactly the same.

A

True

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7
Q

Cell Division Definition

A

The process by which a parent cell divides into two daughter cells.

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8
Q

For single-celled organisms, _____ ____ is the main process by which individuals reproduce, and the population gets larger.

A

Cell Division

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9
Q

What is the process by which a fertilized egg (a single cell) becomes, eventually, an adult with millions of cells?

A

Cell Division

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10
Q

True or False: In multicellular organisms, cell division is also the process by which you replace lost or damaged cells.

A

True

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11
Q

True or False: The contents of a cell, particularly its nucleus, are complicated.

A

True

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12
Q

Each cell has to take an ________ approach to cell division-it cannot just break in two.

A

Organized

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13
Q

The nucleus contains the _______, which is so important that the nucleus has its own multi-step division process, called _________.

A

DNA; Mitosis

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14
Q

Mitosis Definition

A

The process by which the duplicated contents of the cell’s nucleus divide into two equal parts.

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15
Q

What is the different process that the cytoplasm divides by?

A

Cytokinesis

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16
Q

Cytokinesis Definition

A

Following mitosis, the separation of the two nuclei and cell contents into two daughter cells.

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17
Q

DNA is divided into segments called _______, each of which provides the instructions for making a different protein.

A

Genes

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18
Q

True or False: Your body needs all of these proteins at one time or another-each plays a role in making up the structure of, or ensuring the proper function of, your body’s many parts.

A

True

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19
Q

Thus, every cells needs to have all the _______ required to make these proteins.

A

Genes

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20
Q

Although not every cell will end up making every protein, each starts out with the ______ to do so.

A

Potential

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21
Q

Therefore, the parent cell cannot just divide its _____ equally between its two daughter cells when it divides.

A

Chromosomes

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22
Q

True or False: If this happened, each daughter cell would only have half the number of chromosomes its parent had and would be missing vital genes.

A

True

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23
Q

In the case of human cells, each daughter cell produced through cell division needs a copy of all ______ chromosomes from its parent cell.

A

46

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24
Q

A parent cell therefore makes a copy of every chromosome before it _______.

A

Divides

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25
Q

It can then give one copy to each of the __________ _____.

A

Daughter Cells

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26
Q

What is this copying process called?

A

DNA Replication

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27
Q

DNA Replication Definition

A

The process by which DNA is copied, creating sister chromatids joined at the centromere.

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28
Q

Chromosomes are normally more like very long, loose threads until when?

A

Until the cell gets ready to divide.

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29
Q

What does each “thread” consist of?

A

A tightly twisted strand of DNA.

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30
Q

Just before the cell gets ready to divide, what happens to the chromosomes?

A

They take on a thick, bulging look.

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31
Q

True or False: DNA Replication is very precise.

A

True

32
Q

When copying errors occur, they are usually _____ and _____ by special “proofreading” and repair proteins.

A

Detected and fixed

33
Q

At roughly the same time the DNA is replicated, what is the organelle called that also doubles, so that the cell has two copies?

A

The Centrosome

34
Q

The centrosomes help to organize the ______ that make up the ______, and play an important role in cell division.

A

Tubules; Cytoskeleton

35
Q

What are the six stages of Mitosis? (In order)

A

-Interphase
-Prophase
-Metaphase
-Anaphase
-Telophase
-Cytokinesis

36
Q

Prophase Definition

A

The phase of mitosis in which sister chromatids condense and the chromosomes become visible.

37
Q

What happens during Prophase? (5 Points)

A

-Nuclear membrane begins to disappear
-Duplicated DNA condenses into chromosomes that are visible with light microscope.
-Each chromosome has identical DNA.
-Centrosomes: Organelles in cytoplasm head to opposite ends of the cell.
-Fibres from centrosomes start extending out towards the centre of each duplicated DNA (Centromeres on each Chromosome)

38
Q

Metaphase Definition

A

The phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes are aligned across the centre of the cell.

39
Q

What happens during Metaphase? (2 Points)

A

-Fibres of centrosomes attach to centromeres, lining up chromosomes in the middle of the cell.
-This is the longest phase of mitosis

40
Q

Anaphase Definition

A

The phase of mitosis in which the centromere splits apart and the chromatids are pulled to opposite sides of the cell by the spindle fibres.

41
Q

What happens during Anaphase? (3 Points)

A

-The two copies of DNA split into 2 chromosomes.
-New chromosomes are pulled to opposite sides of the cell by spindle fibres of the centrosome
-At this point the cell has 92 chromosomes

42
Q

Telophase Definition

A

The phase of mitosis in which two daughter nuclei are formed.

43
Q

What happens during Telophase? (5 Points)

A

-Fibres start the disappear
-Membranes begin to form around the two nuclei
-46 identical chromosomes are in each nucleus
-Chromosomes begin to uncoil
-The rest of the cell prepares to divide.

44
Q

What happens during Cytokinesis? (2 Points)

A

-Elongated cells begin to pinch apart at the centre
-Cytoplasm divides into two parts

45
Q

True or False: The division of the rest of the cell-the cytosol and organelles-usually begins before telophase is complete.

A

True

46
Q

The cell division process must be carefully controlled for what to function properly?

A

Your body

47
Q

Some types of cells must be “encouraged” ______ ____ and other must be “encouraged” __ _______ _____ _____ _____.

A

To divide; To remain as they are.

48
Q

This is the job of molecules, most proteins, that ___ _____ ___ ___, ______ _____ ____ ______ _______ _____ ____.

A

Carry signals among cells, sharing information about various cells’ abundance and health.

49
Q

True or False: These molecules control the cell cycle.

A

True

50
Q

What does the Cell Cycle-the life cycle of a cell-consist of?

A

Two main phases: Cell Division and Interphase

51
Q

Cell Cycle Definition

A

A continuous sequence of cell growth and division, including the stages of interphase, mitosis and cytokinesis.

52
Q

Interphase Definition

A

Periods of growth in the life of a cell; consists of two growth stages and a stage of DNA replication.

53
Q

What happens first in the cell cycle? (Additional 2 Points)

A

Cell Division:
-First, the cell’s nucleus divides into two parts during mitosis.
-Then, the two nuclei and cell contents divide into two daughter cells during cytokinesis.

54
Q

What happens next in the cell cycle after cell division? (With 4 additional points)

A

Interphase:
-Cells do whatever activities they are designed to do, such as producing specific proteins.
-It also does the things that all cells do, such as taking in oxygen and glucose, releasing energy from glucose (cellular respiration) and removing wastes.
-In addition, DNA replicates in preparation for cell division.
-Before and after the DNA replicates are two periods during which the cell produces more organelles and grows larger.

55
Q

What is vital to normal growth and development?

A

Controlling the timing and rate of cell division in different parts of a plant or animal.

56
Q

True or False: Too few or too many cells in any one body part can lead to serious problems.

A

True

57
Q

True or False: There are three main points at which the cell “checks” its growth.

A

True

58
Q

Cell Cycle Checkpoint Definition

A

A point in the life of a cell when proteins determine whether cell division should or should not occur.

59
Q

What acts like stop signs at each checkpoint?

A

Specialized Proteins

60
Q

Unless they receive ______ ______ ____, they will not let the cell cycle proceed.

A

Specific go-ahead signals

61
Q

In general, cell division will not occur if:

A

-There are not enough nutrients to support cell growth
-The DNA has not replicated
-The DNA is damaged

62
Q

For many cells, what is the most important checkpoint?

A

The first one after mitosis.

63
Q

True or False: Many cells leave the cycle after this checkpoint, often just because more cells of that type are not required.

A

True

64
Q

The body does not need that cell to divide, so it does not receive a _________ signal.

A

Go-Ahead

65
Q

Cells that leave the cycle enter what stage?

A

A non-dividing stage.

66
Q

True or False: Most cells in the human body-all muscle and nerve cells, for example, are in this stage.

A

True.

67
Q

What does the first checkpoint during the mitosis phase check for?

A

-If the chromosomes have attached themselves to spindle fibres in metaphase.
-If the chromosomes have moved to the poles in anaphase.

68
Q

What does the second checkpoint during the growth and preparation phase check for?

A

-If the cell has enough nutrients to support its growth.
-If the DNA is damaged.

69
Q

What does the third checkpoint during the continued growth and preparation phase check for?

A

-If the DNA has replicated.
-If the DNA is damaged.

70
Q

Why does Mitosis occur?

A
  1. Growth
  2. Maintenance
  3. Repair (Cuts)
71
Q

What happens during Interphase? (3 Points)

A

-This is the stage that the cell spends the most of its life in.
-A time where growth and normal cell functions are occurring.
-Prepare for Division:
-DNA replication in the nucleus
-Copies organelles.

72
Q

What happens during Cytokinesis in Animal Cells? (3 Points)

A

-A ring of specialized proteins around the middle of the cell starts to contract.
-Like pulling the drawstrings on a bag, this contraction pinches the cell membrane until the parent cell is divided into two parts.
-Each daughter cell has a complete set of chromosomes in a nucleus and its own share of cytosol and organelles.

73
Q

What happens during Cytokinesis in Plant Cells? (Include Cell Plate Definition) (9 Points)

A

-The same process as in animal cells.
-However, in plant cells, rigid cell wall makes it necessary for the process to be different.
-The Golgi body starts to produce small vesicles.
-Each of these sacs carries the materials needed to form a new cell wall.
-The vesicles line up between the two new nuclei, forming a cell plate.
-Cell Plate: A structure that helps to form the cell wall in the process of plant cell cytokinesis.
-The cell plate grows outward and joins the old cell wall.
-New cell walls are secreted on each side of the cell plate, dividing the cytoplasm into two.
-Then new cell membranes form inside the cell walls, and the division is complete.

74
Q

Explain Cell Death (3 points)

A

-Some cells do not leave the cell cycle to become specialized-they leave the cell cycle because it is time for them to die.
-In some cases, this is because they have been damaged beyond repair, perhaps by physical forces or by exposure to toxic chemicals.
-The contents of the cells leak out, often irritating surrounding cells, causing swelling and redness in the body part.

75
Q

Explain Cell Suicide (6 points)

A

-Other cells carry out a kind of suicide.
-In this case, a cell breaks down in an organized way.
-Its contents are packaged and distributed so that other cells can use them.
-Scientists have learned that this type of death is pre-programmed into cells, determined by what are often called “suicide genes.”
-These genes code for proteins who job is to kill cells in specific situations.
-Cells may also ensure their own death when their survival would be a threat to the organism.

76
Q

Complete Mitosis Worksheet

A

Depending on Comfort Level

77
Q

What are the Stages of Interphase? Also, what is produced as the cell grows because of what?

A

-G1 phase: cell growth and presentation
-S phase: DNA replication
-G2 phase: cell growth and preparation
-As cell grows more organelles are produced in preparation for division

Final Review (14 decks)

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