Miscellaneous Flashcards
What is worse for prognosis, decorticate posturing or decerebrate posturing?
decerebrate
Hypothalamus
The pineal gland is on what structure?
Epithalamus
note: innervated by sympathetic fibers
Ventral Striatum
Putamen
What neurotransmitter goes from the cerebrum to the corticostriatal pathways to basal ganglia
Glutamate
What is the only neurotransmitter that is the output of the Basal Ganglia?
GABA
What is the only loop in the ventral striatal pathway?
Emotional Loop
The prefrontal cortex is associated with what 3 loops?
Goal directed behavior loop, emotional, and social behavior loop
What is cerebellum white matter called?
Arbor Vitae
What makes up the ventral striatum
Caudate + putamen
In the closed cerebral-cerebellar loop the afferents enter the cerebellum through _______ and the efferents leave through the ____________
What part of the cerebellum is involved?
Middle peduncle
Superior Peduncle
Lateral cortex of cerebellum
D1 dopamine receptors are for what pathway?
D2 dopamine receptors are for what pathway?
D1- Go
D2 - No Go
What are the internal feedback tracks of the spinocerebellum
Rostrospinal (ipsilateral)
Anterior spinocerebellar (both sides)
What are the high fidelity pathways of the spinocerebellum
Dorsal spinocerebellar
Cuneocerebellar
T or F: the cerebral cortex does not directly project to the cerebellum
True
The vestibulocerebellum receives output from _____ and _____.
It sends output through ______
Vestibular apparatus
vestibular nuclei
Vestibular nuclei
Cerebellar problems usually present on the _____ side
Ipsilateral
Lesions of the _____ cortex cause altered perception of person space
R posterior parietal cortex
Where is CN 5 nuclei and the medial longitudinal fasciculus found in the brainstem?
Tegmentum of brainstem
Along with reticular formation
What structure in the brainstem coordinates head and eye movements?
Medial longitudinal fascicules
What is the purpose of the pedunculopontine nuclei
Part of basal ganglia circuit, regulates tone
Where is the red nucleus, periaqueductal gray matter, and CN 3 and 4 nuclei found in the midbrain?
The tegmentum of the midbrain
What is the only tract that enters the medulla FROM the cerebellum
Cerebellovestibular tract
What pathways are in the pre-frontal channel?
Goal directed and social
What pathways are dorsal striatal pathways
Everything besides emotion loop
What pathways are ventral striatal pathways
Emotional loop (part of the limbic channel)
Horizontal cells are interneurons between _____ and ______
Photoreceptors and bipolar cells
Amacrine cells are inter neurons between ______ and ______
Bipolar and ganglion cells
T or F: the same ganglion cells handle gross features, color, and details
F Different cells for each
Where are the cell bodies of 2nd order neurons for vision found?
Lateral genticulate body in thalamus (projects to optic radiation)
Saccadic eye movement aligns the _____ with a particular part of the visual scene
Fovea
Smooth pursuit keeps a slow moving object on the _____
Fovea
The horizontal gaze center is in the ________ of the brainstem
Paramedian pontine reticular formation
The vertical gaze center is in the ______ Mid brain
Rostral interstitial nucleus in midbrain
Note: vertical gaze center is higher up that’s why it’s spared during locked in syndrome but the horizontal gaze center is not
The frontal eye field controls _______ saccades and _____smooth pursuit
The parieto-occipital-temporal cortex controls _______ smooth pursuit
Contralateral
contralateral
Ipsilateral
Lesions to the superior colliculus cause what
Reduce accuracy and velocity of saccades
How does the frontal eye field connect to the Paramedian pontine reticular formation
Connected directly (one nerve straight there)
And indirectly (2 nerve connection with a synapse at the superior colliculus)
What fluid is inside of the semicircular canals?
endolymph
What fluid is between the bony labyrinth and the membranous labyrinth
Perilymph
What is the relationship between vestibular and visual cortices?
reciprocally inhibited/disinhibited
Vestibular and visual systems are tightly linked for…..
Postural control and eye movements
what cerebellar cells start in the inferior olive?
Climbing fibers
What do climbing fibers transmit
Info about movement errors to cerebellum
What do mossy fibers transmit
Transmit somatosensory into from pons, spinal cord, and cortex to the cerebellum
Purkinje cells _______ the cerebellar and vestibular nuclei
Inhibit
Mossy and climbing fibers transmit ______
Afferent excitatory neurotransmitters
What layer of the cerebellum has interneurons
Molecular and granular (not purkinje layer)
What are the interneurons of the cerebellum called?
Granule, Golgi, stellate, and basket cells
What cells are amongst the largest in the brain with huge dendritic branching
Purkinje cells
What is the only part of the cerebellum receiving direct input from the spinal cord?
Spinocerebellum (vermis and intermediate zones)
not cerebrocerebellum or vestibulocerebullum
The dentate nucleus is part of what area of the cerebellum
Lateral hemispheres AKA cerebrocerebellum
The fastigial nucleus is found in the ____ and does ____
The interposed nuclei are found in the ______ and do ____
Fastigial: vermis, proximal movements
Interposed: Intermediate zone, distal movements
What part of the cerebellum is important for motor planning?
Cerebrocerebellum
