Miscellaneous

Question 1

What is worse for prognosis, decorticate posturing or decerebrate posturing?

Answer 1

decerebrate

Question 2

Answer 2

Hypothalamus

Question 3

The pineal gland is on what structure?

Answer 3

Epithalamus

note: innervated by sympathetic fibers

Question 4

Answer 4

Ventral Striatum

Question 5

Answer 5

Putamen

Question 6

What neurotransmitter goes from the cerebrum to the corticostriatal pathways to basal ganglia

Answer 6

Glutamate

Question 7

What is the only neurotransmitter that is the output of the Basal Ganglia?

Answer 7

GABA

Question 8

What is the only loop in the ventral striatal pathway?

Answer 8

Emotional Loop

Question 9

The prefrontal cortex is associated with what 3 loops?

Answer 9

Goal directed behavior loop, emotional, and social behavior loop

Question 10

What is cerebellum white matter called?

Answer 10

Arbor Vitae

Question 11

What makes up the ventral striatum

Answer 11

Caudate + putamen

Question 12

In the closed cerebral-cerebellar loop the afferents enter the cerebellum through _______ and the efferents leave through the ____________

What part of the cerebellum is involved?

Answer 12

Middle peduncle

Superior Peduncle

Lateral cortex of cerebellum

Question 13

D1 dopamine receptors are for what pathway?

D2 dopamine receptors are for what pathway?

Answer 13

D1- Go

D2 - No Go

Question 14

What are the internal feedback tracks of the spinocerebellum

Answer 14

Rostrospinal (ipsilateral)

Anterior spinocerebellar (both sides)

Question 15

What are the high fidelity pathways of the spinocerebellum

Answer 15

Dorsal spinocerebellar

Cuneocerebellar

Question 16

T or F: the cerebral cortex does not directly project to the cerebellum

Answer 16

True

Question 17

The vestibulocerebellum receives output from _____ and _____.

It sends output through ______

Answer 17

Vestibular apparatus

vestibular nuclei

Vestibular nuclei

Question 18

Cerebellar problems usually present on the _____ side

Answer 18

Ipsilateral

Question 19

Lesions of the _____ cortex cause altered perception of person space

Answer 19

R posterior parietal cortex

Question 20

Where is CN 5 nuclei and the medial longitudinal fasciculus found in the brainstem?

Answer 20

Tegmentum of brainstem

Along with reticular formation

Question 21

What structure in the brainstem coordinates head and eye movements?

Answer 21

Medial longitudinal fascicules

Question 22

What is the purpose of the pedunculopontine nuclei

Answer 22

Part of basal ganglia circuit, regulates tone

Question 23

Where is the red nucleus, periaqueductal gray matter, and CN 3 and 4 nuclei found in the midbrain?

Answer 23

The tegmentum of the midbrain

Question 24

What is the only tract that enters the medulla FROM the cerebellum

Answer 24

Cerebellovestibular tract

Question 25

What pathways are in the pre-frontal channel?

Answer 25

Goal directed and social

Question 26

What pathways are dorsal striatal pathways

Answer 26

Everything besides emotion loop

Question 27

What pathways are ventral striatal pathways

Answer 27

Emotional loop (part of the limbic channel)

Question 28

Horizontal cells are interneurons between _____ and ______

Answer 28

Photoreceptors and bipolar cells

Question 29

Amacrine cells are inter neurons between ______ and ______

Answer 29

Bipolar and ganglion cells

Question 30

T or F: the same ganglion cells handle gross features, color, and details

Answer 30

F Different cells for each

Question 31

Where are the cell bodies of 2nd order neurons for vision found?

Answer 31

Lateral genticulate body in thalamus (projects to optic radiation)

Question 32

Saccadic eye movement aligns the _____ with a particular part of the visual scene

Answer 32

Fovea

Question 33

Smooth pursuit keeps a slow moving object on the _____

Answer 33

Fovea

Question 34

The horizontal gaze center is in the ________ of the brainstem

Answer 34

Paramedian pontine reticular formation

Question 35

The vertical gaze center is in the ______ Mid brain

Answer 35

Rostral interstitial nucleus in midbrain Note: vertical gaze center is higher up that’s why it’s spared during locked in syndrome but the horizontal gaze center is not

Question 36

The frontal eye field controls _______ saccades and _____smooth pursuit The parieto-occipital-temporal cortex controls _______ smooth pursuit

Answer 36

Contralateral contralateral Ipsilateral

Question 37

Lesions to the superior colliculus cause what

Answer 37

Reduce accuracy and velocity of saccades

Question 38

How does the frontal eye field connect to the Paramedian pontine reticular formation

Answer 38

Connected directly (one nerve straight there) And indirectly (2 nerve connection with a synapse at the superior colliculus)

Question 39

What fluid is inside of the semicircular canals?

Answer 39

endolymph

Question 40

What fluid is between the bony labyrinth and the membranous labyrinth

Answer 40

Perilymph

Question 41

What is the relationship between vestibular and visual cortices?

Answer 41

reciprocally inhibited/disinhibited

Question 42

Vestibular and visual systems are tightly linked for…..

Answer 42

Postural control and eye movements

Question 43

what cerebellar cells start in the inferior olive?

Answer 43

Climbing fibers

Question 44

What do climbing fibers transmit

Answer 44

Info about movement errors to cerebellum

Question 45

What do mossy fibers transmit

Answer 45

Transmit somatosensory into from pons, spinal cord, and cortex to the cerebellum

Question 46

Purkinje cells _______ the cerebellar and vestibular nuclei

Answer 46

Inhibit

Question 47

Mossy and climbing fibers transmit ______

Answer 47

Afferent excitatory neurotransmitters

Question 48

What layer of the cerebellum has interneurons

Answer 48

Molecular and granular (not purkinje layer)

Question 49

What are the interneurons of the cerebellum called?

Answer 49

Granule, Golgi, stellate, and basket cells

Question 50

What cells are amongst the largest in the brain with huge dendritic branching

Answer 50

Purkinje cells

Question 51

What is the only part of the cerebellum receiving direct input from the spinal cord?

Answer 51

Spinocerebellum (vermis and intermediate zones) not cerebrocerebellum or vestibulocerebullum

Question 52

The dentate nucleus is part of what area of the cerebellum

Answer 52

Lateral hemispheres AKA cerebrocerebellum

Question 53

The fastigial nucleus is found in the ____ and does ____ The interposed nuclei are found in the ______ and do ____

Answer 53

Fastigial: vermis, proximal movements Interposed: Intermediate zone, distal movements

Question 54

What part of the cerebellum is important for motor planning?

Answer 54

Cerebrocerebellum