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Neuro Test 2 > Lecture 16 > Flashcards

Lecture 16 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 kinds of gray matter in the cortex?

A

Granular

Pyramidal

Interneurons

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2
Q

True or false: the cortex has a cellular layer and a purkinje layer

A

False

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3
Q

What is the major output cell of the cortex?

A

Pyramid cells

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4
Q

Each layer of the cortex has 6 layers except….

A

Olfactory and medial temporal corticies, they have 3

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5
Q

True or false: motor and sensory neurons extend down to the sulcus of the gyrus

A

True

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6
Q

Brodmann’s areas are particularly helpful during __________

A

Surgical techniques and research (measure cortical activity)

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7
Q

Primary somatosensory cortex -> Secondary somatosensory cortex -> _______________________ -> _____________________ -> Primary motor cortex

A

Association cortex

Motor planning areas

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8
Q

what part of the cortex sends descending motor signals?

A

Primary motor cortex

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9
Q

What part of the corticies differentiates intensity and qualities of sensory info?

A

Primary sensory cortex

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10
Q

What part of the cortex handles more complex sensory processing

A

secondary sensory cortex

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11
Q

Where is the primary somatosensory cortex found?

A

Postcentral gyrus

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12
Q

Where is the auditory cortex found?

A

Within lateral fissure and superior temporal lobe

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13
Q

What cortex is found within calcarine sulcus and adjacent gyri

A

visual cortex

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14
Q

What cortex is found within posterior end of lateral fissure and parieto-insular cortex

A

Vestibular cortex

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15
Q

Which part of the visual cortex analyzes color and movements?

A

Secondary visual cortex

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16
Q

The secondary visual cortex projects to the _____________ to guide visual fixation keeping item in central vision

A

superior colliculus

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17
Q

what cortex constrasts sounds heard from memories and categorizes them?

A

Secondary auditory cortex

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18
Q

1

A

secondary somatosensory cortex

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19
Q

2

A

secondary visual cortex

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20
Q

3

A

secondary somatosensory cortex

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21
Q

4

A

secondary visual cortex

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22
Q

5

A

secondary auditory cortex

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23
Q

A lesion to the secondary somatosensory cortex causes what?

A

astereognosis

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24
Q

A lesion to the secondary visual cortex causes what superiorly and what in the middle portion?

A

Superiorly: optic ataxia

Middle portion - Visual agnosia

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25
Q

Lesion to the secondary auditory cortex causes what?

A

auditory agnosia

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26
Q

What cortex is responsible for discriminating shapes, texture, size

A

primary somatosensory

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27
Q

The secondary somatosensory cortex projects to __________ and _________

A

Motor and limbic areas

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28
Q

what cortex has the highest degree of convergent somatosensory info?

A

Posterior parietal cortex

note: it’s a secondary sensory and association cortex

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29
Q

Outputs of the _____________ are critical for integration of sensory and motor info

A

posterior parietal cortex

30
Q

The primary auditory cortex does what?

A

Allows awarenes of intensity and sounds

31
Q

the primary auditory cortex receives info from the cochlea of both ears through pathways that synapse in the ___________ and _______________ (thalamus)

A

inferior colliculus -> medial genticulate body

32
Q

True or false: The vestibular cortex is well defined

A

False, not well defined

33
Q

Some sources have primary vestibular cortex in only _____ hemisphere and some evidence says its in both hemispheres

A

right

34
Q

What are the two streams of the secondary visual cortex

A

action stream (dorsal)
-adjusts limb movement

perception stream (ventral)
-recognizes objects

35
Q

The secondary visual cortex perception stream runs where?

A

ventrally to temporal lobe

36
Q

The secondary visual cortex dorsal stream runs where?

A

dorsally through posterior parietal cortex to frontal lobe

37
Q

1

A

Medial dorsal prefrontal cortex

perceives others emotions/beliefs

38
Q

2

A

ventral prefrontal cortex

-mood and affect

39
Q

3

A

parietotemporal association lobe

-intellegence (includes wernicke)

40
Q

Wernicke’s area is contained in what cortex

A

parietotemporal association cortex

41
Q

What cortex is involved in intellegence, problemsolving, and understanding communication

A

parietotemporal association cortex

42
Q

What does the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex do?

A

self awareness/executive functions

remember, it’s dorsal bc you have to take a step back and observe yourself to have self awareness

43
Q

The premotor cortex contains ________% corticospinal neurons especially from trunk and shoulder

A

20-30

44
Q

what cortex is for anticipatory postural adjustments?

A

pre-motor cortex

45
Q

What cortex is for motor planning, mvmt initiation

A

supplementary motor cortex

46
Q

what cortex controls CONTRALATERAL fractionated movement?

A

primary motor cortex

remember it’s contralateral bc the corticospinal tract is contralateral

47
Q

The source of most corticospinal tract neurons is in the……

A

primary motor cortex

48
Q

damage to what cortex causes flexion or extension synergies?

A

primary motor

bc you lose the ability to do fractionated movement

49
Q

What is prosopagnosia

A

Disorder of ventral visual stream

inability to recognize faces

50
Q

Disorders of _____________ can cause visual object agnosia

A

ventral visual stream

51
Q

What is anosagnosia?

A

inability to recognize deficits

52
Q

Is astereognosia a problem with the primary or the secondary somatosensory cortex?

A

secondary

note: they have intact sensation but still cannot describe object in hand

pt must be able to physically manipulate objects to test this

53
Q

Disorders of the dorsal visual stream cause what?

A

optic ataxia

-inability to use visual info to direct eye movement

54
Q

The most common neglect disorder happens on the ______ side

A

left, because R parietal cortex dominates attention

55
Q

What cortex dominates control of attention

A

right parietal cortex

56
Q

True or false: damage to primary motor cortex can cause dysarthria

A

true

also weakness and loss of fractionated limb movement

57
Q

Broca’s area is inside of what gyrus

A

inferior frontal gyrus

58
Q

damage to the supplementary motor cortex

acutely a person will show _______________

A

hemiparesis/hemiplegia

(only acutely/right after)

59
Q

damage to the premotor cortex leads to what?

A

Problems w/

speed/automaticity of reaching grasping

movement sequencing

posture and gait

60
Q

Uncontrolled repetitive movements are called what?

A

Perseveration

note: due to damage of motor planning areas

61
Q

ideational apraxia is…

A

inability to use objects appropriately especially when sequencing is necessary

62
Q

ideomotor apraxia is what?

A

inability to develop movement sequence especially to a command

note: they can still do it instinctively/automatically when not thinking about it

63
Q

What is magnetic gait?

A

Person has extreme difficulty lifting foot from floor to initiate gait

64
Q

What are the 4 As of cerebral cortex disorders

A

Aphasia
Apraxia
Agnosia
Asterognosis

65
Q

What are functional neurologic disorders

A

-used to be called conversion/psychogenic disorder

-not a psychiatric or psychological disorder

genuine motor and sensory dysfunction unexplained by medicine

worse or different symptoms than expected from testing

66
Q

Complex regional pain syndrome and persistent perceptual postural dizziness are examples of…

A

functional sensory disorders

67
Q

If a person has absent proprioception during testing but is able to do a finger to nose task with eyes closed or tandem walk, they might have…

A

functional sensory disorder

68
Q

Functional movement disorders have test findings that are….

A

not consistent with preformance

69
Q

What is a hoover sign?

A

indicative of functional movement disorder

Weak hip extension initially but then with contralateral hip flexion, the hip extensors will activate strongly

70
Q

What is whack-a-mole sign

A

indicative of functional movement disorder

tremor moves to another body part when you restrain it

71
Q

What is give-way weakness?

A

indicative of functional movement disorder

strong but then abrupt collapse without pain (when resisting MMT i guess)

Neuro Test 2 (19 decks)

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