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Neuro Test 2 > Lecture 15 Cerebellum > Flashcards

Lecture 15 Cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cerebellum often called?

A

The great comparator

cerebellum compares the intended vs. actual
movements to make needed adjustments

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2
Q

what is cerebellar white matter called?

A

Arbor Vitae

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3
Q

The cerebellum is __% of total brain volume, but has almost __x more neurons than cerebral cortex

A

10%

x4

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4
Q

True or false: The cerebellum directly connects to LMNs

A

False, there is no direct connection to the motor neurons

Note: Basal ganglia also has no direct connection to motor neurons

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5
Q

True or false: Damage to the cerebellum causes severe muscle weakness

A

False.

Severe damage does not cause direct muscle weakness or
sensory perception issues
* Causes coordination and postural control deficits
* Somewhat decreased cognitive and emotional function

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6
Q

What are the 4 Deep Cerebellar Nuclei called?

A
  • Dentate
  • Emboliform
  • Globuse
  • Fastigial

Note: Emboliform and Globuse are both “interposed”

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7
Q

What are the 3 functional divisions of the cerebellum?

A
  • Vestibulo-cerebellum
  • Spino-cerebellum
  • Cerebro-cerebellum
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8
Q

The superior peduncle is for _______ (efferents/afferents)

Middle is for: ________

Inferior is for ____________

A

Superior: Mostly efferents

Middle: ONLY afferents

Inferior: Both afferents and efferents

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9
Q

What does the superior cerebellar peduncle relay to?

A

Projecting to motor nuclei of thalamus +
Red Nuclei

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10
Q

Afferents from the anterior spinocerebellar tract travels through which cerebellar peduncle?

A

Superior

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11
Q

Efferents from the vestibulospinal and
reticulospinal tracts travel through what peduncle?

A

Inferior

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12
Q

Purkinje cells ________(Inhibit/excite) cerebellar and
vestibular nuclei

A

Inhibit

Think of these as the internal Globus Pallidus of the cerebellum they just inhibit

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13
Q

Mossy and climbing fibers transmit
afferent __________(Excitatory or inhibitory) neurotransmitters

A

excitatory

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14
Q

Where do mossy fibers start?

A

Brainstem and spinal cord

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15
Q

Where do climbing fibers start?

A

Inferior olive

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16
Q

All 3 cortical layers of the cerebellum are what kind of matter? (Gray or white)

A

Gray

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17
Q

What is the largest and most lateral cerebellar nuclei?

A

Dentate

Note: most medial is “Fastigial”

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18
Q

A functional unit of the cerebellar cortex consists of:

Purkinje cell (inhibitory) + _____________

A

Deep nuclear cell (excitatory)

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19
Q

What are the 2 interposed deep cerebellum nuclei called?

A

Emboliform

Globose

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20
Q
A

Dentate nucleus

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21
Q

What does the flocculonodular lobe do?

Also what is another name for it?

A

Balance and vision

Vestibulocerebellum

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22
Q

The vermis and intermediate zones are also called?

What do they do?

A

Spinocerebellum

Proximal and distal movements

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23
Q

What is the only part of the cerebellum that receives info directly from the spinal cord

A

spinocerebellum

(Vermis and intermediate zones)

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24
Q

What deep cerebellum nuclei is a part of the vermis?

What deep cerebellum nuclei is a part of the intermediate zone?

A

Fastigial Nucleus (most medial)

Both interposed nuclei

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25
Q

The vermis is responsible for….

A

Proximal gross movements of body and limbs

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26
Q

The intermediate zone is responsible for…

A

Distal voluntary movement

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27
Q

The lateral hemispheres of the cerebellum are also called

What nuclei is present here?

What is the function?

A

Cerebrocerebellum

Dentate

Regulates highly skilled movements/motor planning

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28
Q

True or false: cerebellum blood supply does not match the division of the lobes

A

True

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29
Q

The superior cerebellar artery supplies what?

A

Supplies superior and middle
cerebellar peduncles

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30
Q

The AICA supplies what parts of the cerebellum

A

Supplies middle cerebellar peduncle,
anterior inferior cerebellum including
flocculus

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31
Q

The PICA supplies what area of the cerebellum

A

Supplies the tonsils, inferior vermis,
inferior cerebellar peduncle, and
inferior aspects of cerebellar
hemispheres

32
Q

What are the inputs of the vestibulocerebellum?

Where do they synapse?

A

Inputs- Ipsilateral vestibular nuclei/apparatus
and visual cortex

Where do they synapse: flocculonodular lobe

33
Q

What are the outputs of the vestibulocerebellum?

A
  • Project to vestibular nuclei
  • Postural control by lateral and medial
    vestibulospinal tracts
  • Eye movements

Note: Vestibulospinal tracts synapse in the vestibular nuclei

34
Q

Which part of the cerebellum deals with high fidelity information?

A

Spinocerebellum

35
Q

What tracts are involved with the spinocerebellum?

Do these give info from contralateral side of body or ipsilateral side?

A

Posterior Spinocerebellar

Cuneocerebellar

Ipsilateral (uncrossed)

Rostrospinocerebellar (ipsilateral)

Anterior spinocerebellar (cross twice)

36
Q

What is the function of the posterior spinocerebellar tract?

A

LE proprioception

Note:

1st order synapses in clarkes nucleus -> 2nd order is the posterior spinocerebellar pathway -> ipsilateral cortex

37
Q

What is the purpose of the cuneocerebellar pathway?

A

Proprioception of neck and UE

note: first order neurons synapse in lateral cuneate nucleus -> ipsilateral cuneocerebellar pathway -> ipsilateral cortex

38
Q

What are the two high fidelity pathways called?

A

Cuneocerebellar and posterior spinocerebellar

39
Q

True or false: anterior spinocerebellar and rostrospinal are high fidelity pathways

A

False, they are internal feedback tracts

40
Q

Where does the anterior spinocerebellar tract cross?

What is it for?

A

Crosses in thoracolumbar gray matter

Crosses again in midbrain

Coordinates Both LE (internal feedback)

41
Q

Where does the rostrospinal tract start?

Where does it cross?

A

Cervical spine - T1

Uncrossed

Note: travels through both superior and inferior cerebellar peduncles

42
Q

Which parts of the cerebellum directly transmit info to motor neurons?

A

None!

43
Q

The pathway that describes the outputs of the vermis is:

Purkinje cells -> ___________ ->
brainstem -> thalamus -> Cortex

A

Fastigial Nucleus of vermis

44
Q

In the spinocerebellum intermediate zone, purkinje cells project to the….

A

Interposed Nucleus

45
Q

What is the “Closed cerebro-cerebello-cerebral loop”

A
  • Involved with motor planning and timing
    of movements
  • Changes in neural activity in dentate
    starts before that of cerebral cortex
    prior to execution of movement
46
Q

What is the pathway of the Closed cerebro-cerebello-cerebral loop

A

Motor and premotor cortices (cerebral) -> pontine
nuclei -> lateral cerebellar cortex -> dentate
nucleus -> thalamus -> cerebral
cortex

Note: the pontine nucleus is on the way to the cerebellum, the dentate nucleus is on the way back to the cortex.

47
Q

True or false: Inputs AND outputs of the “Closed cerebro-cerebello-cerebral loop” cross

A

True

48
Q

The inferior olivary nuclei project through where?

A

Inferior cerebellar peduncle

49
Q

Cerebral Cortex is by far the most important input to the cerebellum, though it doesn’t directly communicate.
The pathway goes:
Cortex -> Synapse on ipsilateral ________ -> pontocerebellar fibers project -> _______________ -> contralateral cerebrocerebellum

A

pontine nuclei

Middle peduncle

50
Q

The vestibular nuclei projects to the vestibulocerebellum through what peduncle?

A

inferior

51
Q

The Dorsal spinocerebellar and cuneocerebellar tracts project to the spinocerebellum via what peduncle?

A

Inferior

52
Q

Spinocerebellar afferents arise
from ___________(Ipsilateral/Contralateral) sources

Most cerebellar efferents to motor
tracts remain ___________(Ipsilateral/Contralateral)

A

Ipsilateral

Ipsilateral

Even the ones that cross end up crossing twice so it’s still ipsilateral. This is why most cerebellar dysfunctions will be ipsilateral!

53
Q

Nystagmus, Unsteadiness, truncal ataxia, disequilibrium are all signs of a cerebellum dysfunction where?

A

Vestibulocerebellum

54
Q

What is the cardinal sign of cerebellum dysfunction?

A

Ataxia

55
Q

What kind of tone is most commonly seen with cerebellum dysfunction, hypo or hyper?

A

Hypotonia

56
Q

Ataxic finger movements and Dysarthria are commonly seen with what cerebellum dysfunction?

A

Cerebrocerebellum

57
Q

Dysarthria
Scanning/explosive speech: ataxia of speech
Limb ataxia
Dysdiadokinesia
Dysmetria
Action tremor: shaking of limb during movement
Intention tremor

These are all commonly seen with what cerebellum dysfunction?

A

Spinocerebellum

58
Q
  • Loss of check/rebound: quick removal of resistance causes exaggerated response
  • Movement decomposition: attempting to move 1 joint at a time
  • Tends to be compensation for movement difficulties

These are all commonly seen with what cerebellum dysfunction?

A

Spinocerebellum

59
Q

Why do intention tremors occur?

A

Tends to occur due to delays in agonist burst of activity + in antagonist’s ability to brake

60
Q

How can you differentiate between sensory ataxia and cerebellar ataxia?

A

People with cerebellar ataxia with preform simularly with eyes open and eyes closed

People with sensory ataxia will improve with visual aid

61
Q

What pathway is interupted in people with sensory ataxia?

A

DCML

62
Q

The finger to nose task is good for revealing what kind of symptom?

A

Dysmetria and intention tremors

-intention tremors get worse the closer they get to their nose

63
Q

Cerebellum feedfoward vs feedback

A

Cerebellum anticipates the motor output needed to perform movement (feedforward)

and then monitors what is happening to make adjustments as necessary (feedback)

64
Q

Motor learning allows better ___________ (feedforward/feedback) of movement by reduction of errors that require slower ________ (feedforward/feedback) mechanisms to improve movement

A

feedfoward; feedback

65
Q

At cellular level, _________ can selectively cause long term depression in synapses between parallel fibers and Purkinje cells that are simultaneously being activated by climbing fibers
* This depression can last minutes to hours

A

Climbing fibers

66
Q

1

A

Midbrain

67
Q

2

A

Primary Fissure

68
Q

3

A

Folia & Posterior Lobe

69
Q

4

A

Pons

70
Q

5

A

Middle Cerebellar Peduncle

71
Q

6

A

Tonsils

72
Q

7

A

Medulla

73
Q

8(space)

A

4th ventricle

74
Q

9

A

Posterior Lobe

75
Q

10

A

Cerebral Aqueducts

Neuro Test 2 (19 decks)

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