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Neuro Test 2 > Lecture 15 Cerebellum > Flashcards

Lecture 15 Cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cerebellum often called?

A

The great comparator

cerebellum compares the intended vs. actual
movements to make needed adjustments

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2
Q

what is cerebellar white matter called?

A

Arbor Vitae

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3
Q

The cerebellum is __% of total brain volume, but has almost __x more neurons than cerebral cortex

A

10%

x4

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4
Q

True or false: The cerebellum directly connects to LMNs

A

False, there is no direct connection to the motor neurons

Note: Basal ganglia also has no direct connection to motor neurons

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5
Q

True or false: Damage to the cerebellum causes severe muscle weakness

A

False.

Severe damage does not cause direct muscle weakness or
sensory perception issues
* Causes coordination and postural control deficits
* Somewhat decreased cognitive and emotional function

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6
Q

What are the 4 Deep Cerebellar Nuclei called?

A
  • Dentate
  • Emboliform
  • Globuse
  • Fastigial

Note: Emboliform and Globuse are both “interposed”

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7
Q

What are the 3 functional divisions of the cerebellum?

A
  • Vestibulo-cerebellum
  • Spino-cerebellum
  • Cerebro-cerebellum
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8
Q

The superior peduncle is for _______ (efferents/afferents)

Middle is for: ________

Inferior is for ____________

A

Superior: Mostly efferents

Middle: ONLY afferents

Inferior: Both afferents and efferents

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9
Q

What does the superior cerebellar peduncle relay to?

A

Projecting to motor nuclei of thalamus +
Red Nuclei

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10
Q

Afferents from the anterior spinocerebellar tract travels through which cerebellar peduncle?

A

Superior

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11
Q

Efferents from the vestibulospinal and
reticulospinal tracts travel through what peduncle?

A

Inferior

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12
Q

Purkinje cells ________(Inhibit/excite) cerebellar and
vestibular nuclei

A

Inhibit

Think of these as the internal Globus Pallidus of the cerebellum they just inhibit

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13
Q

Mossy and climbing fibers transmit
afferent __________(Excitatory or inhibitory) neurotransmitters

A

excitatory

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14
Q

Where do mossy fibers start?

A

Brainstem and spinal cord

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15
Q

Where do climbing fibers start?

A

Inferior olive

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16
Q

All 3 cortical layers of the cerebellum are what kind of matter? (Gray or white)

A

Gray

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17
Q

What is the largest and most lateral cerebellar nuclei?

A

Dentate

Note: most medial is “Fastigial”

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18
Q

A functional unit of the cerebellar cortex consists of:

Purkinje cell (inhibitory) + _____________

A

Deep nuclear cell (excitatory)

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19
Q

What are the 2 interposed deep cerebellum nuclei called?

A

Emboliform

Globose

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20
Q
A

Dentate nucleus

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21
Q

What does the flocculonodular lobe do?

Also what is another name for it?

A

Balance and vision

Vestibulocerebellum

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22
Q

The vermis and intermediate zones are also called?

What do they do?

A

Spinocerebellum

Proximal and distal movements

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23
Q

What is the only part of the cerebellum that receives info directly from the spinal cord

A

spinocerebellum

(Vermis and intermediate zones)

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24
Q

What deep cerebellum nuclei is a part of the vermis?

What deep cerebellum nuclei is a part of the intermediate zone?

A

Fastigial Nucleus (most medial)

Both interposed nuclei

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25
The vermis is responsible for....
Proximal gross movements of body and limbs
26
The intermediate zone is responsible for...
Distal voluntary movement
27
The lateral hemispheres of the cerebellum are also called What nuclei is present here? What is the function?
Cerebrocerebellum Dentate Regulates highly skilled movements/motor planning
28
True or false: cerebellum blood supply does not match the division of the lobes
True
29
The superior cerebellar artery supplies what?
Supplies **superior** and **middle** cerebellar peduncles
30
The AICA supplies what parts of the cerebellum
Supplies **middle** cerebellar peduncle, anterior inferior cerebellum including **flocculus**
31
The PICA supplies what area of the cerebellum
Supplies the **tonsils**, inferior vermis, **inferior** cerebellar peduncle, and inferior aspects of cerebellar hemispheres
32
What are the inputs of the vestibulocerebellum? Where do they synapse?
Inputs- Ipsilateral vestibular nuclei/apparatus and visual cortex Where do they synapse: flocculonodular lobe
33
What are the outputs of the vestibulocerebellum?
* Project to vestibular nuclei * Postural control by **lateral and medial vestibulospinal tracts** * Eye movements Note: Vestibulospinal tracts synapse in the vestibular nuclei
34
Which part of the cerebellum deals with high fidelity information?
Spinocerebellum
35
What tracts are involved with the spinocerebellum? Do these give info from contralateral side of body or ipsilateral side?
Posterior Spinocerebellar Cuneocerebellar Ipsilateral (uncrossed) Rostrospinocerebellar (ipsilateral) Anterior spinocerebellar (cross twice)
36
What is the function of the posterior spinocerebellar tract?
LE proprioception Note: 1st order synapses in **clarkes nucleus** -> 2nd order is the posterior spinocerebellar pathway -> ipsilateral cortex
37
What is the purpose of the cuneocerebellar pathway?
Proprioception of neck and UE note: first order neurons synapse in **lateral cuneate nucleus** -> ipsilateral cuneocerebellar pathway -> ipsilateral cortex
38
What are the two high fidelity pathways called?
Cuneocerebellar and posterior spinocerebellar
39
True or false: anterior spinocerebellar and rostrospinal are high fidelity pathways
False, they are internal feedback tracts
40
Where does the anterior spinocerebellar tract cross? What is it for?
Crosses in thoracolumbar gray matter Crosses again in midbrain Coordinates Both LE (internal feedback)
41
Where does the rostrospinal tract start? Where does it cross?
Cervical spine - T1 Uncrossed Note: travels through both superior and inferior cerebellar peduncles
42
Which parts of the cerebellum directly transmit info to motor neurons?
None!
43
The pathway that describes the outputs of the vermis is: Purkinje cells -> ___________ -> brainstem -> thalamus -> Cortex
Fastigial Nucleus of vermis
44
In the spinocerebellum intermediate zone, purkinje cells project to the....
Interposed Nucleus
45
What is the "Closed cerebro-cerebello-cerebral loop"
* Involved with motor planning and timing of movements * Changes in neural activity in dentate starts **before** that of cerebral cortex prior to execution of movement
46
What is the pathway of the Closed cerebro-cerebello-cerebral loop
Motor and premotor cortices (cerebral) -> pontine nuclei -> lateral cerebellar cortex -> dentate nucleus -> thalamus -> cerebral cortex Note: the pontine nucleus is on the way to the cerebellum, the dentate nucleus is on the way back to the cortex.
47
True or false: Inputs AND outputs of the "Closed cerebro-cerebello-cerebral loop" cross
True
48
The inferior olivary nuclei project through where?
Inferior cerebellar peduncle
49
Cerebral Cortex is by far the most important input to the cerebellum, though it doesn't directly communicate. The pathway goes: Cortex -> Synapse on ipsilateral ________ -> pontocerebellar fibers project -> _______________ -> contralateral cerebrocerebellum
pontine nuclei Middle peduncle
50
The vestibular nuclei projects to the vestibulocerebellum through what peduncle?
inferior
51
The Dorsal spinocerebellar and cuneocerebellar tracts project to the spinocerebellum via what peduncle?
Inferior
52
Spinocerebellar afferents arise from ___________(Ipsilateral/Contralateral) sources Most cerebellar efferents to motor tracts remain ___________(Ipsilateral/Contralateral)
Ipsilateral Ipsilateral Even the ones that cross end up crossing twice so it's still ipsilateral. This is why most cerebellar dysfunctions will be ipsilateral!
53
Nystagmus, Unsteadiness, truncal ataxia, disequilibrium are all signs of a cerebellum dysfunction where?
Vestibulocerebellum
54
What is the cardinal sign of cerebellum dysfunction?
Ataxia
55
What kind of tone is most commonly seen with cerebellum dysfunction, hypo or hyper?
Hypotonia
56
Ataxic finger movements and Dysarthria are commonly seen with what cerebellum dysfunction?
Cerebrocerebellum
57
Dysarthria Scanning/explosive speech: ataxia of speech Limb ataxia Dysdiadokinesia Dysmetria Action tremor: shaking of limb during movement Intention tremor These are all commonly seen with what cerebellum dysfunction?
Spinocerebellum
58
* Loss of check/rebound: quick removal of resistance causes exaggerated response * Movement decomposition: attempting to move 1 joint at a time * Tends to be compensation for movement difficulties These are all commonly seen with what cerebellum dysfunction?
Spinocerebellum
59
Why do intention tremors occur?
Tends to occur due to delays in agonist burst of activity + in antagonist’s ability to brake
60
How can you differentiate between sensory ataxia and cerebellar ataxia?
People with cerebellar ataxia with preform simularly with eyes open and eyes closed People with sensory ataxia will improve with visual aid
61
What pathway is interupted in people with sensory ataxia?
DCML
62
The finger to nose task is good for revealing what kind of symptom?
Dysmetria and intention tremors -intention tremors get worse the closer they get to their nose
63
Cerebellum feedfoward vs feedback
Cerebellum anticipates the motor output needed to perform movement (feedforward) and then monitors what is happening to make adjustments as necessary (feedback)
64
Motor learning allows better ___________ (feedforward/feedback) of movement by reduction of errors that require slower ________ (feedforward/feedback) mechanisms to improve movement
feedfoward; feedback
65
At cellular level, _________ can selectively cause long term depression in synapses between parallel fibers and Purkinje cells that are simultaneously being activated by climbing fibers * This depression can last minutes to hours
Climbing fibers
66
1
Midbrain
67
2
Primary Fissure
68
3
Folia & Posterior Lobe
69
4
Pons
70
5
Middle Cerebellar Peduncle
71
6
Tonsils
72
7
Medulla
73
8(space)
4th ventricle
74
9
Posterior Lobe
75
10
Cerebral Aqueducts

Neuro Test 2 (19 decks)

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