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Neuro Test 2 > Lecture 12 > Flashcards

Lecture 12 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 structures of the Diencephalon?

A

Subthalamus

Epithalamus

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

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2
Q

The subthalamus/subthalamic nuclei are functionally a part of what?

A

The basal ganglia

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3
Q

What is the largest structure of the epithalamus?

A

Pineal body

-innervated by sympathetic fibers

Assists in controlling circadian rhythm and impacts glandular secretions

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4
Q

What is intramedullary lamina?

A

White matter that divides thalamus into anterior medial and lateral groves

(Thalamus is made of gray matter)

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5
Q

The lateral wall of the thalamus is formed by thin sheets of cells called….

A

Thalamic reticular nucleus

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6
Q

What separates the L from R thalamus. ________

the medial thalamic wall of each side formed by the thin sheets called. _______

A

3rd ventricle

Midline nucleus

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7
Q

The R and L thalamus are joined in most humans brains by what is called the…

A

Masa intermedia/ inter thalamic adhesion

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8
Q

What supplies blood to the thalamus?

A

deep branches of the posterior cerebral artery

-thalamoperforator artery

-thalamogenticulate artery

-posterior choroidal artery

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9
Q

What are the functions of the thalamus?

A

Filters and processes info going to cortex from
-basal ganglia
-cerebellum
-all sensory system except olfactory

Relays input to discrete areas of cortex (regulates corticoneuronal activity)

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10
Q

All thalamic nuclei project to the cerebral cortex except for….

A

Thalamic reticular nucleus

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11
Q

Most Thalamic efferent and afferent pass through the…

A

Thalamic reticular nucleus

Note: many TRN neurons contain GABA (inhibitory)

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12
Q

What are the 3 main functional groups of nuclei in the thalamus?

A

-Relay Nuclei

-Association Nuclei

-Nonspecific nuclei

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13
Q

What do relay nuclei do?

A

Transmit info from basal ganglia, cerebellum, and sensory systems to cerebral cortex

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14
Q

What do association nuclei do?

A

Process memory and emotion info

Intregrate different sensory pathways

Connect to specific areas of cerebral cortex with same areas projecting back to the nuclei (2 way talk)

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15
Q

What do the nonspecific nuclei do?

A

Regulate consciousness, arousal, attention

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16
Q

Hyper direct (stop) pathway

A

Projection from cortex to subthalamic nucleus in basal ganglia

Rapid inhibiton of motor responses/ stopping of action.

Inhibiton of thalamocortical motor circuits

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17
Q

Indirect (no-go) pathways

A

Projection from putamen to EXTERNAL globus pallidus and subthalamic nucleus

Suppression of inhibiton of unwanted motor responses

Increases inhibitions on thalamocortical motor circuits

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18
Q

The cerbellum projects through ______ peduncles to the thalamus, relaying signals to UMNs in primary and premotor cortices

A

Superior cerebellar peduncles

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19
Q

Where is spinocerebellar output from?

A

From Vermis and Intermidiate zone through the superior cerebellar peduncle to thalamus

20
Q

Where do afferents and efferents of the cerebro-cerebellar-cerebral loop enter and leave?

A

From lateral cerebellar cortex

Afferents enter cortex through middle cerebellar peduncle

Efferents leave via the superior cerebellar peduncle to thalamus

21
Q

Afferents _____ the cerebellum and efferents ______ the cerebellum

But this doesn’t mean they aren’t afferent/efferent (the other one) when it enters the cortex

A

afferents(arrive)- enter

efferents(exit)- leave

22
Q

Describe pusher syndrome/lateropulsion due to thalamic lesions

A

Pushing towards weaker side/ affected side

-accompanied usually by posterior push

-patients are slower to progress

23
Q

Thalamic lesions can disrupt contralateral sensation. Most commony affected is ______

A

Proprioception

note: thalamic pain syndrome is rare but severe

24
Q

The hypothalamus is separated from the thalamus by the….

A

Hypothalamic sulcus

25
Q

What forms the posterior aspect of the hypothalamus?

A

mamillary bodies

26
Q

Why is the hypothalamus necessary for survival?

A

Pairs actions to visceral functions

27
Q

What are the functions of the hypothalamus?

A

(HEAL)

Homeostatic function

Endocrine Control

Autonomic Control (sympathetic NS)

Limbic system (emotions)

28
Q

The hypothalamus controls circadian rhythm through…

A

light sensitive receptors

sleep can be facilitated or inhibited

29
Q

Additional hypothalamic functions

A

appetite- from hormones

Thirst- from osmoreceptors

Body heat regulation

Sexual development/desire/nuturing behaviors

30
Q

Where is the pituitary gland contained?

A

Sella Turcica/pitutary fossa of sephenoid bone

31
Q

What is the pathway that the hypothalamus communicates with the pituitary gland?

A

hypothalamus -> infundibulum -> pituitary stalk -> Pituitary gland

32
Q

The anterior pituitary gland comes from what kind of tissue?

Meanwhile the posterior pituiary is what kind of tissue?

A

Anterior - Epithelial

Posterior - a continuation of brain tissue

33
Q

Secretions from the posterior pituitary are what?

A

Neuro-hormones

34
Q

Neurohormones secreted by the hypothalamus cause increase/decrease in _________ secretions

A

anterior pituitary

Note: ant pituitary gland has glandular cells that secrete into bloodstream

35
Q

What hormones does the hypothalamus cause the ANT PIT to release?

A

GH. TSH, ACTH, LH, FSH, prolactin

36
Q

What does ACTH do?

A

facilitates the release of corticosteroids from adrenal cortex which inhibits immune reaction/inflammation. Increases glucose production and reduces glucose use by muscles

37
Q

What does LTH and FSH, prolactin do?

A

impacts ovaries/testes and milk production in lactating females

38
Q

Where do action potentials from the hypothalamus travel to reach the posterior pituitary

A

pituitary stalk

39
Q

What are the 2 hormones released by post pituitary

A

ADH- increased reabsorb of water

Oxytocin - uterine contraction

40
Q

What are limbic pathways and what is the order?

A

emotional influences on autonomic and homeostatic pathways

Hippocampus > fornix > hypothal mammillary bodies

Mammillary bodies> mammillothalamic tract > thalamus > limbic cortex of cingulate gyrus

41
Q

The ______ has reciprocal connections with hypothalamus via stria terminalis and amygdalofugal pathway

A

amygdala

Just know amygdala connects to hypothalamus and links emotions to sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

42
Q

__________ (tumor) make up 10-17% of all intracranial neoplasms

A

Pituitary adenomas (tumor)

43
Q

Pituitary adenomas (tumor) usually are _____ growing and _______

A

slow growing and benign

44
Q

Pituitary adenomas (tumor) Can arise from any of ________________

A

Can arise from any of anterior pituitary cell types that secrete hormones

note: these tumors are not under normal hypothal control, causing a variety of different syndromes

45
Q

Even microadenomas of 1 mm or less can cause sig endocrine issues

Larger ones put pressure on surrounding structures such as _____________

A

optic chiasm
Causing bitemporal hemianopia

Neuro Test 2 (19 decks)

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