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Neuro Test 2 > Lecture 14 visual auditory vestibular > Flashcards

Lecture 14 visual auditory vestibular Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 layers of eye tissue?

A

Sclera/Cornea

Choroid w/ blood vessels and cillary body

Retina (inner most) w/ visual neurons

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2
Q

What is the function of the pupil?

A

Controls the amount of light

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3
Q

What is the function of the lens?

A

Accommodates for near objects

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4
Q

The fovea only has _______ (rods/cones) and has the _______ (lowest/highest) visual acuity and the smallest _______

A

Cone receptors

Highest

Visual field

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5
Q

Where is the blindspot in your eye?

A

Optic disc

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6
Q

What layer of the retinal structure contains melanin to decrease background scattering of light?

A

Outer pigmented layer

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7
Q

The inner layer of the retinal structure contains 3 neuron chains responsible for phototransduction, what are they?

A

Photoreceptors

Bipolar cells

Ganglion cells

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8
Q

Release of neurotransmitter by ________ result in generation of action potential in the ganglion cells of the retina

A

Photoreceptors

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9
Q

R

Cone receptors vs Rod receptors

A

Cone- Low light sensitivity, small receptive field, color (day-vision)

Rod- High light sensitivity, large receptive field, black and white (night-vision)

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10
Q

Ganglion cells of the retina synapse w/ the ________ resulting in visual perception

A

Optic Nerve

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11
Q

Rod receptors see in….

A

Black and white

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12
Q

Cone Receptors see in…

A

Color

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13
Q

What cells in the retina generate action potentials as 1st order neurons

A

Ganglion Cells

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14
Q

What are the two kinds of interneurons found in the retina?

A

Horizontal cells - Photoreceptors <–> Bipolar cells

Amacrine Cells - Bipolar <–> Ganglion Cells

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15
Q

What do the bipolar cells in the retina do?

A

Transfer info to the ganglion cells

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16
Q

What is the pathway for phototransduction?

A

Photoreceptor -> Bipolar Cell -> Ganglion Cell -> Optic nerve

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17
Q

Where are the 2nd order neurons for visual perception found?

A

Inside the lateral geniuclate body found in the thalamus

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18
Q

Identify these optic radiation fibers coming from the lateral (what visual fields are they for?)

A
  1. Fibers for the superior quadrants (inferior visual field)
  2. Fibers for the inferior quadrants (superior visual fields)
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19
Q

Where is the Primary Visual Cortex located?

A

In the occipital lobe along calcarine fissure

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20
Q

The upper part of the visual cortex is called the _____ and is for….

A

cuneus

for lower quadrant of both eyes

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21
Q

The lower part of the visual cortex is called the _____ and is for….

A

Lingula

Upper quadrant of both eyes

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22
Q

How is the Primary Visual Cortex organized?

A

Retinotopically organized

1 central region for the fovea

3 peripheral regions in each of the upper and lower part of the visual cortex

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23
Q

Which nerve fibers cross the optic chiasm? Nasal or temporal?

A

Nasal

Note: Don’t get confused because nasal fibers are not the ones that actually see the nose, they actually look out and away from the nose.

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24
Q

What makes up 1 hemi-visual field?

A

1 optic tract consisting of Ipsilateral temporal n fibers and contralateral nasal n fibers

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25
In the visual association cortex, also called ____________, the ventral stream does what?
Occipito-temporal cortex Perception of form, high spatial resolution and visual acuity
26
In the visual association cortex, also called ____________, the Dorsal stream does what?
Parieto-occipital cortex Motion, high temporal resolution
27
The dorsal stream goes to the... The ventral stream goes to the....
Dorsal- Parietal Lobe Ventral- Temporal Lobe
28
Pupillary reflexes are controlled by what areas of the brain?
Pretectal area and superior colliculus
29
The posterior parietal cortex is for...
Visually guides movement Note: part of the Dorsal Stream
30
The occipital temporal region is for...
Visual identification of objects Note: part of the ventral stream
31
The visual image is _____ and ____ when projected onto the retina
Inverted and reversed
32
Image from a monocular zone (meaning can only be seen with one eye) is projected where?
To the ispilateral nasal hemi-retina Note: Images in binocular zone are projected to both hemiretinas on both sides
33
Vestibulo-ocular reflex
Keeping eye position stable during head mvmts to keep environment from visually bouncing
34
Optokinetic reflex
Use of visual info to stabilize images during slow head mvmts
35
Eye movements can be classified as either conjugate or divergence...
Conjugate- Eyes move in same direction Convergence/Divergence - Opposite directions
36
What kind of eye movement does reading use?
saccades
37
Velocity of saccades... Velocity of slow eye movements...
Up to 700 degrees/sec Up to 100 degrees/sec
38
What stimulates the VOR What stimulates the Optokinetic reflex?
VOR- head movement Optokinetic reflex- moving visual stimuli
39
What reflex allows eyes to follow large objects in visual field
Optokinetic reflex
40
In Vestibulo-occular reflex... Eyes automatically move same distance/speed in ________ direction to head mvmt
Opposite
41
Where is the horizontal gaze center? Where is the vertical gaze center?
Horizontal- Paramedian pontine Vertical- Rostral interstitial nucleus Note: These are both of the gaze centers in reticular formation in the midbrain
42
What nerve controls both the VOR and optokinetic reflex
Vestibular nerve NOT optic nerve
43
What does the Medial longitudinal fasciculus do for vision?
Coordinates activations of B neural circuits
44
In general, What part of the brain controls eye movement?
Forebrain
45
Lesions at the superior colliculus can cause...
Lesions here increase latency and reduces accuracy, frequency and velocity of saccades
46
The frontal eye field in the forebrain is connected to the ___________ Paramedian pontine reticular formation both directly and indirectly by the _____________
Contralateral superior colliculus
47
The "Frontal Eye Field" of the forebrain controls what?
Contralateral saccades and smooth pursuit
48
The basal ganglia controls the _________ of eye movement, whereas the cerebellum controls the __________ of eye movement
Basal ganglia - Proper initiation of eye mvmts (Via the occulomotor and prefrontal loop) Cerebellum- Execution of eye movement (Via the Vestibulocerebellum and spinocerebellum (vermis))
49
Lesion to R optic N causes...
Loss of vision in R eye
50
Lesion to optic chiasm causes...
Bitemporal (heteronomous) hemianopsia
51
Lesion to R optic tract causes...
L homonymous hemianopsia.
52
Lesion to R Meyer’s loop causes...
L superior homonymous quadrantanopsia
53
Lesion to R V1 Causes...
L homonymous hemianopsia with macular sparing.
54
► Ossicles: malleus, incus, stapes ► Muscles: tensor tympani (V3), stapedius (VII) These are all a part of the....
Middle ear
55
Organ of Corti includes hair cells that get bent initiating _________________ which activates the cochlear N of cranial N 8
Mechanoelectrical transduction
56
What part of the ear vibrates in response to sound?
Tympanic membrane
57
What is the "hollow, coiled structure filled with fluid – membranous labyrinth" in the ear
Cochlea
58
What causes hair cells to depolarize and activate cochlear nerve endings?
Basilar membrane and embedded hair cells to vibrate, causing Hair cells to bend against attached and immobile tectorial membrane,
59
1. Sound waves hit tympanic membrane, causing 2. _________________ to move, causing 3. Membrane at opening to cochlea to move/vibrate, causing 4. Fluid in ___________ to move, causing 5. ____________ and embedded hair cells to vibrate, causing 6. Hair cells to bend against attached and immobile tectorial membrane, causing 7. Hair cells to depolarize and activate cochlear n endings
Ossicles Cochlea Basilar Membrane
60
What lobe is the primary auditory cortex found in?
Temporal
61
In the ascending auditory pathway, the cochlea gives information to the....
Auditory nerve (CN 8)
62
What cranial nerve is afferent for the pupillary light reflex which is efferent?
afferent- CN 2 Efferent CN 3
63
Major Auditory pathway: Cochlear nerve -> Auditory nerve -> brainstem auditory centers -> ________________ -> primary auditory cortex (temporal lobe)
Medial genticulate body of thalamus
64
Sound localization is due to parallel arrangement of..
Cochlea and medial+lateral superior olives
65
The superior colliculus is for... the inferior colliculus is for...
Superior- vision Inferior- Auditory
66
1. Primary Auditory Cortex 2. Secondary Auditory Cortex
67
What does the secondary auditory cortex do?
Compares sound with memories and categorizes them
68
What does wernicke's area do?
Comprehend speech
69
wernicke's area
70
B ear aural cues for sound localization are processed in _________________
Superior medial and lateral olives AND nuclei of lateral leminiscus
71
Primary Auditory cortex functions
supporting basic auditory functions (frequency discrimination, sound localization, primitive processing of communication sounds)
72
How is the primary auditory cortex organized?
Tonotopically
73
What is the organ of corti?
Layers of hair cells that transmit info to the cochlear nucleus
74
What is this structure and what's inside of it?
Ampullae Crista (contains supporting cells and sensory hair cells)
75
The membraneous lambyrinth is filled with _________ fluid
endolymph
76
How many semicircular canals are there?
3
77
True or false: when the head is still, hair cells inside of the semicircular canals are still firing
true When head is still, hair cells have baseline rate of firing When head starts or stops turning, the cupula and hair cells bend causing increase/decrease in firing depending on direction of bending If head is moving at steady rate, hair cells in endolymph catch up to head mvmt and return to baseline firing Only active during acceleration/deceleration of rotational head mvmts
78
What are the 2 functional pairs of semicircular canals?
L anterior/R posterior R anterior/L posterior X shape Because they have the same axis of rotation so they work as a functional pair
79
What happens if a functional pair of SCC are not reciprocal?
impaired postural control, eye mvmts, and/or nausea can occur
80
What are the Utricle and saccule (otolithic organs)?
membranous sacs that respond to linear acceleration/deceleration and head position relative to gravity
81
Each Utricle and saccule have a ____________ that contain supporting cells and hair cells with otoconia (calcium carbonate crystals)
Macula Note: Linear mvmt of head displaces the otoconia that then move gelatinous substance and hair cells to stimulate or inhibit firing of neurons, depending on direction of mvmt
82
What Vestibular Anatomy is responsible for rotational movements? What is responsible for linear movements?
Rotational- Semicircular canals Linear movements- Otolithic organs
83
What lobe of the cerebellum received vestibular info from Vestibular nuclei in pons and medulla which comes from the vestibular nerve?
flocculonodular lobe (vestibulocerebellum)
84
How many vestibular nuclei are there and where are they found?
4 on each side on the junctions of the pons and medulla
85
Vestibulo-cervical reflex
Postural adjustments of head in response to activation of SCC
86
Vestibulo-cervical reflex uses what tract?
Medial vestibulospinal tract to medial vestibular nucleus
87
Vestibulo-spinal reflex
Postural and tone adjustments of body
88
The vestibulospinal reflex uses what tracts?
Lateral and medial vestibulospinal tracts (VST) and reticulospinal tract (RST)
89
Vesibular spinal vs vestibulocervical reflex
Spinal- Medial + Lateral vestibulospinal tracts + reticulospinal Cervical- JUST medial vestibulospinal tract
90
The Medial longitudinal fasciculus connects to what?
B connections to extraocular eye muscles and superior colliculus - crucial connection between different areas involved in coordinating eye movements and maintaining balance
91
Cerebello-thalamocortical pathways
► Lateral and superior vestibular nuclei ► Thalamus ► Near S1 facial area and posterior parietal cortex ► Involved in perception of body orientation in extrapersonal space ► Lesions of **R posterior parietal cortex** cause altered perceptions of personal and extrapersonal space
92
What is the first order neuron of the vestibular pathway
vestibular ganglion (also called Scarpa’s ganglion)
93
What is the second order neuron of the vestibular pathway?
vestibular nuclei in pons/medulla Note: Vestibulospinal tract is formed by these 2nd order neurons
94
Medial VST tract vs Lateral VST tract
ipsilateral lateral VST – tonic excitatory effect on extensors B medial VST – influences neck muscles and head mvmt (Medial VST tract gets information bilaterally in the pons/medulla)
95
Visual and vestibular cortices are _________________
Reciprocially inhibited/activated When visual cortex is more active, vestibular cortex is inhibited and vice versa

Neuro Test 2 (19 decks)

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