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Neuro Test 2 > Lecture 14 visual auditory vestibular > Flashcards

Lecture 14 visual auditory vestibular Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 layers of eye tissue?

A

Sclera/Cornea

Choroid w/ blood vessels and cillary body

Retina (inner most) w/ visual neurons

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2
Q

What is the function of the pupil?

A

Controls the amount of light

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3
Q

What is the function of the lens?

A

Accommodates for near objects

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4
Q

The fovea only has _______ (rods/cones) and has the _______ (lowest/highest) visual acuity and the smallest _______

A

Cone receptors

Highest

Visual field

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5
Q

Where is the blindspot in your eye?

A

Optic disc

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6
Q

What layer of the retinal structure contains melanin to decrease background scattering of light?

A

Outer pigmented layer

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7
Q

The inner layer of the retinal structure contains 3 neuron chains responsible for phototransduction, what are they?

A

Photoreceptors

Bipolar cells

Ganglion cells

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8
Q

Release of neurotransmitter by ________ result in generation of action potential in the ganglion cells of the retina

A

Photoreceptors

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9
Q

R

Cone receptors vs Rod receptors

A

Cone- Low light sensitivity, small receptive field, color (day-vision)

Rod- High light sensitivity, large receptive field, black and white (night-vision)

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10
Q

Ganglion cells of the retina synapse w/ the ________ resulting in visual perception

A

Optic Nerve

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11
Q

Rod receptors see in….

A

Black and white

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12
Q

Cone Receptors see in…

A

Color

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13
Q

What cells in the retina generate action potentials as 1st order neurons

A

Ganglion Cells

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14
Q

What are the two kinds of interneurons found in the retina?

A

Horizontal cells - Photoreceptors <–> Bipolar cells

Amacrine Cells - Bipolar <–> Ganglion Cells

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15
Q

What do the bipolar cells in the retina do?

A

Transfer info to the ganglion cells

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16
Q

What is the pathway for phototransduction?

A

Photoreceptor -> Bipolar Cell -> Ganglion Cell -> Optic nerve

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17
Q

Where are the 2nd order neurons for visual perception found?

A

Inside the lateral geniuclate body found in the thalamus

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18
Q

Identify these optic radiation fibers coming from the lateral (what visual fields are they for?)

A
  1. Fibers for the superior quadrants (inferior visual field)
  2. Fibers for the inferior quadrants (superior visual fields)
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19
Q

Where is the Primary Visual Cortex located?

A

In the occipital lobe along calcarine fissure

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20
Q

The upper part of the visual cortex is called the _____ and is for….

A

cuneus

for lower quadrant of both eyes

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21
Q

The lower part of the visual cortex is called the _____ and is for….

A

Lingula

Upper quadrant of both eyes

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22
Q

How is the Primary Visual Cortex organized?

A

Retinotopically organized

1 central region for the fovea

3 peripheral regions in each of the upper and lower part of the visual cortex

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23
Q

Which nerve fibers cross the optic chiasm? Nasal or temporal?

A

Nasal

Note: Don’t get confused because nasal fibers are not the ones that actually see the nose, they actually look out and away from the nose.

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24
Q

What makes up 1 hemi-visual field?

A

1 optic tract consisting of Ipsilateral temporal n fibers and contralateral nasal n fibers

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25
Q

In the visual association cortex, also called ____________, the ventral stream does what?

A

Occipito-temporal cortex

Perception of form, high spatial
resolution and visual acuity

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26
Q

In the visual association cortex, also called ____________, the Dorsal stream does what?

A

Parieto-occipital cortex

Motion, high temporal resolution

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27
Q

The dorsal stream goes to the…

The ventral stream goes to the….

A

Dorsal- Parietal Lobe

Ventral- Temporal Lobe

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28
Q

Pupillary reflexes are controlled by what areas of the brain?

A

Pretectal area and superior colliculus

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29
Q

The posterior parietal cortex is for…

A

Visually guides movement

Note: part of the Dorsal Stream

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30
Q

The occipital temporal region is for…

A

Visual identification of objects

Note: part of the ventral stream

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31
Q

The visual image is _____ and ____ when projected onto the retina

A

Inverted and reversed

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32
Q

Image from a monocular zone (meaning can only be seen with one eye) is projected where?

A

To the ispilateral nasal hemi-retina

Note: Images in binocular zone are projected to both hemiretinas on both sides

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33
Q

Vestibulo-ocular reflex

A

Keeping eye position stable during head mvmts to keep environment from visually bouncing

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34
Q

Optokinetic reflex

A

Use of visual info to stabilize images during slow head mvmts

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35
Q

Eye movements can be classified as either conjugate or divergence…

A

Conjugate- Eyes move in same direction

Convergence/Divergence - Opposite directions

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36
Q

What kind of eye movement does reading use?

A

saccades

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37
Q

Velocity of saccades…

Velocity of slow eye movements…

A

Up to 700 degrees/sec

Up to 100 degrees/sec

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38
Q

What stimulates the VOR

What stimulates the Optokinetic reflex?

A

VOR- head movement

Optokinetic reflex- moving visual stimuli

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39
Q

What reflex allows eyes to follow large objects in visual field

A

Optokinetic reflex

40
Q

In Vestibulo-occular reflex… Eyes automatically move same
distance/speed in ________
direction to head mvmt

A

Opposite

41
Q

Where is the horizontal gaze center?

Where is the vertical gaze center?

A

Horizontal- Paramedian pontine

Vertical- Rostral interstitial nucleus

Note: These are both of the gaze centers in reticular formation in the midbrain

42
Q

What nerve controls both the VOR and optokinetic reflex

A

Vestibular nerve

NOT optic nerve

43
Q

What does the Medial longitudinal fasciculus do for vision?

A

Coordinates activations of B neural
circuits

44
Q

In general, What part of the brain controls eye movement?

A

Forebrain

45
Q

Lesions at the superior colliculus can cause…

A

Lesions here increase latency and reduces accuracy, frequency and velocity of saccades

46
Q

The frontal eye field in the forebrain is connected to the ___________ Paramedian pontine reticular formation both directly and indirectly by the _____________

A

Contralateral

superior colliculus

47
Q

The “Frontal Eye Field” of the forebrain controls what?

A

Contralateral saccades and smooth pursuit

48
Q

The basal ganglia controls the _________ of eye movement, whereas the cerebellum controls the __________ of eye movement

A

Basal ganglia - Proper initiation of eye mvmts
(Via the occulomotor and prefrontal loop)

Cerebellum- Execution of eye movement
(Via the Vestibulocerebellum and
spinocerebellum (vermis))

49
Q

Lesion to R optic N causes…

A

Loss of vision in R eye

50
Q

Lesion to optic chiasm causes…

A

Bitemporal (heteronomous) hemianopsia

51
Q

Lesion to R optic tract causes…

A

L homonymous hemianopsia.

52
Q

Lesion to R Meyer’s loop causes…

A

L superior homonymous quadrantanopsia

53
Q

Lesion to R V1 Causes…

A

L homonymous hemianopsia with macular
sparing.

54
Q

► Ossicles: malleus, incus, stapes
► Muscles: tensor tympani (V3), stapedius (VII)

These are all a part of the….

A

Middle ear

55
Q

Organ of Corti includes hair cells that
get bent initiating _________________ which activates the cochlear N of cranial N 8

A

Mechanoelectrical transduction

56
Q

What part of the ear vibrates in response to sound?

A

Tympanic membrane

57
Q

What is the “hollow, coiled structure filled
with fluid – membranous labyrinth” in the ear

A

Cochlea

58
Q

What causes hair cells to depolarize and activate cochlear nerve endings?

A

Basilar membrane and embedded hair cells to vibrate, causing Hair cells to bend against attached and immobile tectorial membrane,

59
Q
  1. Sound waves hit tympanic membrane, causing
  2. _________________ to move, causing
  3. Membrane at opening to cochlea to move/vibrate, causing
  4. Fluid in ___________ to move, causing
  5. ____________ and embedded hair cells to vibrate, causing
  6. Hair cells to bend against attached and immobile tectorial membrane,
    causing
  7. Hair cells to depolarize and activate cochlear n endings
A

Ossicles

Cochlea

Basilar Membrane

60
Q

What lobe is the primary auditory cortex found in?

A

Temporal

61
Q

In the ascending auditory pathway, the cochlea gives information to the….

A

Auditory nerve (CN 8)

62
Q

What cranial nerve is afferent for the pupillary light reflex

which is efferent?

A

afferent- CN 2

Efferent CN 3

63
Q

Major Auditory pathway:

Cochlear nerve -> Auditory nerve -> brainstem auditory centers -> ________________ -> primary auditory cortex (temporal lobe)

A

Medial genticulate body of thalamus

64
Q

Sound localization is due to parallel arrangement of..

A

Cochlea and medial+lateral superior olives

65
Q

The superior colliculus is for…

the inferior colliculus is for…

A

Superior- vision

Inferior- Auditory

66
Q
A
  1. Primary Auditory Cortex
  2. Secondary Auditory Cortex
67
Q

What does the secondary auditory cortex do?

A

Compares sound with memories and categorizes them

68
Q

What does wernicke’s area do?

A

Comprehend speech

69
Q
A

wernicke’s area

70
Q

B ear aural cues for sound localization are processed in _________________

A

Superior medial and lateral olives AND nuclei of lateral leminiscus

71
Q

Primary Auditory cortex functions

A

supporting basic auditory
functions (frequency discrimination, sound
localization, primitive processing of communication
sounds)

72
Q

How is the primary auditory cortex organized?

A

Tonotopically

73
Q

What is the organ of corti?

A

Layers of hair cells that transmit info to the cochlear nucleus

74
Q

What is this structure and what’s inside of it?

A

Ampullae

Crista (contains supporting cells and sensory hair cells)

75
Q

The membraneous lambyrinth is filled with _________ fluid

A

endolymph

76
Q

How many semicircular canals are there?

A

3

77
Q

True or false: when the head is still, hair cells inside of the semicircular canals are still firing

A

true

When head is still, hair cells have baseline rate of firing

When head starts or stops turning, the cupula and
hair cells bend causing increase/decrease in firing
depending on direction of bending

If head is moving at steady rate, hair cells in
endolymph catch up to head mvmt and return to
baseline firing

Only active during acceleration/deceleration of
rotational head mvmts

78
Q

What are the 2 functional pairs of semicircular canals?

A

L anterior/R posterior

R anterior/L posterior

X shape

Because they have the same axis of rotation so they work as a functional pair

79
Q

What happens if a functional pair of SCC are not reciprocal?

A

impaired postural control, eye mvmts,
and/or nausea can occur

80
Q

What are the Utricle and saccule (otolithic organs)?

A

membranous sacs that respond to linear
acceleration/deceleration and head
position relative to gravity

81
Q

Each Utricle and saccule have a ____________ that contain supporting cells and hair cells with otoconia (calcium carbonate crystals)

A

Macula

Note: Linear mvmt of head displaces the
otoconia that then move gelatinous
substance and hair cells to stimulate or
inhibit firing of neurons, depending on
direction of mvmt

82
Q

What Vestibular Anatomy is responsible for rotational movements?

What is responsible for linear movements?

A

Rotational- Semicircular canals

Linear movements- Otolithic organs

83
Q

What lobe of the cerebellum received vestibular info from Vestibular nuclei in pons and medulla which comes from the vestibular nerve?

A

flocculonodular lobe (vestibulocerebellum)

84
Q

How many vestibular nuclei are there and where are they found?

A

4 on each side on the junctions of the pons and medulla

85
Q

Vestibulo-cervical reflex

A

Postural adjustments of head in response to activation of SCC

86
Q

Vestibulo-cervical reflex uses what tract?

A

Medial vestibulospinal tract to medial vestibular nucleus

87
Q

Vestibulo-spinal reflex

A

Postural and tone adjustments of body

88
Q

The vestibulospinal reflex uses what tracts?

A

Lateral and medial vestibulospinal tracts (VST) and
reticulospinal tract (RST)

89
Q

Vesibular spinal vs vestibulocervical reflex

A

Spinal- Medial + Lateral vestibulospinal tracts + reticulospinal

Cervical- JUST medial vestibulospinal tract

90
Q

The Medial longitudinal fasciculus connects to what?

A

B connections to extraocular eye muscles and superior colliculus

  • crucial connection between different areas involved in coordinating eye movements and maintaining balance
91
Q

Cerebello-thalamocortical pathways

A

► Lateral and superior vestibular nuclei
► Thalamus
► Near S1 facial area and posterior
parietal cortex
► Involved in perception of body
orientation in extrapersonal space
► Lesions of R posterior parietal
cortex cause altered perceptions
of personal and extrapersonal
space

92
Q

What is the first order neuron of the vestibular pathway

A

vestibular ganglion (also called Scarpa’s ganglion)

93
Q

What is the second order neuron of the vestibular pathway?

A

vestibular nuclei in pons/medulla

Note: Vestibulospinal tract is formed by these 2nd order neurons

94
Q

Medial VST tract vs Lateral VST tract

A

ipsilateral lateral VST – tonic excitatory effect on extensors
B medial VST – influences neck muscles and head mvmt

(Medial VST tract gets information bilaterally in the pons/medulla)

95
Q

Visual and vestibular cortices are _________________

A

Reciprocially inhibited/activated

When visual cortex is more active, vestibular cortex is inhibited and
vice versa

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