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Neuro Test 2 > Lecture 13 > Flashcards

Lecture 13 Flashcards

1
Q

The basal ganglia is not only involved in motor control, but also _________, __________, __________

A

Goal directed behavior, social behavior, emotions

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2
Q

The basal ganglia and cerebellum adjust motor tract activity via the _________ and have no direct contacts with _______

A

Thalamus

Motor Neurons

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3
Q

The basal ganglia predicts ______________ of actions and then ____________ the plan by inhibiting competing movements and facilitating others

A

Outcomes

Chooses/executes

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4
Q

What are the 6 parts of the basal ganglia?

A

Caudate

Putamen

Globus Pallidus (int+ext)

Subthalamic Nucleus

Substantial Nigra

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5
Q

What 2 structures form the striatum?

A

Caudate and putamen

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6
Q

What 2 structures form the lentiform nucleus?

A

Putamen and Globus Pallidus

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7
Q

True or false: The amygdala and the red nucleus are a part of the basal ganglia

A

False

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8
Q
A

Putamen

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9
Q
A

Caudate Nucleus

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10
Q
A

1: Globus Palidus internus

  1. Globus Palidus Externus
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11
Q

What neurotransmitter travels via the striatum (caudate and putamen), substantia nigra pars compacta, and subthalamic nucleus TO THE BASAL GANGLIA?

A

Dopamine

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12
Q

The subthalamic nucleus is found _____ to the thalamus and _____ to the hypothalamus

A

Inferior to thalamus, Lateral to hypothalamus

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13
Q

What neurotransmitter travels from cerebrum through corticostriatal pathways to the basal ganglia?

Examples of corticostriatal pathways: Motor, Premotor, Supplemental Motor, Prefrontal, Somatosensory, Limbic

A

Glutamate (Excitatory)

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14
Q

What is the role of dopamine in the basal ganglia?

Role in Go pathways?

Role in No-Go pathways?

A

Adjusts transmission pathways between striatum and other basal ganglia nuclei?

Go pathways- excitatory

No-go pathways- inhibitory

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15
Q

ACH is a _____ neurotransmitter in the basal ganglia, and serotonin is ________

A

ACH- Excitatory

Serotonin- Inhibitory

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16
Q

What inhibitory neurotransmitter is an output from the basal ganglia to the thalamus/cortex/reticular formation/superior colliculus, and Premotor cortex and tectospinal tract

A

GABA (inhibitory)

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17
Q

What are the 2 motor loops of the basal ganglia?

A

Occulomotor loop

Motor loop

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18
Q

What are the non-motor loops of the basal ganglia?

A

Goal Directed behavior

Social Behavior

Emotion Loop

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19
Q

What loops are a part of the dorsal striatal pathways?

A

Occulomotor Loop, Motor Loop, and Goal directed behavior loop and social behavior loop

(Everything but the emotional loop)

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20
Q

What loops are in the ventral striatal pathway?

A

Emotional Loop (limbic channel)

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21
Q

What non-motor loops are in the pre-frontal channel (which is inside of the dorsal striatal pathway)

A

Goal Directed behavior loop

Social Behavior Loop

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22
Q

What is the loop pathway of the Goal Directed behavior loop?

A

Cortex (Lateral Prefrontal) -> Basal Ganglia (First to head of caudate then to Globus Pallidus Internus) -> Thalamus -> cortex

Note: This is the only one of the 3 pre-frontal loops that uses GPi

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23
Q

Deficits of the goal directed behavior loop can lead to….

A

Decision making deficits

Inattention, poor concentration, poor short term memory

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24
Q

In the goal directed behavior loop, the head of the caudate does what?

A

Evaluates inputs for decision making and picks the most appropriate action

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25
Q

In the goal directed behavior loop, the Thalamus is responsible for…

A

Linking action chosen by head of caudate (Basal ganglia) and preforming the selected movement

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26
Q

What is the pathway of the Social Behavior Loop?

A

Ventral Prefrontal Cortex -> Basal Ganglia (first to the head of caudate then to the substantia nigra reticularis) -> Thalamus -> Ventral Prefrontal Cortex

Note: does not include Globus Pallidus Internus or externus

How to remember: Social behavior gives you dopamine so therefore the social behavior loop includes the substantia nigra

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27
Q

What is the role of the head of caudate in the Social Behavior Loop?

A

Awareness of social cues, regulates self control, determines relevant and irrelevant info

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28
Q

Deficits of the social behavior loop can lead to

A

Impulsivity, Indifference, violent behaviors, risky behaviors

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29
Q

What is the pathway of the emotional loop?

A

Medial Prefrontal Cortex -> Basal Ganglia (ventral striatum) -> thalamus -> medial prefrontal cortex

Note: Goal directed behavior is lateral prefrontal cortex, social loop is ventral, emotional loop is medial

Note: All loops go cortex -> BG -> Thalamus -> cortex

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30
Q

What part of the cortex is responsible for the:

Emotional Loop?

Social Behavior Loop?

Goal Directed Behavior Loop?

A

Emotional: Medial Prefrontal

Social Behavior: Ventral Prefrontal

Goal Directed Behavior: Lateral Prefrontal Cortex

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31
Q

Deficits of the Emotional loop lead to…

A

Impaired reward seeking behavior/ addiction

Note: L Basal ganglia stroke can lead to depression and dulling of emotion

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32
Q

1

A

Caudate Nucleus

33
Q

2

A

Globus Pallidus

34
Q

3

A

Putamen

35
Q

4

A

Thalamus

36
Q

What is the pathway of the Oculomotor loop

A

Cortex (frontal and supplementary eye fields) -> Basal Ganglia (body of caudate) -> Thalamus -> Cortex

37
Q

Deficits of the Oculomotor loop will lead to

A

Poor saccadic eye movements

38
Q

Prosaccades vs Antisaccades

A

Prosaccades- towards an object

Antisaccades- away from an object

39
Q

In the Oculomotor loop, what does the body of the caudate do?

A

Decides about motions of eyes and spatial attention

Particularly the use of saccades

40
Q

What is the purpose of the motor loop

A

Regulates muscle contraction, force, multi joint movement and mvmvt sequencing

41
Q

What is the only loop that the caudate is not a part of

A

Motor loop

42
Q

What is the pathway of the motor loop

A

Cortex (Motor and Premotor) -> Basal Ganglia (Putamen -> Globus Pallidus) -> Thalamus -> cortex

43
Q

Disinhibition requires at least 2 __________ and 1 _________

A

2- inhibitory neurons and 1 target neuron

44
Q

Disinhibition is important for ________

A

Fine tuning of movement

45
Q

What is the output nucleus of the 3 internal pathways of the motor loop?

Stop

Go

No-Go

A

All 3 use the Globus Pallidus Internus as the output nucleus

Note: all 3 are needed for normal movement

46
Q

The Globus Pallidus Internus _____ the motor thalamus which ______ cortical motor areas, which ______ motor neurons in SC

A

Inhibits

Excites

Excites

47
Q

Conditions that interfere with/ the basal ganglia cause either __________ or _________ movement

A

Excessive or insufficient

48
Q

The STOP pathway is also called the……

A

Hyperdirect pathway

49
Q

What is the fastest motor pathway?

A

Stop pathway/hyperdirect

50
Q

In the stop pathway, the cortex sends an ______ signal to the subthalamic nucleus which then _______ the GPi

A

Excitatory

Excites

(Note: GPi is the main inhibitory output of inhibitory neurons in each loop)

51
Q

In the STOP pathway, what does the GPi do once it’s excited by the subthalamic nucleus

A

Inhibits Motor thalamus immediately prior to movement initiation, inhibits current motor programs to stop irrelevant movements

52
Q

The Go-Pathway is also called the…

A

Direct Pathway

53
Q

In the go-pathway, the Motor areas of the cortex _____ the putamen which _______ the Globus Pallidus Internus, which sends less inhibition to the motor thalamus

A

Excites

Inhibits

54
Q

What structure can inhibit the GPi?

What structure can excite the GPi?

A

Inhibit- Putamen

Excite- Subthalamic nucleus

55
Q

Free Card Slot

A

30 second stretch break

56
Q

The no-go pathway is also called the

A

Indirect pathway

57
Q

In the no-go pathway, the Motor cortex _______ the putamen, which ______ the external Globus Pallidus which then has less inhibition on the subthalamic nucleus, the subthalamic nucleus _________ the GPi which inhibits the motor thalamus

A

Excites

Inhibits

Excites

58
Q

What pathway inhibits unwanted movements

A

No-go pathway

Note: the STOP pathway stops current movements

59
Q

What neurons compose 95% of the neurons within the striatum?

A

Medium Spiny Neuron

60
Q

The motor loop requires ________ from the substantia nigra compacta

A

Dopamine

Note: Dopamine in normal quantities regulates tonic inhibition from GPi to motorthalamus and other structures

61
Q

The Putamen’s D1 and D2 receptors bind to ______

A

Dopamine

62
Q

D1 receptors binding to dopamine does what?

A

Excites the inhibitory neurons in GPi

(Inhibits GPi in GO pathway)

Note: D2 pathway involves exciting GPi in No-GO pathway

63
Q

D2 receptors binding to dopamine do what?

A

Inhibits neurons from putamen to GPe which then disinhibits the subthalamic nucleus

Since the subthalamic nucleus normally excites the GPi, this pathway stimulates the GPi

Note: so both D1 and D2 excite the GPi in some way

64
Q

Medium spiny neurons are _______ inhibitory cells

A

GABAergic

65
Q

What are the 3 pathways that the Motor loop regulates motor output through?

A

Voluntary Muscle Activity

Postural and Proximal Limb Muscle Activity

Walking

66
Q

The motor loop controls Voluntary Muscle Activity through..

A

Thru motor thalamus to motor tract cell bodies in
cortex
► Corticospinal, corticopontine, corticobrainstem
tracts

67
Q

The motor loop controls Postural and proximal limb muscle activity through…..

A

Thru pedunculopontine nucleus in midbrain to reticulospinal tracts to spinal motor nerves

Basically the motor loop used the reticulospinal tract to control posture

68
Q

The motor loop controls walking through..

A

Thru midbrain locomotor region to reticulospinal
tracts to stepping pattern generator

69
Q

What is the most common basal ganglia disorder?

A

Parkinsons

It is an example of hypokinetic disorders

Too much BG inhibition of thalamus

70
Q

Hyperkinetic vs hypokinetic disorders

A

Hyper- Too little inhibition of thalamus by BG

Hypo- Too much inhibition

71
Q

Huntington’s Disease/Chorea
Dystonia
Tourette’s disorder
Dyskinetic cerebral palsy

Are all examples of what?

A

Hyperkinetic disorders

72
Q

What is the primary mechanism of parkinsons?

A

Decreased dopamine output by substantia nigra leading to excessive GPi activity

73
Q

What are 2 subtypes of parkinsons?

A

Postural Instability Gait Difficulty (PIGD)
Subtype
►Bradykinesia
► Poverty of movement (Hypokineisa)
► Postural instability
► Autonomic dysfunction
► Cognitive dysfunction

Tremor Dominant Subtype
►Resting tremors
► Action tremors
► Rigidity and slow movements
are relatively mild

74
Q

What is huntington’s/Chorea disease?

A

Autosomal dominant hereditary disorder causes progressive degeneration of the cortex and striatum (especially putamen)

75
Q

Huntington’s disease causes a 90% loss of subset of GABA-ergic inhibitory neurons in putamen and caudate so less input to…..

A

GPe (indirect/No-Go pathway)

76
Q

In Huntington’s disease, Loss of excitatory output of subthalamic nucleus
to _______ causing ballistic involuntary movements of
limbs called Chorei-form movements:
involuntary, continuous movement of the body

A

Globus Pallidus Internus

Note: Includes motor, swallowing, and cognitive
deterioration

Thalamic neurons can fire randomly and inappropriately, causing the motor cortex to execute motor programs with no control by patient

77
Q

What is dystonia?

A

Genetic, typically nonprogressive, movement disorder characterized
by involuntary sustained muscle contractions, causing abnormal
posture, twisting and repetitive movements

78
Q

When does dystonia typically increase?

When does it completely vanish?

A

During activity or emotional stress

During Sleep

79
Q

Examples of _____ dystonias include writer’s or musician’s cramp, cervical dystonia

Generalized dystonias can be __________, including limbs and trunk,
interfering with walking and other functions.

A

Focal

Progressive

Neuro Test 2 (19 decks)

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