miscellaneous Flashcards
considered to be the largest intestinal protozoa
balantidium coli
shape; “little bag” “sac chape”
balantidium coli
the only member under the PHYLUM ciliophora that is capable of infecting human host or the only one pathogenic
balantidium coli
ciliated protozoa
balantidium coli
location of the cytostome and cytopyge of balantidium coli T
cytostome - anteriorly
cytopyge - posteriorly
this protozoa as well is tapered anteriorly and broad posteriorly
do balantidium coli has vacuoles?
yes they have,
two types of vacuoles of balantidium coli
contractile and food reserves
____ are the smaller vacuoles in B. coli, and sometimes has bacterial particles
food reserves vacuole
movement of Balantidium coli
rotary or boring
rollling ball movement
balantidium coli
the diagnostic feature/form for both T and C of balantidium coli is the presence of
kidney shape MACRONUCLEUS
2 types of nucleus of balantidium coli
Kidney shaped (macronucleus)
small spherical (micronucleus)
shape of the cyst of the balantidium coli
rounded to ovoidal
can we still identify macronucleus in a cyst form of Balantidium coli/
yes, the presence of macronucleus is still in the cyst form
how many walls do balantiidum coli has?
2 - double cyst wallw
where we can find the cilia of the balantidium coli cyst?
Row of cilia visible in between
cyst wall layers of young cyst
surrounding the inner wall
can we still identify contractile vacuoles in a cyst form of Balantidium coli/
yes, still have sivacuoles in cyst
size of the balantidium coli in T form
28 - 152 um; 22-123 um
size of the balantidium coli in a cyst form
43-66 um
Infective stage: cyst, NOT viable for several weeks
true or false
false, it can still thrive for several days
Human infection results from ingestion of food or water
contaminated with ___’ fecal material containing Balantidium
coli cyst
pigs
how many days is the incubation period of balantidium coli?
4-5 days
In balantidium coli, Ingested cysts ___ in the small intestine
excysts
habitat of B.coli
trophozoites inhabit the lumen, mucosa and submucosa of the
large intestine, primarily the ___ region
cecal OR CECUM
habitat of balantidium coli
cecum
for the pathogenesis, what is the name of the disease for the balantidium coli
balantidiasis
2 stages of balantidiasis
balantidial colitis and balantidial dysentery
differentiate amebic dysentery and balantidial dysentery
blood, mucus
pus - rare in amebiasis
reason why balantidiasis results to dysentery?
because of the ulcersu
ulcers shape of balantidium coli
rounded base or wide neck ulcers
what is identified in the histological exammination of the infection site of the balantidium coli?
rounded or wide neck ulcers
balantidium coli might have severe Complications include ___
intestinal perforation and acute appendicitis
balantidium coli increase its virulence by secreting enzyme and toxic products called
hyaluronidase
the one responsible for the characteristics of ulcer formation in balantidium coli
hyaluronidasei
it is usually non-pathogenic commensal in the large intestine
balantidium coli
In balantidium coli, Majority of the symptomatic patients complain of __and
____
diarrhea ; dysentery
Abdominal discomfort or pain associated with nausea and vomiting
balantidium coli
gold standard for the balantidum coli
stool examination for T and C form
sample can be taken from the “__” of the large intestine will undergo sigmoidoscopy and will be able to identify TROPHOZOITE
sigmoid
drug of choice for balantidium coli
METRONIDAZOLE, tetracycline or iodoquinol
Balantidium coli’s Cyst is resistant to environmental conditions and may survive for long period, they are easily inactivated by __and 1___
heat and %1 sodium hypochlorite
another intestinal protozoa that is formerly classified as a yeast
Blastocystis hominis
intestinal protozoa that is considered STRAMENOPHILE which are part of eukaryotic organisms
blastocystis hominis
how many forms do blastocystis hominis have?
4 forms
what are the 4 forms of blastocystis hominis?
vacuolated
ameba-like
granular
multiple fission
cystic
the only form that canbe recovered for blastocystis hominis in a human host is the
vacuolated form
Most predominant form of blastocystis hominis
vacuolated form
this form of blastocystis hominis has a Large central vacuole (reproductive organelle) and very thick capsule
vacuolated form
this form of blastocystis hominis has the
Active extensions and pseudopodia
Ameba-like forms
a form of blastocystis hominis that is associated with
Nuclear chromatin: peripheral clumping
Ameba-like forms
Intermediate stage between vacuolar and pre-cystic of blastocystis hominis
ameba like form
a form of blastocystis hominis that is Observed from old cultures
granular forms
in blastocystis hominis granular form, Granular contents develop into daughter cells of the ____ when it
ruptures
ameba-form
a form of blastocystis hominis that Arise from vacuolated forms
multiple fission form
this form of blastocystis hominis Produce many vacuolated forms
multiple fission forms
blastocystis hominis form in which it is very prominent and thick osmophilic electron dense wall
cystic form
the infective stage of blastocystis hominis
cystic form
in cystic form of blastocystis hominis, the thick walled cyst is for ___
responsible for external transmission
in cystic form of blastocystis hominis, the thin walled cyst is for ___
reinfection within a hosts intestinal tract
distinct feature of the vacuolated blastocystis hominis is the presence of __
large FLUID-FILLED vacuole
in the remaining cytoplasm of the blastocystis hominis, how many nuclei we can found?
2 up to 4
permanent stains used commonly for blastocystis hominis are
Hematoxylin or Trichrome
in the image provided in the discussion : trichome (blue-green colored)
percentage of the vacuoles to cytoplasm of blastocystis hominis
90% vacuole
size of the vacuolated form of Blastocystis hominis
5-32 um
the life cycle of this protozoan is not yet clear
blastocystis hominis
disease named for blastocystis hominis
blastocystosis
blastocystosis is characterized by __
irritable bowel movement
irritable bowel movement
blastocystosis
culture medium we can use for blastocystis hominis
Boeck and Drbohlav’s media, Nelson and Jones media
gold standard for blastocystis
stool specimen
main feature of irritable bowel movement
alternating diarrhea and constipation
signs and symptoms for patient recovered with blastocystis hominis
gastrointestinal discomfort
in blastocystis hominis, what is th purpose of the concentration technique?
it increase sensitivity
B. hominis infections indicated that they occurred as EPIDEMIC
in ___.
subtropical countries
complete signs and symptoms of blastocystosis
- mild to moderate diarrhea
- vomiting
- nausea
- fever
- abdominal pain and cramping
- bloating
- flatulence
drug of choice for blastocystosis
Metronidazole (DOC)
Iodoquinol and Trimethroprim-sulfamethoxazole
what are the 2 free living pathogenic amoeba
naegleria fowleri and acanthameba spp.
mode of living of the free living pathogenic amoeba
facultative
it used to be classified as a member of acanthameba
Naegleria fowleri
how many morphologic forms do naegleria fowleri has?
3 formsqh
what are the 3 forms of naegleria fowleri
trophozoite
flagellate
cysts
a form of naegleria fowleri that can be recovered from the human specimen is the
trophozoite form
what is the infective stage of the naegleria fowleri
trophozoite
trophozoite of the naegleria fowleri
pseudopods:
size:
nuclei:
karyosome:
PC:
cytoplasm:
Size : 8-22 um
pseudopods: Sluglike, blunt pseudopods
nuclei: One
Karyosome: Large and usually
centrally located
PC: Absent
Cytoplasm: Granular, usually
vacuolated
how many flagella do naegleria fowleri has?
2 flagella
cysts form of the naegleria fowleri
size range: 5-22 um
Shape: ovoid, ellipsoid, triangular
No. of nuclei: One
Karyosome: large, eccentric
achromatic granules
on one side may be
present
Peripheral Absent
Chromatin:
Cytoplasm: coarsely granular and
vacuolated
Cytoplasmic well-defined glycogen mass
Inclusions: Granules may be present
cysts form of the naegleria fowleri
Size range: 5-22 um
Shape: ovoid, ellipsoid, triangular
No. of nuclei: One
Karyosome: large, eccentric
achromatic granules
on one side may be
present
PC: ABSENT
Cytoplasm: coarsely granular and
vacuolated
Cytoplasmic Inclusions: well-defined glycogen mass. Granules may be present
FLAGELLATE form of naegleria fowleri is can be only seen in
water- used for swimming
what is the difference of the naegleria fowleri and acanthameba’s cyst?
both are doubled cyst wall but the naegleria fowleri’s outer wall is SMOOTH
mode of entry of the naegleria fowleri
enters the nasal mucosa
free living pathogenic ameba that can be Found in warm bodies of water, including lakes, streams,
ponds, and swimming pools.
naegleria fowleri
naegleria fowleri Can survive in up to ___l of hyperchlorinated
water
0.5 μg/m
this free living ameba is Higher in the summer months of the year
and Able to survive in elevated temperatures up to 46 ̊C
naegleria fowleri
temperature in which naegleria fowleri can still thrive
up to 46* C
Can we as well get infected by the naegleria fowleri through dust?
yes
the trophozoite can migrate into the blood stream and infect the __ and cause rapid tissue destruction
brain
brain infection caused by the naegleria fowleri si called
PAM - primary amebic meningoencephalitis
specimen used for naegleria fowleri
csf
due to nasal colonization, there can be ___ cases as well
asymptomatic
the symptomatic expression of naegleria fowleri’s disease
brain infection - PAM
signs and symptos of brain infection of the naegleria fowleri
nausea, fever, vomitting, MENINGITIS
associated with the signs and symptoms specially meningitis caused by naegleria fowleri
Kernig’s sign
characteristic findings using the csf sample for naegleria fowleri
pleocytosis
elevated csf protein
decrease glucose level
one of the characteristsic findings for csf specimen infected by naegleria fowleri that is associated with
high percentage of PMN cells)
pleocytosis
microscopic examination for naegleria fowleri can identify which form?
trophozoite
what samples infected by naegleria fowleria re can be subjected to biopsy?
brain and affected tissue
what samples infected by naegleria fowleria re can be subjected to wet mount?
csf
what samples infected by naegleria fowleria re can be subjected to saline wet preparetion?
csf
culture for naegleria fowleri
Balamuth medium, Nonnutrient agar overlayed with Escherichia coli
Positive result stating that there’s a presence of naegleria fowleri in an agar
trailing effect
molecular technique for naegleria fowleri
LISA, PCR
drug of choice for naegleria fowleri
Amphotericin B - DOC
- Amphotericin B with rifampin /miconazole
much more aggressive than the acanthamoeba that will result to rapid cell destruction
naegleria fowleri
acanthamoeba trophozoite
size :
movement:
no. nuclei.:
karyosome:
PC:
cytoplasm:
Size range: 12-45 um
Motility: Sluggish, spinelike
pseudopods
No. of nuclei: One
Karyosome: Large
PC: absent
Cytoplasm: Granular and
vacuolated
diagnostic feature of the trophozoite of the acanthamoeba
spiny looking filaments that serves as the pseudopods
acanthamoeba trophozoite
size :
movement:
no. nuclei.:
karyosome:
PC:
cytoplasm:
Size range: 8-25 um
Shape: roundish with ragged edges
No. of nuclei: One
Karyosome: Large and central
PC: absent
Cytoplasm: Disorganized, granular,
sometimes vacuolated
Cytoplasmic Double cell wall,
Inclusions: smooth polygonal inner cell wall and outer wrinkeld/jagged cell wall
In acanthamoeba, what is the infective form?
both T and C
mode of entry of acanthamoeba
1st -
2nd -
3rd -
1st - nasal pasages
2nd - not intact skin/wound
3rd - eyes
acanthamoeba can infect the brain as well and the disease is called as
GAE - granulomatous amebic encephalitis
GAE or PAM
signs and symptoms are manifested at the course of the disease - slow progress as well
GAE
what samples infected by acanthamoeba are can be subjected to wet mount?
CSF and Corneal scrapings
what samples infected by acanthamoeba are can be subjected to biopsy?
brain tissue
culture used for acanthamoeba
Non nutrient agar with E. coli, Proteose-peptone,
yeast extract, glucose and cysteine (PYGC) containing
antibiotics
molecular technique used for acanthamoeba
PCR
Reported from many countries worldwide both CNS and eye
infection
ACANTHAMOEBA SPP
for acanthamoeba, CNS infection appears in patient who are ____
immunocompromised
acanthamoeba can be isolated from
Isolated from air, aquaria, bottled mineral water, soil swimming
pools, deep well water, CONTACT LENS SOLUTION
diseases associated with acanthamoeba
Granulomatous amebic encephalitis (GAE)
Acanthamoeba keratitis
Granulomatous amebic encephalitis (GAE) is first documented by
Stamm
incubation period for acanthamoeba to result Granulomatous amebic encephalitis (GAE)
10 days
drug of choice for acanthamoeba
Propamidine isethianate (DOC)
- Sulfamethazine
- Itraconazole
- Ketoconazole
- Miconazole
- Rifampin
cases of acanthamoeba keatitis may lead to
loss of vision
formerly classified as ameba
dientamoeba fragilis
only exist in the trophozoite form
dientamoeba fragilis
how many nucleus do dientamoeba has?
2 nuclei
chromatin granules within the nuclei will form symmetrical arrangement
dientamoeba fragilis
is Dientamoeba fragilis considered intestinal parasite?
yes
has the ability to adapt in the background
dientamoeba fragilis
recommended specimen preparation for the dientamoeba fragilis
concentration technique of the stool sample
ther’es some theories sayig that dientamoeba fragilis can be transmitted through what parasites?
eggs of enterobius vermicularis and ascaris lumbricoides
dientamoeba fragilis
Permanent stained smear: ___
* Molecular techniques: ___
Iron
hematoxylin
RT-PCR
