FINALS - CESTODES Flashcards
adult form description of cestodes
Flat, ribbon-like, segmented
cestodes are also known as
tape worm
self fertilizing means
Hermaphrodite
do Hermaphrodite has separate female and male reproductive organs
yes
can we differentiate and identify a male form of cestode and female cestode?
nope, both reproductive organs are in the single body
for tape worms, they lack sophisticated body structures such as circulatory system, digestive tract, no mouth, and no organ participation
true or false
true
in order to nourish and absorb nutrients, as well as to facilitate excretion, it is facilitated by the ___ - outer surface
tegument
the most anterior part of the tape worm
scolex
it represents the head
scolex
the connector or the one that will connect the scolex and the proglottids
neck
3 types of proglottid
immature - mature - gravid
where can we identify the male and female reproductive organs
in mature proglottid
the male and female reproductive organs of a mature form of proglottids is called as
stobila
after self fertilization, the proglottids will mature further to
gravid proglottid
the pregnant form of proglottid
gravid proglottid
what can we identify in a gravid form of proglottid?
eggs or ova
once the proglottid ruptured and the eggs will be released in what part of the body?
intestine/digestive tract
serves as a diagnostic form of the tapeworm
eggs/ova
typically, cestodes has ____ in their scolex which they use for attachment to the host
4 ventral suckers
rostellum and hooks
part of the adult form of tapeworm that is used for the attachment to the intestinal mucosa of the host
scolex
advantage of rostellum
increase virulence
known as a fake tapeworm
pseudophyllidian
among the 2 classification of cestode that has only few members
fake tapeworm - pseudophyllidian
the scolex of has pseudophyllidian has no ventral suckers but instead of __
sucking grooves
PROGLOTTIDS of pseudophyllidean is
_-
anapolytic which means it has uterine pores
the GRAVID PROGLOTTID of pseudophyllidean is ___
all reproductive organs are intact
EGG/ OVA of the pseudophyllidean is
ovoidal and OPERCULATED
the reproductive organ of pseudophillidean is intact in which on the cyclophyllidean that only organ we can observe is the ___
uterus
intermediate host needed for pseudophyllidean
only 2
Also known as true tapeworm
Cyclophyllidean
Most of the members of cestodes are
classified as ‘____.
Cyclophyllidean
life cycle of a Pseudophyllidean
egg
L1: coracidium larva
L2: procercoid larva
L3: plerocercoid larva
adult
life cycle of a cyclophyllidean
Egg
L1: oncosphere larva (further encyst in the muscle of IH
L2: cysticercus larva/cysticercoid
adult
SCOLEX of the cyclophyllidean
Quadrate shape; possess 4 cup like suckers
PROGLOTTID of the Cyclophyllidean
Apolytic (no uterine pore)
GRAVID PROGLOTTID of the cyclophyllidean
Only uterus
EGG/ OVA of the cyclophyllidean
Spherical in shape; NON OPERCULATED
NTERMEDIATE HOST of cyclophyllidean
only 1
Disease name for DIPHYLLOBOTHRIUM LATUM
Diphyllobothriasis
- Fish tapeworm infection
- Broad tapeworm infection
common name for DIPHYLLOBOTHRIUM LATUM
fish tapeworm or broad tapeworm
Site in host of DIPHYLLOBOTHRIUM LATUM
small intestines
DIPHYLLOBOTHRIUM LATUM Belong in ___ group
Pseudophyllidean
Definitive host of DIPHYLLOBOTHRIUM LATUM
human, dogs, cats
1st Intermediate host of DIPHYLLOBOTHRIUM LATUM
crustaceans (Cyclops or
Diaptomus)
2nd Intermediate host of DIPHYLLOBOTHRIUM LATUM
freshwater fish (carp,
salmon)
mode of infection of DIPHYLLOBOTHRIUM LATUM
ingestion
portal of entry of DIPHYLLOBOTHRIUM LATUM
mouth
Sources of infection of Dyphyllobothrium latum
plerocercoid in freshwater fish
INFECTIVE STAGE of Diphyllobothrium latum
plerocercoid larvae
(pleurocercoid)
Lab Dx stage for DIPHYLLOBOTHRIUM LATUM
eggs in stool (only eggs, as proglottids
disintegrates)
shape of the DIPHYLLOBOTHRIUM LATUM
ovoidal
Definitive Host of Diphyllobothrium latum
Human, dogs, cats
Infective Stage of diphyllobothrium latum
Pleurocercoid larva or plerocercoid larvae
can Diphyllobothriasis be a long-lasting infection (decades)?
yes pu
Most infections of diphyllobothrium latum is .
__asymptomatic
Manifestations may include __ of diphyllobothrium latum
abdominal discomfort, diarrhea, vomiting, and weight loss
what can be the cause of miming pernicious anemia of diphyllobothrium latum?
because of Vitamin B12 deficiency
what type of anemia can diphyllobothrium latum result into?
This may result in hyperchromic, megaloblastic anemia
Massive infections of diphyllobothrium latum may result in __
intestinal obstruction.
Diagnostic Findings of diphyllobothrium latum
DFS and kato katz
microscopic examination of stool and recovery of eggs
DIRECT FECAL SMEAR
Gravid proglottid is not usually recovered because it would ___
disintegrate
__ is the drug of choice for diphyllobotrium latum
Praziquantel
aside from praziquantel, can also be used to treat diphyllobothriasis.
Niclosamide
in diphyllobothrium latum, the criterion for the cure is the recovery of ___ in stools
after treatment.
scolex
Eggs shape of diphyllobotrium latum
- Oval or ellipsoidal
- Inconspicuous operculum
- Abopercular knob at the opposite end
what is distinct in diphyllobothrium latum locating at the opposite end of operculm?
abopercular knob
diphyllobothrium latum
ventral suckers or sucking grooves?
2 sucking grooves located dorsally and ventrally, hence the term bothria
Centrally aligned and dark rosette uterus
diphyllobothrium latum
common name of sparganum mansoni
Extraintestinal tapeworm
sparganum mansoni’s disease association
Sparganosis
portal of entry of sparganum mansoni
ingestion of 1st IH (cyclops)
ingestion of sparganum mansoni
Skin, subcutaneous tissue,
muscle
first intermediate host of sparganum mansoni
Cyclops
2nd intermediate host of sparganum mansoni
Fresh water fish
definitive host of sparganum mansoni
Frogs, snakes
accidental host of sparganum mansoni
Man
infective stage of sparganum mansoni
Procercoid larva for humans
Plerocercoid larva for natural
hosts (Frogs, snakes)
diagnostic stage of sparganum mansoni
Plerocercoid larva
clinical manifestation of sparganum mansoni
- Localized inflammation
- Cerebral/Ocular sparganosis – CNS and
eyes - Nodule formation in vital organs
- Toxemia
diagnosis of sparganum mansoni
- Muscle or tissue biopsy
- X-ray, CT scan, MRI
taenia saginata common name
Beef tapeworm
taenia solium common name
pork tapeworm
disease name for taenia saginata
Solitario disease
Taeniasis
MOT for taenia saginata
- Oral fecal route
- Ingestion of raw meat from IH
site of infection for taenia saginata
Duodenum
intermediate host of taenia saginata
Cow, cattle or carabao
definitive host of taenia saginata
Man
infective stage of taenia saginata
Cysticercus bovis larva
diagnostic stage of taenia saginata
Ova in stool, gravid segment
clinical manifestation of taenia saginata
- Patient exhibit voracious appetite
- Vague abdominal pain
- Peptic ulcer like symptoms
- Intestinal obstruction
- Intoxication
- Anal pruritus
- Obstruction of bile duct and pancreatic duct
diagnosis for taenia saginata
Ova in stool
rapid slide test
scotch tape swab
injection of india ink tru genital pore
taenia spp egg has what shape
rounded and Thick radially striated brown shell
Inside the shell is an embryonated oncosphere of taenia spp has how many hooks
6 hooks (hexacanth embryo)
how many suckers do taenia saginata has?
4 ventral suckers
describe the proglottid of taenia saginnata
- Longer than broad proglottid
- Longer gravid proglottid segment with 15-30
uterine branches
how many uterine branches do taenia saginata has?
15-30 uterine branches
describe the scolex of taenia saginata
Unarmed scolex: no hooks
describe the proglottid of taenia solium
Shorter gravid proglottid segment with
7-15 uterine branches
describe the scolex of taenia solium
Armed scolex: presence of 2 rows of
hooks in the rostellum
Degree of infection and severity
depends on
- number of parasite
- immunity of the host
- duratio of infection
Cysticercoid larva of taenia solium can cause ___
necrosis and fibrosis
There could be ___ adult T. solium in
one patient
4-7
Taeniasis diagnosis
- Ova in stool
- Gravid segment using Rapid
Slide Test
Cysticercosis diagnosis
- Radiological examination
- Muscle biopsy
- Serum and CSF ELISA
Hymenolepis nana common name
- Dwarf tapeworm
- Smallest tapeworm of man
- Intestinal tapeworm
Hymenolepis nana disease association
Hymenolepiasis
Indirect life cycle of Hymenolepis nana
what is the infective stage?
cysticercoid larva
involvement of intermediate host
direct life cycle of Hymenolepis nana
what is the infective stage?
Infective stage is ova
no involvement of intermediate host
Diagnostic stage of hyemenolepis nana
Ova in stool
DOC for hyemenolepis nana
Praziquantel
eggs of hyemenolepis nna
- Embryonated
- Thinner embryophore
- Bipolar filaments
- Bipolar thickenings
describe the rostellum of hyemenolepis nana
Rostellum with single row of hooks
This parasite is the only human tapeworm
which can complete its entire lifecycle in a
single host.
hyemenolepis nana
Definitive Host of h.nana
Man, rats
site in host/Habitat of H.nana
Upper ileum
common name of hyemenolepis diminuta
Intestinal tapeworm
disease association of H. diminuta
- Hymenolepiasis
- Rat tapeworm infection
source of infection of H. diminuta
Cysts from insects
MOT of H. diminuta
Mouth: ingestion of contaminated food and
water
habitat of H. diminuta
Small intestines
intermediate host of H.diminuta
- Insects (rat & mouse flea, the flour moth
and flour beetle) - IH is required
definitive host of H. diminuta
Mice & rats
In H.diminuta, it serves as a transport host
Humans and mouse serve as transport host
infective stage of H. diminuta
Cysticercus larva
iagnostic stage of H. diminuta
Eggs in stool
- Absence of bipolar filaments
- Bipolar thickening
Hyemenolepis diminuta
a cestode of rodents
infrequently seen in
humans and frequently
found in rodents.
Hymenolepis diminuta
___ is the most common cause of
all cestode infections, and is encountered
worldwide.
Hymenolepis nana
Heavy infections with ___
H. nana
can cause weakness,
headaches, anorexia,
abdominal pain, and
diarrhea.
Diagnostic findings for hyemenolepiasis
Microscopic examination
of stool
DOC for hyemenolepis
Praziquantel
Dipylidium caninum’s common name
- Double-pored tapeworm
- Intestinal tapeworm
dipylidium caninum infection
- Dipylidiasis
- Dog tapeworm infection
source of infection of dipylidium cananim
Flea & louse
habitat of dyplidium caninum
Small intestines
intermediate host of dipylidium caninum
Larval flea
intermediate host of dipylidium caninum
Dogs & cats
accidental host of dipylidium caninum
Humans
infective stage of D.caninum
Cysticercoid larva
diagnostic stage for d.caninium
Eggs in stool or egg packets in stool, proglottids
In d.caninum
Pets may exhibit behavior to relieve ____ (such as
scraping anal region across grass or carpeting)
anal pruritis
The proglottids are motile when freshly passed and may be
mistaken for maggots or fly larvae.
D.caninum
The most striking feature in animals and children consists of
the passage of proglottids.
These can be found in the
perianal region, in the feces, on diapers, and occasionally
on floor covering and furniture.
D.caninum
Proglottids may be passed singly or in chains, and
occasionally may be seen dangling from the anus
D. caninum
Echinococcus granulosus
- Extraintestinal tapeworm
- Shortest of all tapeworms
- Dog tapeworm
- Hydatid worm
Echinococcus granulosus disease associated
- Echinococcosis
- Hydatid disease
intermdiate host of E.granulosus
Sheep, goat, cat
habitat of E. granulosus
Small intestine of dogs
def host of E. granulosus
Dogs
accidental host of e.granulosus
Humans
infective stage of e.granulosus
Hydatid cyst (for dogs)
Ova (for humans)
diagnostic stage for e.granulosus
Hydatid cyst containing hydatid sand usually
found in lungs or liver
clinical manifestation of echinococcus granulosus
- Enlarged abdomen
- Pressure on organ leads to organ
malfunction - Osseous cyst if found in bound
- Anaphylactic shock
e. GRANULOSUS way of diagnosis
- Radiological examination
- Hydatid drill
- Exploratory puncture
- Casoni’s test – dermal skin test
- Serological tests (IHA, IFA, EIA)
treatment for e.granulosus
Surgical removal of the cyst
Percutaneous aspiration, injection, re
aspiration (PAIR)
Surgical removal of the cyst. Types of cysts:
____
Unilocular, Osseus, Alveolar