Finals - trematodes Flashcards
flukes which Resides in a specific organ
Organ Dwelling Flukes
(reproduction would take place via
self-fertilization
Monoecious
reproduction type of organ dwelling flukes
Monoecious
shape of an adult form of organ dwelling flukes
Leaf-like or lancet-like; adult forms are non-segmented
diagnostic feature of organ dwelling flukes
Operculated eggs
intermediate host requirement for organ dwelling flukes
2 (snails serve as 1st IH; 2nd IH includes another snail,
aquatic vegetation/fruit, fresh water fish or crustacean)
MOT of organ dwelling flukes
Ingestion, oral fecal route
infective stage of organ dwelling flukes
Metacercaria
life cycle tru arrows of organ dwelling flukes
Egg
L1: miracidium
L2: sporocyst
L3: redia
L4: cercaria
L5: metacercaria
adult
list down the liver flukes
- Fasciola hepatica
- Fasciola gigantica
- Clonorchis sinensis
- Opistorchis felineus
- Opistorchis viverrini
list down the intestinal flukes
- Fasciolopsis buski
- Echinostoma ilocanum
- Heterophyes heterophyes
list down the pancreatic fluke
Eurytrema pancreaticum
list down the lung fluke
Paragonimus westermani
list down the blood flukes
- Schistosoma japonicum
- Schistosoma mansoni
- Schistosoma haematobium
- Schistosoma mekongi
- Schistosoma interculatum
type of fluke which Resides in blood vessels
Blood Flukes
(separate sexes; there would
male and female adult forms, thus copulation
serves as means for reproduction
Dioecious
Segmented body because of separate sexes
Blood Flukes
aside from operculated egg as a diagnostic feature of blood fluke, what can we seen as well on it?
; SPINE location seen in eggs
genus of blood flukes
Schistosoma
intermediate host of blood flukes
1 (snails serve as the only IH)
MOT of blood flukes
Skin penetration
infective stage of blood flukes
Cercaria (free-swimming form)
life cycle try arrow of blood flukes
Egg
L1: miracidium
L2: sporocyst
L3: cercaria
adult
___ refers to cercaria that
enters/penetrates the human host.
Schistosomulum
When it undergoes changes inside the body such as
losing its tail, it is now called __
Schistosomule
since they don’t have a mouth for eating anus for excretion
they Have an outer surface called __ for absorption and excretion
tegument
3 types of suckers
Oral suckers (used for feeding),
Ventral sucker (used for attachment),
Genital sucker
__ stages are found in man & animals
Adult
___ stages are found in the
intermediate host
Larval
Fasciola hepatica common name
Sheep liver fluke, temperate liver fluke
Fasciola hepatica disease
Fascioliasis
MOT of fasciola hepatica
Ingestion
first intermediate host of F.hepatica
Lymnea spp. (Lymnea philippinensis, Lymnea
Auricularia rubiginosa)
2nd IH of hepatica
Ipomea obscura, Nasturtium officinale (Water cress, counterpart in PH: kangkong)
def host of hepatica
Sheep, cattle
what type of host is human for hepatica
accidental
habitat of hepatica
Liver and bile ducts after passing the liver
infective stage of hepatica
Metacercaria
diagnostic stage for hepatica
Operculated ova
describe the egg for hepatica
- Ovoidal
- Operculated – diagnostic feature
- Contains undeveloped miracidium
adult form of hepatica
- Presence of cephalic cone
- Presence of broad shoulders
Acute stage
clinical manifestation of hepatica
affects intestinal wall
* Symptoms: necrotic lesions, hepatomegaly, fever with eosinophilia
Chronic stage
clinical manifestation of hepatica
Symptoms: severe jaundice, obstruction and
abscess formation, can be ectopic
Cholecystitis
inflammation of the gallbladder
Cholelithiasis
– stones in gallbladder
clinical manifestation for untreated cases
Liver cirrhosis
diagnosis of hepatica
- Stool examination
- Concentration Technique
- Serological Test
- Radiological test
- PCR
Fasciola gigantica common name
Giant liver fluke,
tropical liver fluke
Largest of all
liver flukes
Fasciola gigantica
- Presence of
cephalic cone - Presence of
shoulders but
less prominent
fasciola hepatica
Clonorchis sinensis common name
Chinese liver fluke, oriental liver fluke
disease for clonorchis sinensis
Clonorchiasis
source of infection for sinensis
Ingestion of 2nd IH
1st IH of sinensis
Bulimus fuchsiana, Alocinma sp., Parafossarulus sp
2nd IH of sinensis
Ctenopharyngodon idaellus, Cobitidae fishes
habitat of sinensis
Liver, bile ducts and gallbladder
infective stage of sinensis
Metacercaria
diagnostic stage for sinensis
Mature ova
for clonochis sinensis. There will be a Thickened areas called __ at the sides of the operculum. Some books call this as shoulders.
opercular rings
for sinensis
opposite the operculum, similar with
D. latum
Abopercular knob
the egg of sinensis has what type of larva
Contains developed miracidium
- Lacks cephalic cone
- Lacks shoulders
- One or both ends have narrow, tapered ends
- Broad midpart of the body
- Appearance of branched testes
clonorchis sinensis
cancer of gallbladder
Cholangiocarcinoma
diagnosis for sinensis
- Stool examination
- String test/Enterotest – source of specimen is duodenal
contents - Complement Fixation
- Intradermal Test
- ELISA – cheap, most practical and popular
Fasciolopsis buski common name
Large or giant intestinal fluke
MOT of fasciolopsis buski
Ingestion
1st IH of buski
Snail (Segmentina/Hippeutis)
2nd host of fasciolopsis buski
Water chestnuts & lotus (Trapa bicornis,
Eliocharis tuberosa, Ipomea obscura)
def host of buski
Pig & humans
habitat of buski
Intestine (Duodenum & Jejunum)
infective stage of buski
Metacercariae
diagnostic stage of buski
Eggs in stool
eggs of buski
- Embryonation of eggs takes 1-2 weeks
- Ellipsoidal with a thin shell
- Usually small, indistinct operculum
- Identical to F. hepatica and F. gigantica
buski’s adult form
- Lacks cephalic cone and shoulders
- Broad body all throughout
clinical manifestation of buski
- Intestinal obstruction
- Intoxication
- Vitamin B12 malabsorption
symptoms of buski
- Colic
- Diarrhea
- Vomiting
- Edema
Paragonimus westermani common name
Oriental Lung Fluke
MOT of westermani
Ingestion through mouth. Consumption of raw or undercooked infected freshwater crustaceans
1st IH of westermanni
Freshwater snail (Antemelania aspirate, Antemalania ductylus)
2nd IH of westermanni
Freshwater crab (Parathelphusa philippina) or crayfish (Cambarus, Astacus)
def host of westermanni
Humans & a variety of carnivores
habitat of westermanni
Lungs
infective stage of westermani
Metacercariae
diagnostic stage for westermani
Eggs in sputum & stool
describe the egg of westermani
- Operculated
- With opercular rings
- No abopercular knob
- Terminal shell thickening found at the opposite of the operculum
the opposite side of the operculum for westermani has
thickening shell
Spiny, thorny cuticle surrounding the outer part (diagnostic form)
westermani
westermani’s clinical manifestations
- Lung abscess
- Abscess in ectopic sites (Subcutaneous creeping Eruption)
- Toxemia
- Jacksonian epilepsy
- Extrapulmonary fluke because it can infect
their organs such as the brain - May mimic Pulmonary Tuberculosis
coughing up blood
Hemoptysis
color of the sputum for patients infected by westermani
rusty brown or blood tinge
diagnosis for westermani
- Stool examination
- Concentration exam
- Sputum analysis: 3% NaOH + Sputum → Centrifuge (vortex machine) → Examine sediment
- Chest x-ray
- Serological test
associated with Schistosoma species;
this refers to hypersensitivity reaction with the schistosomule that migrates
via the bloodstream
Katayama fever
Schistosoma japonicum disease name
Schistosomiasis, Katayama fever, Yangtze Valley River fever, Hankaw fever
schistosoma japonicum blood fluke
Oriental blood fluke
MOT of schistosoma
Skin penetration
Ih of japonicum
Snail (Oncomelania hupensis quadrasi – Oncomelania is endemic in the PH)
def host of japonicum
Humans, dogs, cats, horses, pigs, cattle, deer & rodents
habitat of japonicum
Veins of small intestine
infective stage of japonicum
Cercariae
diagnostic stage of japonicum
Eggs in stool; liver biopsy
eggs of japnicum
- Lateral, small, rounded spine
- More rounded or ovoidal in shape
- Developed miracidium
Dermatitis of japonicum
Cercarial itch, Swimmer’s itch, Gulf coast itch, Clam diggers itch
clinical manifestation of japonicum
- Dermatitis
- Pneumonitis
- Weakness
- Trauma in the intestinal wall
- Hepatitis
- Eosinophilia
- Toxemia
- Adults in copula can lay eggs in ectopic site (results in tubercle
formation) - Ascites – accumulation of fluid in the body cavities
- Hepatosplenomegaly
main clinical manifestation of japonicum
Hepatosplenomegaly
diagnosis of japonicum
- Stool examination
- Kato-Katz
- COPT (Circum Oval Precipitin Test)
- Culture Technique (Faust and Meleney Egg Hatching Technique)
- Serological Test
* Complement Fixation
* Cercarial Agglutination
* ELISA
* IHAT
Schistosoma mansoni common name
Manson’s blood fluke, smallest blood fluke
disease for mansoni
Schistosomiasis, intestinal schistosomiasis,
bilharziasis “snail fever
IH for mansoni
Snail (Biomphalaria sp. & Tropicorbis sp.)
def host for mansoni
Humans, baboons & rodents
habitats for mansoni
Veins of large intestine
diagnostic stage for mansoni
Eggs in stool; rectal or liver biopsy
- Prominent lateral spine near the posterior
end - Tapered and slightly curved anterior end
- Developed miracidium
Schistosoma mansoni
schistosoma adult form is Recovered in ___
copula
Schistosoma haematobium disease
Urinary schistosomiasis, schistosomal
hematuria, urinary bilharziasis
IH of haematobium
Snail (Bulinus, Physopsis, and
Biomphalaria sp.)
def host of haematobium
Humans, monkeys & baboons
habitat of haematobium
Veins of urinary bladder
diagnostic stage for haematobium
Eggs in urine; cystoscopy
egg of haematobium
- Large
- Prominent terminal spine at posterior
end
clinical manifestation of haematobium
- Lesions in urinary bladder (Hematuria)
- Burning sensation when urinating
- Develop Urogenital malignant tumor
