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MIDTERMS - COCCIDIAN PARASITES Flashcards

1
Q

coccidian parasites are the largest group in ___ protozoa

A

apicomplexan protozoa

apicomplexa phylum

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2
Q

mode of living of coccidian parasites

A

obligate intracellular parasite

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3
Q

coccidian parasites are under which class?

A

sporozea

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4
Q

In class Sporozoea, the life cycle is characterized by an ___

A

alternations of generation

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5
Q

COCCIDIAN LIFE CYCLE: 3 Sequential stages

A

sporogony
schizogony/merogony
gametogony

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6
Q

among the life or sequential stages, which one is the sexual and producing oocyst?

A

sporogony

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7
Q

among the life or sequential stages, which one is the asexual and producing merozoites?

A

schizogony/merogony

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8
Q

gametogony produces what?

A

Development of male micro and female macro gametocytes

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9
Q

___ reproduction occurs outside a human host

A

Asexual

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10
Q

where do sexual production generally takes place?

A

inside the human host

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11
Q

Medically important members are

A

Isospora belli
Cryptosporidium hominis
Cyclospora cayetanensis
Toxoplasma gondii
Sarcocystis hominis and Sarcocystis suihominis

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12
Q

infective stage of Isospora belli

A

sporulated– Oocyst

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13
Q

describe the oocyst of isospora belli

A
  • thin walled transparent and ovoidal
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14
Q

how many sporocyst and sporozoites do isospora belli has?

A

2 sporocyst and 4 sporozoite

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15
Q

life cycle of isospora beli

A

Ingest OOCYST (excyst) via contaminated food and water

SPOROZOITES (small intestines)  asexual repro (SCHIZOGONY) which ruptures host’s cell liberating merozoites

MEROZOITES (will infest new epithelial cells)

MACRO/ MICROGAMETOCYTE (unite or will fuse to form Unsporulated oocyst) 

oocyst (excreted in the stool) (consists of a sporoblast) divides into TWO SPOROBLASTS (matures)  SPOROCYST (consist of 4 sausage shaped sporozoites) (MATURE OOCYST)

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16
Q

sporulation occurs after the __

A

passage of oocysts through the stool

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17
Q

name of disease for isospora beli infection

A

isosporiasis

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18
Q

a presence of crystal namely __ is significant for isospora beli

A

CHARCOT-LEYDEN CRYSTALS

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19
Q

diagnosis of isospora beli

A
  1. Direct microscopy
  2. Concentration technique
    (FECT, ZnSO4 and sugar floatation)
  3. Staining techniques (Iodine, Kinyoun, Auramine-Rhodamine)
  4. Enterotest and duodenal aspirate
  5. Molecular testing
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20
Q

concentration techniques for isospora beli

A

FECT, ZnSO4 and sugar floatation

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21
Q

Staining techniques for isospora beli

A

Iodine, Kinyoun, Auramine-Rhodamine

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22
Q

Asymptomatic treatment for isospora beli:

A

bland diet and bed rest

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23
Q

symptomatic treatment for isospora beli:

A

Trimetroprim Sulfamethoxazole

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24
Q

infective stage of cryptosporidium hominis

A

oocysts

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25
Q

shape of cryptosporidium
hominis cysts

A

round

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26
Q

2 types of cyst in cryptosporidium
hominis

A

thin and thick walled (matured)

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27
Q

what’s the function of thin walled cyst in cryptosporidium
hominis

A

Infect other
ENTEROCYTES - AUTO INFECTION

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28
Q

what’s the function of thick-walled cyst in cryptosporidium
hominis

A

through the feces and will contaminate
food and water. Once ingested it will attach to the GIT

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29
Q

Cryptosporidium hominis has how many sporozoites in closer view?

A

In closer view, each oocysts has
4 (four) sporozoite

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30
Q

life cycle of cryptosporidium hominis

A

The sporozoites will develop into trophozoites and became
intracellular, the trophozoites divides producing merozoite
that infect other cells – macro and micro will eventually
produced, after fertilization it will result to a production of
oocyst

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31
Q

all stages of cryptosporidium
hominis are completed in

A

GIT - gastrointestinal tract

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32
Q

which coccidian parasite wherein its oocysts has no sporocysts but only sporozoites

A

cryptosporidium hominis

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33
Q

Disease name for crystosporidium hominis

A

cryptosporidiosis

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34
Q

in cryptosporidiosis, a manifestation is a diarrhea. What will happen for a healthy individual being infected with the said parasite?

A

self-limiting for healthy individuals (2
3 weeks)

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35
Q

in cryptosporidiosis, a manifestation is a diarrhea. What will happen for an immunocompromised individual being infected with the said parasite?

A

severe diarrhea, bile duct and gallbladder
maybe heavily infected, blunted intestinal
villi, varying degrees of malabsorption
land excessive fluid loss

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36
Q

a gladder infection caused by cryptosporidium hominis for immunocompromised patients will result to

A

ACUTE
GANGRENOUS CHOLECYSTITIS

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37
Q

in cryptosporidiosis, a manifestation is a diarrhea. What will happen for individual with AID being infected with the said parasite?

A

severe form of diarrhea,
progressively worse and life-threatening

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38
Q

Mode of transmission of isospora beli

A
  1. ingestion of oocyst
  2. sexual intercource
    common with male
    homosexuals with AIDS
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39
Q

mode of transmission for cryptosporidium hominis

A

Ingestion of Oocyst

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40
Q

method of diagnosis for cryptosporidium hominis

A
  1. Sheather’s sugar
    floatation or FECT
  2. Kinyoun’s modified
    acid-fast stain (oocyst
  3. IFA
  4. DNA probe
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41
Q

a concentration technique for the recovery of oocyst in the stool for cryptosporidium hominis

A

FECT - formalin-ether concentration technique

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42
Q

a stain used for cryptosporidium hominis which is routinely used and will stain the oocyst s red-pink
doughnut-shaped against a blue background

A

Kinyoun’s modified
acid-fast stain

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43
Q

is there an acceptable treatment for cryptosporidium hominis?

A

no acceptable treatment yet

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44
Q

a medicine for cryptosporidium hominis that is said to be
effective in preliminary
studies

A

Nitazoxanide

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45
Q

despite having no acceptable treatment for cryptosporidium hominis, a doctor can prescribe these medicines for sever diarrhea

A

Bovine colostrum,
paromycin and
clarithromycin

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46
Q

how to prevent and clean a possible infected water for cryptosporidium hominis

A

Synergistic effect of Use of
multiple disinfectant and
combined water
treatment

Proper disposal of human
and animal excreta

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47
Q

can we use chlorinated water for disinfecting cryptosporidium hominis>

A

nope, chlorination is not effective

48
Q

In addition to the drugs
listed, ____ Are recommended for
both immunocompetent
and immunocompromised
individuals infected with cryptosporidium hominis

A
  • chemotherapy
  • body fluid replacement
  • symptomatic treatment
49
Q

__ is the most common source for cryptosporidium hominis

A

Water-borne transmission

50
Q

Infective
stage for cyclospora cayetanensis

51
Q

cyclospora cayetanensis is previously called as

A

“cyanobacterium
like body (CLB)”

52
Q

why do cyclospora cayetanensis is previously called as cyanobacterium-like body?

A

because of its
photosynthesizing organelles

53
Q

how many sporozoites and sporocysts do cyclospora cayetanensis

A

2 sporocyst
With 2 sporozoite
each

54
Q

life cycle of cyclospora cayetanensis

A

Ingestion of SPORULATED OOCYST → W/C contains 2
SPOROCYST → W/ 2 SPOROZOITES each → multiple fission
o SPOROZOITES invade the epi cells of s.intestines →
MEROZOITES →
MICRO/MACRO → FERTILIZE → OOCYST (FECES) →
COMPLETE SPORULATION WITHIN 7-12 DAYS IN WARM
ENVIRONMENT

56
Q

cyclospora cayetanensis sporulate best at what temp>

57
Q

what is the main source of cyclospora cayetanensis

A

direct source is unknown

58
Q

clinical manifestations of cyclospora cayetanensis

A

Chronic and intermittent watery diarrhea
occurs in early infection

Fatigue, anorexia, weight loss, nausea,
abdominal pain, flatulence, bloating and dyspnea may develop.

59
Q

in cyclospora cayetanensis, ____malabsorption has been found
to develop

60
Q

how many deaths are associated in cyclospora cayetanensis?

A

no death is associated

61
Q

a version of cryptosporidium hominis but the duration of diarrhea is longer

A

cyclospora cayetanensis

62
Q

the low grade fever which may occur for how many hrs in cyclospora cayetanensis infection?

A

12-24 hrs after exposure

63
Q

in cyclospora cayetanensis, the infection is in the form of

A

gastrointestinal disturbances

64
Q

mode of infection of cyclospora cayetanensis

A

ingestion of oocyst

65
Q

method of diagnosis for cyclospora cayetanensis

A
  1. DFS
  2. Concentration
    techniques
  3. Kinyoun stain
  4. Fluorescent microscopy
  5. Safranin staining
  6. PCR
66
Q

in cyclospora cayetanensis, using fluorescent microscopy, oocyst will appear __

A

oocyst will appear as blue
or green circles
(autofluorescent)

67
Q

in recovery of cyclospora cayetanensis, Addition of ___
allows sporocyst to
BECOME VISIBLE

A

5% POTASSIUM DICHROMATE

68
Q

is there a treatment needed for cyclospora cayetanensis?

A

no treatment needed

69
Q

cyclospora cayetanensis

No treatment needed

If pharmacologic
treatment is warranted,
___ is given

A

Cotrimoxazole

70
Q

infective stage for humans of toxoplasma gondii

71
Q

Two
morphological forms of toxoplasma gondii

A

Tachyzoite
Bradyzoite

72
Q

a version of isospora beli but smaller

A

toxoplasma gondii

73
Q

a morphological forms of toxoplasma gondii that is crescent
shape, actively and FAST multiplying

A

TACHYZOITES

74
Q

a morphological forms of toxoplasma gondii that is slow multiplying

A

BRADYZOITES

75
Q

toxoplasma gondii has how many sporocysts and sporozoites

A

2 sporocyst
(4 sporozoites each)

76
Q

life cycle of toxoplasma gondi inside the cat

A

The merozoites differentiate into gametozoites in the
intestinal epthelium of the CAT will result to Oocyst

Mature oocyst reaches the intestine of new host- excyst – and releases 4 sporozoites

Gain entry to the lymphatic and spread to the organs and
tissues
Following entry to the new cell – will transform to
tachyzoite (found during initial and acute stage of
infection)

From tachyzoite will evolve into bradyzoite forming cysts

77
Q

how many days does cyclospora cayetanensis takes after being out in the feces to process a complete sporulation?

A

7-12 days within room temp

79
Q

how many days does toxoplasma gondii takes after being out in the feces to process a complete sporulation?

80
Q

this member follows the typical life cycle of coccidian parasite

A

toxoplasma gondii

81
Q

disease name for toxoplasma gondii

A

TOXOPLASMOSIS, CONGENITAL
TOXOPLASMOSIS, CEREBRAL
TOXOPLASMOSIS

82
Q

what is the definitive host of toxoplasma gondii

83
Q

a toxoplasma gondii, Complete life cycle occurs in __

84
Q

a ___ of toxoplasma gondii can be transferred from one
person to another through blood
transfusion, mother to fetus during the
first trimester of the pregnancy

A

Tachyzoite

85
Q

an infection of toxoplasma gondii in a pregnant women will cause ___ in the first trimester of pregancy

A

stillbirth or abortion

86
Q

in toxoplasma gondii, Tachyzoite and bradyzoite can be
transferred trough organ transplant - Specially ___

A

bone marrow

87
Q

which morphological form of toxoplasma gondii can be can be acquired by eating
meats of infected animals

A

Bradyzoite

88
Q

cysts formed by the bradyzoite of toxoplasma gondii, can be found in ___

A

Cyst can be found in brains, skeletal, and heart muscles, plus retina

89
Q

toxoplasma gondi, For immunocompromised patient,
COMMON MANIFESTATION is ___

A

encephalitis

90
Q

toxoplasmosis mimic the infection of ___ due to the following symptoms

FATIGUE, LYMPHADENITIS, CHILLS,
FEVER, HEADACHE AND MYALGIA

A

Mononucleosis

91
Q

FETUS IS
INFECTED VIA TRANSPLACENTAL MEANS BY TOXOPLASMA GONDII

A

CONGENITAL TOXOPLASMOSIS

92
Q

in toxoplasma gondii, a commo cause of death to a newborn is the

A

ANEMIA
W/ PNEUMONIA

93
Q

method of diagnosis for toxoplasma gondii

A
  1. Biopsy- stained through
    hematoxylin and eosin
    stain
  2. Serodiagnostic
    methods- positive titer or
    a four-fold rise in the titer - are used to detects
    antibodies for toxoplasma
    gondii
  3. Sabin-Feldman
    methylene blue dye test –
    very specific and sensitive
  4. IHAT
  5. ELISA
  6. PCR (Polymerase Chain
    Reaction) - for insufficient sample
94
Q

a method of diagnosis for toxoplasma gondi that is used to detect antibodies for toxoplasma gondii

A

Serodiagnostic
methods- positive titer or
a four-fold rise

95
Q

a method of diagnosis for toxoplasma gondii that is used for insufficient amount of sample

A

pcr or polymerase chain reaction

96
Q

medicine for toxoplasma gondii

A

Pyrimethamine and
sulfadiazine

  • can only make
    them under
    control but
    didn’t kill the
    parasites
97
Q

what are the transmission route if sarcocystis hominis and sarcosystis suihominis

A

1st and 2nd transmission

98
Q

what is the 1st transmission is all about for Sarcocystis
hominis
& Sarcocystis
suihominis

A

uncooked meat
ingested –
gametogony
occurs

99
Q

what is the 2nd transmission is all about for Sarcocystis
hominis
& Sarcocystis
suihominis

A

accidental
ingestion of
oocyst from stool
Sources of
animals. –
location: human
striated muscles

100
Q

infective stage of Sarcocystis
hominis
& Sarcocystis
suihominis

A

mature oocysts

101
Q

shape of the oocyst of
Sarcocystis
hominis
& Sarcocystis
suihominis

102
Q

describe the oocyst of the Sarcocystis
hominis & Sarcocystis suihominis

A

A double
layered clear
and colorless
shell
surrounds the
sporocyst

103
Q

Sarcocystis
hominis is from ____
& Sarcocystis
suihominis is from ___

A

S. hominis
from pigs

S. suihominis
from cattle

104
Q

how many sporocysts and sporozoites do Sarcocystis
hominis & Sarcocystis suihominis has?

A

2
sporocyst
with 4
sausage
shape
sporozoite

105
Q

describe the lifecycle of Sarcocystis
hominis & Sarcocystis suihominis

A

SPOROCYST AND OOCYT IN FECES → ingested by COWS →
Ruputures releasing SPOROZOITES → MEROZOITES →
Penetrate muscles and develope into →SARCOCYSTS W/ BRADYZOITES → ingested in undercooked
meat → BRADYZOITES (become motile after wall digestion)
released → enter intestinal cells → MICRO/MACRO →
OOCYST -feces

106
Q

DISEASE NAME for Sarcocystis
hominis & Sarcocystis suihominis

A

Sarcosporidiosis and sarcocystosis

107
Q

clinical manifestation of Sarcosporidiosis and sarcocystosis to humans and animals

A

Gastroenteritis, diarrhea, myalgia,
weakness, fever

For intermediate host, brain, muscle and
kidney tissues maybe damaged

May cause abortion to cows

108
Q

what is the definitive method of diagnosis of sarcosporidiosis and sarcocystosis

A

biopsy of an
infected muscle

109
Q

SARCOCYST are dentifiable
with what stain

A

HEMATOXYLIN AND
EOSIN STAIN

110
Q

CONFIRMATORY
STAINING for sarcocystic hominis and suihominis

A

PAS Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)
(Walls stain positively)

111
Q

Wall of S.HOMINIS →

A

6um thick, radially striated
from villar protrussions
that are 7um long

112
Q

Walls of S.SUIHOMINIS →

A

4-9um thick, with villar
protrussions up to 13um
long

113
Q

Identification of sporocyst
in feces needs several
examination on separate
days

A

sarcocystic hominis and sarcocystic suihominis

114
Q

__were
found to be useful in
muscular inflammation

A

Corticosteroids

115
Q

__
– seen as potentially
effective in treating
intestinal infections for sarcocystic hominis and suihominis

A

Trimethoprim
sulfamethoxazole

PARASITOLOGY (12 decks)

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