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PARASITOLOGY > MIDTERMS - PLASMODIA > Flashcards

MIDTERMS - PLASMODIA Flashcards

1
Q

every year, nearly how many people die of malaria?

A

nearly 2 million

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2
Q

which phylum do plasmodium spp do belong?

A

phylum apicomplexa

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3
Q

A name which means nucleated mass and
in which the asexual cycle (schizogony)
takes place in the red blood cells of
vertebrates and the sexual cycle
(sporogony) in mosquitoes

A

Plasmodium

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4
Q

a sexual life of plasmodium happens in

A

mosquitoes (sporogony)

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5
Q

an asexual life of plasmodia happens in

A

red blood cells of vertebrae

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6
Q

4 Species of Plasmodium

A
  1. Plasmodium falciparum
  2. Plasmodium vivax
  3. Plasmodium malariae
  4. Plasmodium ovale
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7
Q

causative agents of malaria

A

plasmodia

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8
Q

who and when was the plasmodium falciparum discovered?

A

Welch 1922

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9
Q

who and when was the plasmodium vivax discovered?

A

Grassi and Feletti 1980

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10
Q

who and when was the plasmodium malariae discovered

A

laveran 1881

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11
Q

who and when was the plasmodium ovale discovered>

A

stephen 1922

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12
Q

the species that is discovered since 1881

A

plasmodium malariae

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13
Q

how many forms do plasmodia has?

A

around 24 forms

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14
Q

The earliest form after
invasion of red blood cells is a ring
bluish cytoplasm with a dot like nucleus
of red chromatin

A

trophic stage

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15
Q

the trophozoite stage is divided into 2 which are

A

early and late trophozoite

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16
Q

the early trophozoite is also known as the

A

ring form - has chromatic bud, nucleus, vacuole in the cytoplasm

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17
Q

the 2nd stage of trophozoite which is the late trophozoite form is also called as

A

developing trophozoite

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18
Q

in the late trophozoite form, we can still observe the composition we saw on the early trophozoite form

true or false

A

true

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19
Q

aside from the trophozoite form, it has a sexual form as well which is the ___

A

schizont

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20
Q

schizont is divided into 2 which are

A

immature schizont and mature schizont

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21
Q

in what stage or form of schizont there will be an active replication of the chromatin

A

immature schizont stage/form

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22
Q

to determine the form of schizont and to identify them if it’s mature or immature, we look for the ___

A

we observe the cytoplasmic composition surrounding chromatin

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23
Q

in what stage of schizont we can determine or identify the specie

A

mature schizont

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24
Q

a stage of schizont wherein it’s characterized by fully developed stage of ASEXUAL trophozoites called MEROZOITES

A

mature schizont

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25
Q

in mature schizont, to identify the specie of plasmodia, we look for the ___

A

we take note for the number and position of merozoite

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26
Q

a third form of plasmodium sexual form

A

gametocytes

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27
Q

gametocytes are divided into 2, what are they?

A

microgametocyte
macrogametocyte

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28
Q

among the gametocyte, which one is for female, and which one is for male

A

macro is for female and micro is for male

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29
Q

differentiate the chromatin of macro and microgametocytes

A

micro - male - near the center - diffuse and scattered

macro - female - eccentric - more compact

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30
Q

the specie of plasmodia that are commonly found in ph and other tropical countries are the

A

Plasmodium vivax
Plasmodium falciparum

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31
Q

among the specie of plasmodia, what is the easiest to identify?

A

Plasmodia falciparum - crescent shape

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32
Q

this stage is provided
with nucleus divided into 8-24
merozoites. Each nucleus enclosed
by some cytoplasm forming a
merozoites

A

schizont

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33
Q

the earliest stage with
1 nucleus living inside the red cells

A

trophozoite

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34
Q

stain we can use for plasmodium’s trophozoite

A

giemsa and wright stain

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35
Q

a specie of plasmodia that has the widest distribution

A

plasmodium falciparum

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36
Q

what is the diagnostic feature for the early trophozoite of plasmodium falciparum

A

multiple infection - multiple ringforms inside the red blood cell

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37
Q

n plasmodium falciparum , in a single cytoplasmic circle, conncted to 2 chromatin dots. This is called as

A

headphone configuration

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38
Q

for plasmodium falciparum, what is commonly seen in the peripheral blood

A

gametocytes and ringed form

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39
Q

characteristic of immature schizont of plasmodia falciparum

A

Oval in shape , nucleus
— Divided into 2-4 or more ,
— Malarial pigment begins to
concentrate in a mass

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40
Q

characteristic of mature schizont

A

— Nucleus divided into
average 24 merozoite;and cytoplasm also divided, each nucleus surrounded by
a portion of cytoplasm to form
merozoites, malarial pigment
clumped.

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41
Q

what is diagnostic for mature schizont in plasmodium falcifarum

A

presence of merozoites- average of 24

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42
Q

if the chromatin is compact or whole we call it __ but if it’s in a form of granules, we call it as ____

A

mass; bodies

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43
Q

how many host types are involve in plasmodia?

A

2 - mosquito and human

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44
Q

the infective form for plasmodia is the

A

sporozoites

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45
Q

the life cycle for plasmodia starts with

A

the mosquito which ingested a sporozoite (will infect the salivary gland)

–> sporozoites will be introduced in the blood

–> will travel into the liver (invaidng hepatocytes)

–> will process a reproduction called schizogony (asexual)

–> exo erythrocyte cycle (schizonts will form and will produce merozoite)
– > erythrocyte cycle (the merozoite formed will keep on infecting rbc cells and replicate)

some merozoites will further develop into gametocytes, which will unite and infect new mosquitoes.

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46
Q

in the life cycle of plasmodia, which host will we be able to found a gametocyte

A

mosquito as they will be the one to ingest it

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47
Q

after the union of the male and female gametocytes, it will be calld as

A

ookinete

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48
Q

ookinete will further develop into

A

oocyst

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49
Q

a form that will contain the sporozoite

A

oocyst

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50
Q

2 forms of sporozoite

A

tachysporozoite
bradysporozoite

51
Q

is the common sporozoite

A

tachysporozoite

52
Q

grow in the hepatic
cell and multiply to form exoerythrocytic
schizonts and then invade RBCs

A

tachysporozoite

53
Q

is the cause of relapse
of malaria. ___ stay in the
hepatic cells and will multiply later.

A

Bradysporozoite

54
Q

this form of sporozoite is dermant

A

bradysporozoite

55
Q

bradysporozoite is also called as

A

hypnozoites

56
Q

the relapse of malaria caused by bradysporozoites are only possible for which plasmodia specie?

A

plasmodia vivax and plasmodia ovale

57
Q

After completing a few
schizogonic cycles, some
merozoites develop into sexual
cells, the male and female
___

A

gametocytes

58
Q

After completing a few
schizogonic cycles, some
merozoites develop into sexual
cells, the male and female
gametocytes.

This process is called

A

gametogenesis

59
Q

main clinical feature of malaria

A

paroxysm

60
Q

paroxysm has 2 stages

A

chill 30 mns - 1 hr
hot 1 - 4 hrs
sweating 1-2 hrs

61
Q

Intermediate host :

A

human

62
Q

final host

A

mosquito

63
Q

infective stage

A

sporozoite

64
Q

Moed of transmission

A

female mosquito bite skin of human

65
Q

parasitiv position

A

liver and rbc

66
Q

transmitted stage

A

gametocytes

67
Q

sporozoite

A

tachysporozoite and bradysporozoite

68
Q

Mechanism of paroxysm

A

liberation of merozoites and malarial
pigment; RBC debris into the blood
stream

69
Q

Symptoms/Signs (in a typical case) for paroxysm

A

headache,lethargy, anorexia, nausea,
vomiting, diarrhea, ischemia

70
Q

the recommended blood collection for paroxysm is

A

6-12 hrs

71
Q

The cold stage (chill), lasting for ___

A

30 min to 1 hr.

72
Q

between what stage of plasmodia we can recover them frequently?

A

first 2 stage, cold and hot stage

73
Q

The hot stage (fever), lasting ___

A

1 to 4 hrs

74
Q

Sweating stage lasting ___

A

1 to 2 hrs

75
Q

Characteristic of paroxysm

A

(1).periodic
(2).repeated
(3).regular

76
Q

the interval of paroxysm or the interval of the repeatition is called

A

periodicity

77
Q
A
78
Q

the disease name for the plasmodium falciparum

A

malignant tertian malaria

79
Q

the paroxysm takes ___ hr for plasmodium falciparum

A

36-48 hrs

80
Q

the one that cause the most severe form of malaria

A

plasmodium falciparum

81
Q

aside from the liver, plasmodium falciparum infects other organ as well such as the __ and __ that’s why it’s considered as the most sever form of malaria

A

brain and kidney

82
Q

infection of brain caused by falciparum is called

A

cerebral malaria

83
Q

infection of kidney caused by falciparum is called

A

black water fever

84
Q

in this specie, all ages of the rbc can be infected

A

Plasmodium falciparum

85
Q

what is the gold standard for diagnosis

A

thick and thin blood film

86
Q

thick and thin blood film

thick -
thin -

A

thick - screening purposes
thin - species identification

87
Q

black water fever is characterized by

A

massive hemoglobinuria

in which the urine becomes dark in
color, because of acute hemolysis of RBC

88
Q

Microscopy (Gold Standard) - “Thick and Thin Blood Smear”

stained with __

A

Giemsa or Wright’s stain

89
Q

Treatment for plasmodium falciparum

A

Chloroquine and quinine - anti-erythrocytic stage drugs
Primaquine and pyrimethamine - anti-
exoerythrocytic stage drugs.

90
Q

Prevention

A

Chemoprophylaxis
Chemotherapy: 1 week before entry
into the endemic area ; for 4 weeks
after returning from the endemic
area.

91
Q

Mosquito Control

A

(1). Reconstruction of environment:
eradicate the breeding places of
mosquitoes.
(2). Use insecticides
(3). Use mosquito nets, screen, or
mosquito repellants to protect the
person from mosquito bites.

92
Q

plasmodium falciparum’s cytoplasmic granules are called as

A

maurer’s dot

93
Q

plasmodia falciparum

Small ring forms (____diameter red
cell)

A

1/6 diameter

94
Q

Cresent-shaped gametocytes

A

plasmodium falcifarum

95
Q

comparing the size of the normal and infected rbc for plasmodia falciparum

A

same size, no enlargement happening

96
Q

Plasmodium vivax will only infect ___ rbc

A

young (reticulocyte)

97
Q

is plasmodium, worldwide distrbuted?

A

yes

98
Q

diagnostic feature for plasmodium vivax

A

developing trophozoite form which is characterized by AMEBOID FORM of trophozoite

99
Q

the disease associated with plasmodium vivax

A

benign tertian malaria

signs and symptoms are similar to flu

100
Q

describe the shape of plasmodium vivax;s gametocyte

A

round gametocyte

101
Q

paroxysm of plasmodium vivax

A

every 48 hrs

102
Q

plasmodium vivas has a cytoplasmic granule that is paler and smaller than the maurer’s dot called

A

schuffer’s dot

103
Q

the number of merozoites formed in rbc infected by plasmodium vivax is

A

12-24 merozoites

104
Q

compare the size of the normal rbc and the infected rbc by plasmodium vivax

A

there’s an enlargement of rbc found

105
Q

what is the malarial
pigment for plasmodium vivax in late trophozoite

A

hemozoin

106
Q

what is the diagnostic feature for P. malariae

A

developing trophozoite characterized by BAND FORMS

107
Q

Plasmodium malariae will only infect ___ rbc

A

old

108
Q

number of merozoites in rbc infected by plasmodium malariae

A

6-12 meroozoites

109
Q

cytoplasmic granules of plasmodium malariae that is fine and pale

DUST-LIKE DOTS

A

Ziemman’s dots

110
Q

disease name for plasmodium malariae

A

quartan malaria

111
Q

plasmodium malariae

Schizont with merozoite arranged
around central pigment (“ __

A

Rosette”
or “Daisy Head” or Fruit pie”)

112
Q

shape of the gametocyte of plasmodium malariae

A

ovoid

113
Q

a plasmodium specie that consist only Single compact ring

A

Plasmodium ovale

114
Q

Found in Africa

A

plasmodium ovale

115
Q

number of merozoites for plasmodium ovale

A

average of 8 merozoites

116
Q

fewest number of merozoites

A

plasmodium ovale

117
Q

difference of ovale to vivax

A

distortion in rbc, fimbriation
developing trop has no ameboid form
more ovoidal

118
Q

A primate malarial parasite common in SEA

A

Plasmodium knowlesi

119
Q

located in south asean countries

A

Plasmodium knowlesi

120
Q

to identfy knowlesi from others, we conduct

A

molecular technique such as

PCR assay and molecular characterization

121
Q

in molecular technique of knowlesi, a plasmodium specie can produce cross reaction, which one is that?

A

plasmodium vivax

122
Q

Causes malaria in long tailed macaques
(Macaca fascicularis)

A

Plasmodium knowlesi

123
Q
A

PARASITOLOGY (12 decks)

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