MIDTERMS - PLASMODIA Flashcards
every year, nearly how many people die of malaria?
nearly 2 million
which phylum do plasmodium spp do belong?
phylum apicomplexa
A name which means nucleated mass and
in which the asexual cycle (schizogony)
takes place in the red blood cells of
vertebrates and the sexual cycle
(sporogony) in mosquitoes
Plasmodium
a sexual life of plasmodium happens in
mosquitoes (sporogony)
an asexual life of plasmodia happens in
red blood cells of vertebrae
4 Species of Plasmodium
- Plasmodium falciparum
- Plasmodium vivax
- Plasmodium malariae
- Plasmodium ovale
causative agents of malaria
plasmodia
who and when was the plasmodium falciparum discovered?
Welch 1922
who and when was the plasmodium vivax discovered?
Grassi and Feletti 1980
who and when was the plasmodium malariae discovered
laveran 1881
who and when was the plasmodium ovale discovered>
stephen 1922
the species that is discovered since 1881
plasmodium malariae
how many forms do plasmodia has?
around 24 forms
The earliest form after
invasion of red blood cells is a ring
bluish cytoplasm with a dot like nucleus
of red chromatin
trophic stage
the trophozoite stage is divided into 2 which are
early and late trophozoite
the early trophozoite is also known as the
ring form - has chromatic bud, nucleus, vacuole in the cytoplasm
the 2nd stage of trophozoite which is the late trophozoite form is also called as
developing trophozoite
in the late trophozoite form, we can still observe the composition we saw on the early trophozoite form
true or false
true
aside from the trophozoite form, it has a sexual form as well which is the ___
schizont
schizont is divided into 2 which are
immature schizont and mature schizont
in what stage or form of schizont there will be an active replication of the chromatin
immature schizont stage/form
to determine the form of schizont and to identify them if it’s mature or immature, we look for the ___
we observe the cytoplasmic composition surrounding chromatin
in what stage of schizont we can determine or identify the specie
mature schizont
a stage of schizont wherein it’s characterized by fully developed stage of ASEXUAL trophozoites called MEROZOITES
mature schizont
in mature schizont, to identify the specie of plasmodia, we look for the ___
we take note for the number and position of merozoite
a third form of plasmodium sexual form
gametocytes
gametocytes are divided into 2, what are they?
microgametocyte
macrogametocyte
among the gametocyte, which one is for female, and which one is for male
macro is for female and micro is for male
differentiate the chromatin of macro and microgametocytes
micro - male - near the center - diffuse and scattered
macro - female - eccentric - more compact
the specie of plasmodia that are commonly found in ph and other tropical countries are the
Plasmodium vivax
Plasmodium falciparum
among the specie of plasmodia, what is the easiest to identify?
Plasmodia falciparum - crescent shape
this stage is provided
with nucleus divided into 8-24
merozoites. Each nucleus enclosed
by some cytoplasm forming a
merozoites
schizont
the earliest stage with
1 nucleus living inside the red cells
trophozoite
stain we can use for plasmodium’s trophozoite
giemsa and wright stain
a specie of plasmodia that has the widest distribution
plasmodium falciparum
what is the diagnostic feature for the early trophozoite of plasmodium falciparum
multiple infection - multiple ringforms inside the red blood cell
n plasmodium falciparum , in a single cytoplasmic circle, conncted to 2 chromatin dots. This is called as
headphone configuration
for plasmodium falciparum, what is commonly seen in the peripheral blood
gametocytes and ringed form
characteristic of immature schizont of plasmodia falciparum
Oval in shape , nucleus
Divided into 2-4 or more ,
Malarial pigment begins to
concentrate in a mass
characteristic of mature schizont
Nucleus divided into
average 24 merozoite;and cytoplasm also divided, each nucleus surrounded by
a portion of cytoplasm to form
merozoites, malarial pigment
clumped.
what is diagnostic for mature schizont in plasmodium falcifarum
presence of merozoites- average of 24
if the chromatin is compact or whole we call it __ but if it’s in a form of granules, we call it as ____
mass; bodies
how many host types are involve in plasmodia?
2 - mosquito and human
the infective form for plasmodia is the
sporozoites
the life cycle for plasmodia starts with
the mosquito which ingested a sporozoite (will infect the salivary gland)
–> sporozoites will be introduced in the blood
–> will travel into the liver (invaidng hepatocytes)
–> will process a reproduction called schizogony (asexual)
–> exo erythrocyte cycle (schizonts will form and will produce merozoite)
– > erythrocyte cycle (the merozoite formed will keep on infecting rbc cells and replicate)
some merozoites will further develop into gametocytes, which will unite and infect new mosquitoes.
in the life cycle of plasmodia, which host will we be able to found a gametocyte
mosquito as they will be the one to ingest it
after the union of the male and female gametocytes, it will be calld as
ookinete
ookinete will further develop into
oocyst
a form that will contain the sporozoite
oocyst
2 forms of sporozoite
tachysporozoite
bradysporozoite
is the common sporozoite
tachysporozoite
grow in the hepatic
cell and multiply to form exoerythrocytic
schizonts and then invade RBCs
tachysporozoite
is the cause of relapse
of malaria. ___ stay in the
hepatic cells and will multiply later.
Bradysporozoite
this form of sporozoite is dermant
bradysporozoite
bradysporozoite is also called as
hypnozoites
the relapse of malaria caused by bradysporozoites are only possible for which plasmodia specie?
plasmodia vivax and plasmodia ovale
After completing a few
schizogonic cycles, some
merozoites develop into sexual
cells, the male and female
___
gametocytes
After completing a few
schizogonic cycles, some
merozoites develop into sexual
cells, the male and female
gametocytes.
This process is called
gametogenesis
main clinical feature of malaria
paroxysm
paroxysm has 2 stages
chill 30 mns - 1 hr
hot 1 - 4 hrs
sweating 1-2 hrs
Intermediate host :
human
final host
mosquito
infective stage
sporozoite
Moed of transmission
female mosquito bite skin of human
parasitiv position
liver and rbc
transmitted stage
gametocytes
sporozoite
tachysporozoite and bradysporozoite
Mechanism of paroxysm
liberation of merozoites and malarial
pigment; RBC debris into the blood
stream
Symptoms/Signs (in a typical case) for paroxysm
headache,lethargy, anorexia, nausea,
vomiting, diarrhea, ischemia
the recommended blood collection for paroxysm is
6-12 hrs
The cold stage (chill), lasting for ___
30 min to 1 hr.
between what stage of plasmodia we can recover them frequently?
first 2 stage, cold and hot stage
The hot stage (fever), lasting ___
1 to 4 hrs
Sweating stage lasting ___
1 to 2 hrs
Characteristic of paroxysm
(1).periodic
(2).repeated
(3).regular
the interval of paroxysm or the interval of the repeatition is called
periodicity
the disease name for the plasmodium falciparum
malignant tertian malaria
the paroxysm takes ___ hr for plasmodium falciparum
36-48 hrs
the one that cause the most severe form of malaria
plasmodium falciparum
aside from the liver, plasmodium falciparum infects other organ as well such as the __ and __ that’s why it’s considered as the most sever form of malaria
brain and kidney
infection of brain caused by falciparum is called
cerebral malaria
infection of kidney caused by falciparum is called
black water fever
in this specie, all ages of the rbc can be infected
Plasmodium falciparum
what is the gold standard for diagnosis
thick and thin blood film
thick and thin blood film
thick -
thin -
thick - screening purposes
thin - species identification
black water fever is characterized by
massive hemoglobinuria
in which the urine becomes dark in
color, because of acute hemolysis of RBC
Microscopy (Gold Standard) - “Thick and Thin Blood Smear”
stained with __
Giemsa or Wright’s stain
Treatment for plasmodium falciparum
Chloroquine and quinine - anti-erythrocytic stage drugs
Primaquine and pyrimethamine - anti-
exoerythrocytic stage drugs.
Prevention
Chemoprophylaxis
Chemotherapy: 1 week before entry
into the endemic area ; for 4 weeks
after returning from the endemic
area.
Mosquito Control
(1). Reconstruction of environment:
eradicate the breeding places of
mosquitoes.
(2). Use insecticides
(3). Use mosquito nets, screen, or
mosquito repellants to protect the
person from mosquito bites.
plasmodium falciparum’s cytoplasmic granules are called as
maurer’s dot
plasmodia falciparum
Small ring forms (____diameter red
cell)
1/6 diameter
Cresent-shaped gametocytes
plasmodium falcifarum
comparing the size of the normal and infected rbc for plasmodia falciparum
same size, no enlargement happening
Plasmodium vivax will only infect ___ rbc
young (reticulocyte)
is plasmodium, worldwide distrbuted?
yes
diagnostic feature for plasmodium vivax
developing trophozoite form which is characterized by AMEBOID FORM of trophozoite
the disease associated with plasmodium vivax
benign tertian malaria
signs and symptoms are similar to flu
describe the shape of plasmodium vivax;s gametocyte
round gametocyte
paroxysm of plasmodium vivax
every 48 hrs
plasmodium vivas has a cytoplasmic granule that is paler and smaller than the maurer’s dot called
schuffer’s dot
the number of merozoites formed in rbc infected by plasmodium vivax is
12-24 merozoites
compare the size of the normal rbc and the infected rbc by plasmodium vivax
there’s an enlargement of rbc found
what is the malarial
pigment for plasmodium vivax in late trophozoite
hemozoin
what is the diagnostic feature for P. malariae
developing trophozoite characterized by BAND FORMS
Plasmodium malariae will only infect ___ rbc
old
number of merozoites in rbc infected by plasmodium malariae
6-12 meroozoites
cytoplasmic granules of plasmodium malariae that is fine and pale
DUST-LIKE DOTS
Ziemman’s dots
disease name for plasmodium malariae
quartan malaria
plasmodium malariae
Schizont with merozoite arranged
around central pigment (“ __
Rosette”
or “Daisy Head” or Fruit pie”)
shape of the gametocyte of plasmodium malariae
ovoid
a plasmodium specie that consist only Single compact ring
Plasmodium ovale
Found in Africa
plasmodium ovale
number of merozoites for plasmodium ovale
average of 8 merozoites
fewest number of merozoites
plasmodium ovale
difference of ovale to vivax
distortion in rbc, fimbriation
developing trop has no ameboid form
more ovoidal
A primate malarial parasite common in SEA
Plasmodium knowlesi
located in south asean countries
Plasmodium knowlesi
to identfy knowlesi from others, we conduct
molecular technique such as
PCR assay and molecular characterization
in molecular technique of knowlesi, a plasmodium specie can produce cross reaction, which one is that?
plasmodium vivax
Causes malaria in long tailed macaques
(Macaca fascicularis)
Plasmodium knowlesi
