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FLAGELLATES Flashcards

1
Q

which subphylum do flagellates belong?

A

subphylum mastigaphora

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2
Q

which genus under subphylum mastigaphora has no cyst form?

A

trichomonas

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3
Q

what are the 2 pathogenic members under subphylum mastigaphora?

A

giardia intestinalis and trichomonas vaginalis

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4
Q

what are the 3 commensal flagellates?

A

1.Chilomastix mesnili
2.Trichomonas
a.Trichomonas tenax
b.Trichomonas hominis

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5
Q

flagellates are categorized based on the

A

habitat

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6
Q

flagellates inhabiting gastrointestinal tract is called

A

intestinal flagellates

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7
Q

flagellates inhabiting outside gastrointestinal tract, usually found in the body openings or cavity

A

atrial flagellates

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8
Q

atrial flagellates members are

A

trichomonas vaginalis and trichomonas tenax

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9
Q

the only pathogenic intestinal flagellate

A

giardia intestinalis

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10
Q

former name and the first name of giardia intestinalis is

A

cercomonas intestinalis

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11
Q

Discovered by Antoine van Leewenhoek in 1681 using his own stool sample

A

Giardia intestinalis

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12
Q

the one who first describe giardia intestinalis is

A

Lambl in 1859 and Dr. Giard

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13
Q

habitat of giardia intestinalis

A

SMALL INTESTINE
duodenum, jejunum, upper ileum

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14
Q

pyriform shaped trophozoite or teardrop shaped; pointed posteriorly

A

trophozoite of giardia intestinalis

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15
Q

trophozoite of giardia intestinalis
size:
shape:
pointed part:
number of nuclei:

A

size: 9-12 um long and 5-15um wide
shape: Pyriform or teardrop shaped
pointed part: pointed posteriorly
number of nuclei: 2

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16
Q

giardia intestinalis has 2 nuclei in its trophozoite that is why it is called

A

bilaterally symmetrical

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17
Q

both side of this flagellate’s trophozoite is equal or has the same structure

A

giardia intestinalis

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18
Q

is considered to be the support structure as it attach to infecting site

A

axostyle

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19
Q

would help the trophozoite withstand the peristalsis movement of the intestine/ protective function

A

median (parabasal) bodies

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20
Q

the inner core of the flagella// where a flagella would arise

A

axonemes

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21
Q

how many pairs of flagella do giardia intestinalis have?

A

4 pairs or 8 flagella

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22
Q

mode of reproduction of giardia intestinalis

A

longitudinal binary fission

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23
Q

the flagella of giardia intestinalis is responsible with the movement of

A

falling leaf movement

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24
Q

it is described as an OLD MAN WITH EYE GLASSES because of the sucking disk

A

Trophozoite of giardia intestinalis

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25
Q

attachment is make possible for giardia intestinalis is because of

A

sucking disk

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26
Q

this is when the pathogenesis of the giardia intestinalis starts

A

upon the attachment of sucking disk

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27
Q

structural changes of giardia intestinal to the intestinal villi

A

villous flattening

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28
Q

Resembling “badminton racket” or “owl face“

A

trophozoite of giardia intestinalis

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29
Q

its trophozoite has Two nuclei, each with central karyosome

A

trophozoite of giardia intestinalis

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30
Q

A pair of “claw-shaped” median bodies

A

trophozoite of giardia intestinalis

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31
Q

the one responsible for sign and symptoms of giardiasis such as the mal absorption syndrome

A

giardia intestinalis

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32
Q

Found in diarrheic stool

A

giardia intestinalis

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33
Q

the attachment of the sucking disk of giardia intestinalis is affected by 2 factors, what are those?

A

ph and temperature

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34
Q

the peak attachment of giardia intestinalis to the intestinal walls is when the temperature is at ___

A

body temperature

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35
Q

the peak attachment of giardia intestinalis to the intestinal walls is when the ph is at

A

7.8 to 8.2 pH

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36
Q

Cyst of giardia intestinalis

shape:
number of nuclei -

A

shape: Ovoid in shape (Football shape)
number of nuclei - Young cysts 2 mature; cysts 4 - infective stage is quadrinucleated

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37
Q

which flagellate has this characteristics?

The flagella are extracted into axonemes, the median body, and the deeply stained curved fibrils surrounded by a tough hyaline cyst wall secreted from condensed cytoplasm.

A

giardia intestinalis

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38
Q

what is the incubation period of giardia inestinalis?

A

1-4 weeks

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39
Q

giardia intestinalis is Symptomatic in ___ of patients

A

50%

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40
Q

if the cyst is preserved using formalin, the giardia intestinalis cyst wall will be observed of having __

A

retraction

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41
Q

some cases in trophozoite of the giardia intestinalis can infect other organs aside the intestine, what are those?

A

common bile duct and gallbladder

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42
Q

in mild infection of giardia intestinalis, what are the expected signs?

A

there is moderate and
protracted diarrhea followed by spontaneous
recovery in 2 weeks

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43
Q

in acute infection of giardia intestinalis, what are the expected signs?

A

there is cramping and
diarrhea, often with excessive flatus with
hydrogen sulfide odor (rotten egg). Other signs
include abdominal bloating, nausea, anorexia,
which are more commonly reported rather than
diarrhea

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44
Q

in severe infection of giardia intestinalis, what are the expected signs?

A

there is malabsorption in the
gut and debilitation of the host.

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45
Q

a physical characteristic of a stool sample coming from a patient infected with giardia intestinalis

A

greasy appearance of stool

46
Q

what is the main clinical feature of giardiasis?

A

steatorrhea - fat malabsorption

47
Q

An inexpensive test for the diagnosis of
giardiasis.

A

*Stool exam - demonstrates trophozoites
and/or cysts
*Direct fecal smear -trophozoites seen as having a falling-leaf like motility
*Duo-jejunal aspiration or Biopsy
*Entero-test

48
Q

entero test is also called as

A

string test

49
Q

sample obtained in the entero test are

A

duodenal contents

the patient will be ask to swallow a string that has a gelatin content and the other side is attached to the cheek of the patient

50
Q

serological test available for giardia intestinalis

A

ELISA enzyme

51
Q

-linked immunosorbent assay
using Giardia antigen in the stool is a more
sensitive method for identifying Giardia

A

ELISA enzyme

52
Q

the drug of choice for giardia intestinalis

A

Metronidazole = 90% cure rate

53
Q

other drugs used for giardia intestinalis aside from the metronidazole

A

*Tinidazole
*Furazolidine

54
Q

For epidemiology, giardiasis is considered to be a ___ type of disease

A

water-borne

55
Q

Referred to causative parasite of Traveller’s diarrhea.

A

giardia intestinalis

56
Q

Causes sexually transmitted disease

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

57
Q

primary mode of transmission is

A

sexual intercourse

58
Q

trichomonas vaginalis is first observed by __ at year ___

A

Donne 1836

59
Q

Donne 1836 observe trichomonas vaginalis in ____

A

purulent secretions of male and
female urogenital tracts

60
Q

habitats of trichomonas vaginalis

A

female - vagina
male mainly urethra, prostate and epididymis

61
Q

most of the time the infected males of trichomonas vaginalis is (asymptomatic, symptomatic)

A

asymptomatic

62
Q

most of the time the infected females of trichomonas vaginalis is (asymptomatic, symptomatic)

A

symptomatic

63
Q

do genus trichomonas has cyst form?

64
Q

trophozoite of trichomonas vaginalis

size:
shape:
number of nucleus:
axostyle:
number of flagella:
movement:
stain:

A

size: 7 – 23 um
shape: Pyriform
number of nucleus: single nucleus
position: anteriorly placed nucleus
axostyle - median and prominent
number of flagella: 3-5 flagella
movement: rapid jerky movement
stain: giemsa stained

65
Q

can we use urine as a sample for trichomonas vaginalis?

66
Q

known as a naughty flagellate

A

trichomonas vaginalis

67
Q

diagnosis of trichomonas vaginalis:

say something about the undulating membrane

A

undulating membrane extending one half of the total body length

68
Q

to differentiate the members of the trichomonas vaginalis is to take note of the length of the

A

undulating membrane

69
Q

clinical features of trichomonas vaginalis in females

A

persistent vaginitis - experiencing dysuria - with burning sensation
passage of yellow or greenish vaginal discharge
foul smell
some cases of nocturia
itching and might extend to cervx

70
Q

what is the incubation period of trichomonas vaginalis

A

5 to 28 days

71
Q

clinical features:
infected male by trichomonas vaginalis may experience ___

A

urethritis
passage of thin urethral discharge
burning sensation
in severe cases, prostate gland might be involved resulting to large tender prostate

72
Q

trichomoniasis is also called __ as it is very persistent and needs a treatment for both sexual partner

A

ping pong type of disease/infection

73
Q

lesions in the cervix caused by trichomonas vaginalis is called

A

strawberry cervix

74
Q

diagnosis of the trichomonas vaginalis

A

saline wet mounts (routine preparation)

75
Q

what is the sensitivity rate of saline wet mounts preparation is

76
Q

what is the culture medium for trichomonas vaginalis

A

diamond’s modified medium

77
Q

what is the treatment for the trichomonas vaginalis

A

*Metronidazole
*Tinidazole
*Treatment should be simultaneously given
to sexual partner to avoid re-infection
*Sexual intercourse should be discouraged
during the treatment period

78
Q

a flagellate in which the prevalence is higher among women of child-bearing age

A

trichomonas vaginalis

79
Q

trichomonas vaginalis

In the Philippines, prevalence rate is __ among commercial sex
workers

80
Q

a non pathogenic intestinal flagellate

A

Chilomastix mesnili

81
Q

Chilomastix mesnili
TROPHOZOITE

size:
shape:

A

size: 6 -10 um
shape: Asymmetrical pear-shaped

82
Q

why do chilomastix mesnili has asymmetrical pear shape?

A

because of the of a
SPIRAL GROOVE extending through the middle
half of the body

83
Q

IT HAS A ROTARY MOVEMENT made by 3 anterior free flagella and a more delicate one within the PROMINENT CYTOSTOME

A

chilomastix mesnili

84
Q

how many flagella do chilomastix mesnili have?

85
Q

movement of chilomastix mesnili

A

spiral or rotary

86
Q

shape of the cysts of chilomastix mesnili

A

lemon shaped cysts because of the clear hyaline area anteriorly

87
Q

“Nipple like” cyst

A

chilomastix mesnili cysts

88
Q

how many nucleus do chilomastix cysts have?

A

single nucleus

89
Q

cyst of chilomastix mesnili

shaped:
nucleus:
size:
fibrils: y

A

shaped: lemon shaped
nucleus: single nucleus
size: 7 -10 um x 4 ±6 um
fibrils: yes, internal fibrils are can be seen

90
Q

diagnosis of chilomastix mesnili

A

Fresh fecal smears with cyst or
trophozoites

91
Q

epidemiology:

prevalence percentage of chilomastix mesnili in the philippines

A

less than 1%

92
Q

A pyriform flagellate, harmless commensal

A

TRICHOMONAS TENAX

93
Q

TRICHOMONAS TENAX is also known as

A

Trichomonas elongata
Trichomonas buccali

94
Q

habitat of trichomonas tenax

A

Lives in the tartar around the teeth,
in cavities or carious teeth, and in necrotic mucosal cells in the gingival margins, in pyorrheic pockets, and tonsillar crypt

95
Q

trichomonas tenax

size:
number of flagella:
nucleus:
cytostome:

A

size: 5 – 10 um,
number of flagella: 4 equal flagella; fifth one in the margin of an undulating membrane
nucleus: single
cytostome: yes

96
Q

can we as well recover trichomonas tenax in rounded form?

97
Q

a flagellate that is Resistant to changes in temperature

A

trichomonax tenax

98
Q

a flagellate that Will survive for several hours in drinking water.

A

trichomonax tenax

99
Q

diagnostic feature of trichomonas tenax in regards of the undulating membrane

A

undulating membrane extending 2/3 of the body

100
Q

other name for trichomonas hominis

A

Tritrichomonas hominis
Pentatrichomonas arden delteili

101
Q

habitat for trichomonas hominis

A

Cecal area of the large intestines of
humans and other primates

102
Q

number of flagella of trichomonas hominis

A

3-5 flagella

103
Q

what are the 2 flagellates mentioned that are intestinal?

A

trichomonas hominis and giardia intestinalis

104
Q

the trophozoite of the trichomonas hominis

size: pyriform shape 7 – 13 um
flagella: 3-5
nucleus: single seen anteriorly

A

size:
flagella:
nucleus:

105
Q

the opposite side of the nucleus of the trichomonas hominis where the conical cytostome lies is called

A

cytostomal cleft

106
Q

diagnostic feature of trichomonas hominis in terms of undulating membrane

A

full body undulating membrane

107
Q

it is a prominent and evident feature of trichomonas hominis which will facilitate the attachment of the undulating membrane to the trophozoite

108
Q

Non-pathogenic, considered only as a
commensal or LUMEN DWELLER

In heavy infection, it is believed to
cause diarrhea

A

TRICHOMONAS HOMINIS

109
Q

diagnosis for the trichomonas hominis

A

stool sample

110
Q

the reason why there’s a high cases of infection of trichomonas hominis among children is because of the

A

contaminated milk

111
Q

trichomonas hominis can survive the passage of small intestine as well as the stomach provided if it’s in the medium such as milk in cases of

A

achlorhydria

PARASITOLOGY (12 decks)

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