FLAGELLATES Flashcards
which subphylum do flagellates belong?
subphylum mastigaphora
which genus under subphylum mastigaphora has no cyst form?
trichomonas
what are the 2 pathogenic members under subphylum mastigaphora?
giardia intestinalis and trichomonas vaginalis
what are the 3 commensal flagellates?
1.Chilomastix mesnili
2.Trichomonas
a.Trichomonas tenax
b.Trichomonas hominis
flagellates are categorized based on the
habitat
flagellates inhabiting gastrointestinal tract is called
intestinal flagellates
flagellates inhabiting outside gastrointestinal tract, usually found in the body openings or cavity
atrial flagellates
atrial flagellates members are
trichomonas vaginalis and trichomonas tenax
the only p athogenic intestinal flagellate
giardia intestinalis
former name and the first name of giardia intestinalis is
cercomonas intestinalis
Discovered by Antoine van Leewenhoek in 1681 using his own stool sample
Giardia intestinalis
the one who first describe giardia intestinalis is
Lambl in 1859 and Dr. Giard
which they call it cercomonas intestinalis
Giardia lamblia is called as it is because ___ renamed it from cercomonas intestinalis
Stiles 1915
the disease caused by giardia lamblia is called as
giardiasis
It is known to cause epidemic and endemic diarrhea.
Giardia duodenali
habitat of giardia intestinalis
SMALL INTESTINE
duodenum, jejunum, upper ileum
pyriform shaped trophozoite or teardrop shaped; pointed posteriorly
trophozoite of giardia intestinalis
trophozoite of giardia intestinalis
size:
shape:
pointed part:
number of nuclei:
size: 9-12 um long and 5-15um wide
shape: Pyriform or teardrop shaped
pointed part: pointed
number of nuclei: 2
giardia intestinalis has 2 nuclei in its trophozoite that is why it is called
bilaterally symmetrical
both side of this flagellate’s trophozoite is equal or has the same structure
giardia intestinalis
The dorsal side of the diardia lamblia is
___, while the ventral side is ____ with a large adhesive disc used for attachment
convex; concave
is considered to be the support structure as it attach to infecting site
axostyle
it is
bilaterally symmetrical, with a distinct medial
line called the __
axostyle
would help the trophozoite withstand the peristalsis movement of the intestine/ protective function
median (parabasal) bodies
the inner core of the flagella// where a flagella would arise
axonemes
how many pairs of flagella do giardia intestinalis have?
4 pairs or 8 flagella
mode of reproduction of giardia intestinalis
longitudinal binary fission
the flagella of giardia intestinalis is responsible with the movement of
falling leaf movement
Once mature cysts of Giardia lamblia
(infective stage) are ingested, they pass safely
through the stomach and excyst in the
duodenum (in about _____ minutes) developing
into trophozoites which rapidly multiply and
attach to the intestinal villi causing pathologic
changes
30 mns
it is described as an OLD MAN WITH EYE GLASSES because of the sucking disk
Trophozoite of giardia intestinalis
attachment is make possible for giardia intestinalis is because of
sucking disk
this is when the pathogenesis of the giardia intestinalis starts
upon the attachment of sucking disk
structural changes of giardia intestinal to the intestinal villi
villous flattening and crypt hypertrophy
Resembling “badminton racket” or “owl face“
trophozoite of giardia intestinalis
its trophozoite has Two nuclei, each with central karyosome
trophozoite of giardia intestinalis
A pair of “claw-shaped” median bodies
trophozoite of giardia intestinalis
the one responsible for sign and symptoms of giardiasis such as the mal absorption syndrome
giardia intestinalis
Found in diarrheic stool
giardia intestinalis
the attachment of the sucking disk of giardia intestinalis is affected by 2 factors, what are those?
ph and temperature
the peak attachment of giardia intestinalis to the intestinal walls is when the temperature is at ___
body temperature
the peak attachment of giardia intestinalis to the intestinal walls is when the ph is at
7.8 to 8.2 pH
Cyst of giardia intestinalis
shape:
number of nuclei -
shape: Ovoid in shape (Football shape)
number of nuclei - Young cysts 2 mature; cysts 4 - infective stage is quadrinucleated
which flagellate has this characteristics?
The flagella are extracted into axonemes, the median body, and the deeply stained curved fibrils surrounded by a tough hyaline cyst wall secreted from condensed cytoplasm.
giardia intestinalis
what is the incubation period of giardia inestinalis?
1-4 weeks average of 9 days
Depending on the strain of giardia lamblia
involved, infection can occur with one ingesting
as few as how many cysts?
10 cysts
giardia intestinalis is Symptomatic in ___ of patients
50%
if the cyst is preserved using formalin, the giardia intestinalis cyst wall will be observed of having __
retraction
some cases in trophozoite of the giardia intestinalis can infect other organs aside the intestine, what are those?
common bile duct and gallbladder
in mild infection of giardia intestinalis, what are the expected signs?
there is moderate and
protracted diarrhea followed by spontaneous
recovery in 2 weeks
in acute infection of giardia intestinalis, what are the expected signs?
there is cramping and
diarrhea, often with excessive flatus with
hydrogen sulfide odor (rotten egg).
Other signs
include abdominal bloating, nausea, anorexia,
which are more commonly reported rather than
diarrhea
Diarrhea is the most common
symptom of giardiasis, occurring in ___% of case
89
in severe infection of giardia intestinalis, what are the expected signs?
there is malabsorption in the
gut and debilitation of the host.
Chronic infection of giardia lamblia is characterized by
steatorrhea, or the passage of greasy, frothy
stools
a physical characteristic of a stool sample coming from a patient infected with chronic giardia intestinalis
greasy appearance of stool
what is the main clinical feature of giardiasis?
steatorrhea - fat malabsorption
An inexpensive test for the diagnosis of
giardiasis.
*Stool exam - demonstrates trophozoites
and/or cysts
*Direct fecal smear -trophozoites seen as having a falling-leaf like motility
*Duo-jejunal aspiration or Biopsy - if not found in feces
*Entero-test
entero test is also called as
string test
sample obtained in the entero test are
duodenal contents
the patient will be ask to swallow a string that has a gelatin content attached to a nylon and the other side is attached to the cheek of the patient
after 4-6 hrs, the string is removed, and analyzed microscopically
serological test available for giardia intestinalis
ELISA enzyme
-linked immunosorbent assay
using Giardia antigen in the stool is a more
sensitive method for identifying Giardia
ELISA enzyme
the drug of choice for giardia intestinalis
Metronidazole = 90% cure rate
other drugs used for giardia intestinalis aside from the metronidazole
*Tinidazole
*Furazolidine
For epidemiology, giardiasis is considered to be a ___ type of disease
water-borne
Referred to causative parasite of Traveller’s diarrhea.
giardia intestinalis
Causes sexually transmitted disease
Trichomonas vaginalis
primary mode of transmission is
sexual intercourse
trichomonas vaginalis is first observed by __ at year ___
Donne 1836
Donne 1836 observe trichomonas vaginalis in ____
purulent secretions of male and
female urogenital tracts
It is now often described as the most prevalent non-viral sexually transmitted infection
trichomoniasis - trichomonas vaginalis
habitats of trichomonas vaginalis
female - vagina
male - mainly urethra, prostate and epididymis
most of the time the infected males of trichomonas vaginalis is (asymptomatic, symptomatic)
asymptomatic
most of the time the infected females of trichomonas vaginalis is (asymptomatic, symptomatic)
symptomatic
do genus trichomonas has cyst form?
no
trophozoite of trichomonas vaginalis
size:
shape:
number of nucleus:
axostyle:
number of flagella:
movement:
stain:
size: 7 – 23 um
shape: Pyriform
number of nucleus: single nucleus
position: anteriorly placed nucleus
axostyle - median and prominent
number of flagella: 3-5 flagella
movement: rapid jerky movement
stain: giemsa stained
can we use urine as a sample for trichomonas vaginalis?
yes
known as a naughty flagellate
trichomonas vaginalis
diagnosis of trichomonas vaginalis:
say something about the undulating membrane
undulating membrane extending one half of the total body length
to differentiate the members of the trichomonas vaginalis is to take note of the length of the
undulating membrane
clinical features of trichomonas vaginalis in females
persistent vaginitis - experiencing dysuria - with burning sensation
passage of yellow or greenish vaginal discharge
foul smell
some cases of nocturia
itching and might extend to cervx
what is the incubation period of trichomonas vaginalis
5 to 28 days
sa book 4-28 days
clinical features:
infected male by trichomonas vaginalis may experience ___
urethritis
passage of thin urethral discharge
burning sensation
in severe cases, prostate gland might be involved resulting to large tender prostate
The trophozoites of T.vaginalis infect the
surface but do not appear to invade the mucosa.
true or false
true
trichomoniasis is also called __ as it is very persistent and needs a treatment for both sexual partner
ping pong type of disease/infection
lesions in the cervix caused by trichomonas vaginalis is called
strawberry cervix
Speculum examination reveals punctate
hemorrhages of the cervix, the so-called
strawberry cervix, which is observed in only
____% of cases.
2
diagnosis of the trichomonas vaginalis
saline wet mounts (routine preparation)
___ of vaginal fluid is
the quickest and most inexpensive way to
diagnose trichomoniasis
Saline preparation
87what is the sensitivity rate of saline wet mounts preparation is
60-70%
The accepted gold standard of detection of trichomoniasis is __
culture which takes 2 to 5 days.
The unstained wet drop
preparations for T.vaginalis may be fixed and stained by
what stains
Giemsa, Papanicolau, Romanowsky, and acridine orange stains
what is the culture medium for trichomonas vaginalis
diamond’s modified medium and Feinberg and Whittington
what is the treatment for the trichomonas vaginalis
*Metronidazole
*Tinidazole
*Treatment should be simultaneously given
to sexual partner to avoid re-infection
*Sexual intercourse should be discouraged
during the treatment period
a flagellate in which the prevalence is higher among women of child-bearing age
trichomonas vaginalis
trichomonas vaginalis
In the Philippines, prevalence rate is __ among commercial sex workers
14.8%
In pregnancy,
__ remains the drug of choice for
trichomoniasis.
metronidazole
a non pathogenic intestinal flagellate
Chilomastix mesnili
Chilomastix mesnili
TROPHOZOITE
size:
shape:
size: 6 -10 um
shape: Asymmetrical pear-shaped
why do chilomastix mesnili has asymmetrical pear shape?
because of the of a
SPIRAL GROOVE extending through the middle
half of the body
IT HAS A ROTARY MOVEMENT made by 3 anterior free flagella and a more delicate one within the PROMINENT CYTOSTOME
chilomastix mesnili
how many flagella do chilomastix mesnili have?
4 - 3 ANTERIOIR 1 DELICATE
movement of chilomastix mesnili
spiral or rotary
shape of the cysts of chilomastix mesnili
lemon shaped cysts because of the clear hyaline area anteriorly
“Nipple like” cyst
chilomastix mesnili cysts
how many nucleus do chilomastix cysts have?
single nucleus
cyst of chilomastix mesnili
shaped:
nucleus:
size:
fibrils: y
shaped: lemon shaped
nucleus: single nucleus
size: 7 -10 um x 4 ±6 um
fibrils: yes, internal fibrils are can be seen
diagnosis of chilomastix mesnili
Fresh fecal smears with cyst or
trophozoites
epidemiology:
prevalence percentage of chilomastix mesnili in the philippines
less than 1%
A pyriform flagellate, harmless commensal
TRICHOMONAS TENAX
TRICHOMONAS TENAX is also known as
Trichomonas elongata
Trichomonas buccali
habitat of trichomonas tenax
Lives in the tartar around the teeth,
in cavities or carious teeth, and in necrotic mucosal cells in the gingival margins, in pyorrheic pockets, and tonsillar crypt
trichomonas tenax
size:
number of flagella:
nucleus:
cytostome:
size: 5 – 10 um,
number of flagella: 4 equal flagella; fifth one in the margin of an undulating membrane not reaching the posterior end
nucleus: single
cytostome: yes
can we as well recover trichomonas tenax in rounded form?
yes
a flagellate that is Resistant to changes in temperature
trichomonax tenax
a flagellate that Will survive for several hours in drinking water.
trichomonax tenax
diagnostic feature of trichomonas tenax in regards of the undulating membrane
undulating membrane extending 2/3 of the body
other name for trichomonas hominis
Tritrichomonas hominis
Pentatrichomonas arden delteili
habitat for trichomonas hominis
Cecal area of the large intestines of
humans and other primates
number of flagella of trichomonas hominis
5 anterior
1 posterior
what are the 2 trichomonas flagellates mentioned that are intestinal?
trichomonas hominis and giardia intestinalis
the trophozoite of the trichomonas hominissize:
flagella:
nucleus:
size: pyriform shape 7 – 13 um
flagella: 3-5
nucleus: single seen anteriorly
the opposite side of the nucleus of the trichomonas hominis where the conical cytostome lies is called
cytostomal cleft
diagnostic feature of trichomonas hominis in terms of undulating membrane
full body undulating membrane
it is a prominent and evident feature of trichomonas hominis which will facilitate the attachment of the undulating membrane to the trophozoite
costa
Non-pathogenic, considered only as a
commensal or LUMEN DWELLER
In heavy infection, it is believed to
cause diarrhea
TRICHOMONAS HOMINIS
diagnosis for the trichomonas hominis
stool sample
the reason why there’s a high cases of infection of trichomonas hominis among children is because of the
contaminated milk
trichomonas hominis can survive the passage of small intestine as well as the stomach provided if it’s in the medium such as milk in cases of
achlorhydria
