Minerals Flashcards
96% of us is made up of
C 65
H 10
O 18
N 3
Macro minerals =
Need more than 100 mg/day
Micro minerals is less than 100 mg/day
What are electrolytes and examples
Inorganic ions in fluid compartments
Sodium
Potassium
Chloride
What do electrolytes do
Establish ion gradients
Maintain water balance
Neutralize + and - charges on molecules
Structural components of bone and teeth
Calcium and phosphorus
99% of calcium is where
Bone
Blood calcium vs interstitial fluid vs cytosol
B: 2.5mM
IF: 1.5mM
C: .1microM
Calcium roles Extracellularly
- Structure/growth of bone and teeth
- Clot blood (clot factor binds)
- Second messenger
- Affects electric excitability of membranes‼️
- Hypocalcemia
6: Hypercalcemia
Hypocalcemia vs Hypercalcemia
Hypo: low calcium = muscle spasms, spontaneous contractions
Hyper: kidney stones, calcium precipitates
Roels of calcium intracellularly
- Secondary messenger
- Enzyme activities
- Regulation of metabolism‼️
TCA
pyruvate dehydrogenase - Secretory process
Feedback mechanism of calcium
Low calcium
Leads to Parathyroid hormone release INCREASE
(This tells everyone to reabsorb calcium)
bone resorption
kidney calcium resorption
phosphate excretion
Leads to vitamin D synthesis INCREASE
s.i. Calcium absorption
reinforce PTH action
Calcium deficiency due to
Vitamin D deficiency
Calcium deficiency in kids vs adults
Kids: rickets
Adults: osteoporosis
Macro mineral examples
Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium
Chloride
Phosphate
Calcium is macro by definition but micro by function
Iron is ____ and ____ dependent
Age and gender dependent
Who needs more iron and when
Kids
Females
during periods
during pregnancy
Heme iron vs non Heme iron absorption/transportation
Heme iron : through specific heme transporter
Non heme iron: through DMT1 and ferroportin
Which side is DMT1 on vs ferroportin
DMT1 = apical side - fimbrae side
F = basolateral
What controls Fe content in your body and how
Liver!
Inhibiting ferroportin
Iron uptake in cells/tissues
- Form iron-transferrin complex
- Endocytos complex with DMT1
- Now its an endosome
- Throw some H+ in there to make it acidic
- Fe will separate from transferrin
- Fe can exit through DMT1
- Transferrin goes back to surface
Where is iron stored
Ferritin
Basic structure of ferritin
Hollow sphere
24 peptides
Stores about 4500 fe3+
Main role of iron
Transport o2 and co2
Iron-sulfur clusters and cytochromes
ETC
ATP synthesis
Low iron levels vs high iron levels
Low: IRP binds IRE
High: IRP binds with iron
What is systemic iron mainly regulated by
Absorption
Iron overload disease
Hemochromatosis
Hemochromatosis basics
Mutation in hepcidin gene causes
Failure to inhibit iron absorption
One of the most common micronutrient deficiencies
Iron deficiency
Microcytic hypochromic anemia
Small RBC
Light color
Low hemoglobin content
Free ___ is highly toxic and insoluble in the presence of O2
Iron
OH. Is _______ reactive
And
Attacks _______
Highly
Proteins, lipids, everything
Don’t leave Fe2+ by itself because
It could create a hydroxyl radical!!!
Where is dietary zinc absorbed
Small intestine
Where is zinc stored
In metallothionine
Metal lotion one induced by _____ to _____ heavy metal toxicity
Zinc, copper, cadmium, bismuth, arsenic
Reduce
roles of zinc
Zinc metalloenzymes
alcohol dehydrogenase - detox
carbonic a hydrate
dna and rna polymerase
Zinc finger proteins
structure
transcriptional regulation
Zinc deficiency in kids vs adults
Kids: poor growth, testicular atrophy
Adults: dermatitis, bad wound healing, hair loss
Lower taste acuity
Acrodermatitis enteropathica from
Zinc deficiency
Recessive
Can’t absorb zinc
Where is copper absorbed and where does it go
Small intestine
To portal vein
To liver
Binds to ceruloplasmin
Roles of copper
Help iron absorb
if its low it could cause anemia
Menkes syndrome cause and basics
Copper deficiency
X linked recessive
ATP dependent transporter deficiency
Die during first year of life
Wilson disease cause and basics
Copper overload
Autosomal recessive
Cant excrete biliary
liver damage
brain degradation
gold/green ring in cornea
What is iodine only for
Thyroid hormone synthesis
Iodine deficiency =
Spontaneous abortion
Birth defects
Irreversible brain impairment
Physical development
Big thyroid - goiter
Chronically deficient in iron =
Disrupt thyroid function
overconsumption of added salt
What is an enzyme cofactor for antioxidant defense
Selenium
What is glutathione peroxidase
Turns h2o2 to h20
H2o2 is scaryyyyy cuz it could lead to oxidative damage
Selenium deficiency
Heart failure
Liver disease
Cancer
Atherosclerosis
Hair loss
Skin changes
Infertility
