ETC + Oxidative Flashcards
ETC utilizes what high energy molecules from where
FADH2 - TCA
NADH - glycolysis and TCA
Goal of Malate shuttle
Get NADH from cytosol to mitochondria
Basics of Malate shuttle
1: H on NADH to OAA creating NAD+/ malate
2: malate is shuttled through
3: turned back into NADH by removing H from OAA
What happens to OAA in mitochondria
Turned to aspartate by glut —->α ketogluterate
Aspartate in mitochondria does what
Crosses back to cytosol and turns into OAA
*α ketoglutarate also crosses back to cytosol to help aspartate turn back to OAA
Glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase is present in
Cytosol and mitochondrial membrane
End goal of glyceraol 3 phosphate shuttle
FAD to FADH2
Downside of glyceraol 3 phosphate shuttle
You’re making FADH2 which will eventually make less ATP than NADH2
Complex 1 aka
NADH dehydrogenase
Which complex oxidizes NADH
I
Where do electrons from NADH from NADH dehydrogenase go
Coenzyme Q
What does CoQ do
Shuttles electrons to complex III, skipping complex II
Complex I key intermediates
Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) B2 -riboflavin
Iron sulfur compounds (FeS)
Donate e- to CoQ through Fe-S clusters
Complex II aka
Succinate dehydrogenase - TCA cycle enzyme
Overall goal of complex II
Turns succinate —> fumarate
Which makes FADH2
And then transports FADH2 electrons —> CoQ
Complex III aka
Cytochrome bc1
What does cytochrome Bc1 do
Takes electrons from CoQ and transfers them to cytochrome C
2 key differences in NADH dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenase
ND: pumps H+ And it utilizes NADH2
SD: doesn’t pump and it utilzes FADH2
Which complexes shuttle H+ and how much do they shuttle
I = 4H+
III = 2H+
IV = 4H+
What does cytochrome c do
Shuffles e- from III to IV
Complex IV aka
Cytochrome c oxidase
Complex IV contains
Copper
Complex IV does what
Combines all the e- that have been going down the chain with O2 to make water
Sub level phosphorylation occurs with an
Enzyme
Complex V aka
ATP synthase
_ ATP generated from NADH
_ ATP generated from FADH2
3
2
If you use the malate shuttle how many ____ turn up in the mitochondria
6 NADH
If you use the glycerol 3 phosphate shuttle how many ____ turn up in the mitochondria
4 FADH2
What solely use substrate level ATP and why
Mature RBC because they have no mitochondria
Outer membrane is ____ , inner membrane is ____
Permeable
Impermeable
Inner membranes insides called
Matrix
Path of e- from complex 1
I —> III —> complex IV
Path of e- from complex II
II —> III —> IV
How many protons pumped through complex I path
10
How many protons pumped through complex II path
6
What inactivates NADH dehydrogenase
Rotenone
Riboflavin deficiency
What inactivates complex II
Malonate
What inactivates complex III why
Fe deficiency
Because complex III contains heme which has iron in it
What inactivates complex IV
Cyanide
Carbon monoxide
Fe and Cu deficiency
What do cyanide and carbon monoxide do?
Block complex IV
This means we can breathe in O2 but we can’t breathe out and make energy
Driving force of ATP synthesis
Electro-chemical potential
Electro-chemical potential meaning
Electro bc of membrane potential: + outside, negative inside
Chemical bc it involves proton particles
CoQ aka
Ubiquinone
Ubiquinone problem
Passes one e- at a time
Which creates a semiquinone
Which is a free radical
This goes on to damage lipids, proteins, DNA
What is the electro potential you want to make atp
Want outserside of inner membrane more +
therefore the pH would be lower too
___ is a protein complex
ATP synthase
F0 unit is where
In inner mitochondrial membrane
F1 unit is
In the matrix
How many protons do you need to move the ATP synthase channel 360 and how many ATP does this make
12 protons
3 atp
A coupled reaction
Oxidation and phosphorylation simultaneously
What type of transport is adenosine nucleotide translocate
Antiporter
What type of transporter is ATP synthase
Uniporter
What type of transporter is phosphate translocase
Symporter
What’s a strong stimulator of oxidative phosphorylation
ADP
Oligomycin does what
Binds to Fo of ATP synthase
This blocks the channel
And inhibits protein synthesis
Which lowers our amount of ATP and increases our amount of ADP
high ADP enhances ETC
Which creates a huge amount of H+ in inner membrane space
And the whole ETC stops
DNP is a
Weak acid
In the inter membrane space DNP is
Protonated
It can cross membrane cuz its hydrophobic
In the matrix DNP is
Deprotonated
Why does DNP stop ATP synthesis
Because it gets in the matrix and starts depositing H+ everywhere
This makes the H+ gradient our body is trying to get wrecked bc instead of high H+ outside matrix now we have high H+ inside
Thermogenin aka
Uncoupling protein (UCP)
Where do you see thermogenin
Hibernating animals
Brown adipocyte of newborns
What does uncoupling protein(UCP)/Thermogenin do
Uses H gradient to form heat instead of ATP
Thermogenin is a
Physical channel inside the mitochondrial inner membrane
It sits beside ATP synthase
If you have elevated ADP/ATP what happens to metabolism
ETC increases
TCA increases
Catabolism increases
Macronutrient degradation increases
If you have reduced ADP/ATP what happens to metabolism
ETC decreases
TCA decreases
Anabolism increases
Macromolecule synthesis increases
