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CBFM Final > Basics Of Hormone > Flashcards

Basics Of Hormone Flashcards

1
Q

______ secret hormones

A

Endocrine gland or cells

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2
Q

What to endocrine hormones travel in

A

In the blood

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3
Q

What do endocrine glands interact with

A

With their receptors

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4
Q

Water soluble hormones are _____ lived and why

A

Short

Fast
like a phone call. It’s over after you hang up

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5
Q

Neuroendocrine hormones are secreted by _____ in the ______

A

Neurons
Circulating blood

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6
Q

Fat soluble hormones are _____ lived and why

A

Long

Slower
like a letter. Slower to get there. But you can always keep it with you

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7
Q

Where do water soluble hormones interact

A

Receptors on cell surface

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8
Q

Where do fat soluble hormones interact

A

With INTRACELLULAR receptors
And nuclear receptors

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9
Q

What does the pancreas secrete

A

Exocrine and endocrine

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10
Q

Trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, pancreatic lipase are all____ from the ____

A

Exocrine

Pancreas

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11
Q

Insulin, glucagon, gastrin, pancreatic are all ____ from the ____

A

Endocrine
Pancreas

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12
Q

Exocrine secretes/function

A

Make and excrete digestive enzymes/zymogens

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13
Q

Endocrine aka

A

Hormones

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14
Q

Beta cells aka

A

Insulin

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15
Q

Glucagon aka

A

Alpha cells

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16
Q

Gastrin aka

A

Delta cells

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17
Q

F cells aka

A

Pancreatic polypeptide

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18
Q

Preproinsulin goes to ____ which goes to _______

A

Proinsulin

Insulin

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19
Q

______ is secreted with insulin and has a useful diagnostic role

A

C-peptide

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20
Q

Insulin from a dog is ____ to a human

A

Similar

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21
Q

Insulin synthesis and secretion steps

A

1: nucleus - make mRNA for preproinsulin

2: RER - make preproinsulin, cleaved by microsomes enzymes

3: small transfer vesicles: transport of proinsulin to golgi

4: golgi - package of proinsulin into coated secretory granules, CONVERSION of PROINSULIN to INSULIN. Here they are waiting for signals to release it

5: glucose and Ca2+ are the signals that release insulin

6: secretory granules - condensation and storage of insulin

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22
Q

_____ is specific to liver and pancreas

A

GLUT2 (glucose transporter 2)

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23
Q

Function of GLUT2

A

Glucose absorption

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24
Q

What are the steps of GLUT 2 in secreting insulin

A

1:GLUT 2 senses the blood glucose levels and mediates transportation of glucose β cells
(This is extracellularly)

2: INTRACELLULARLY the cell increases glucose catabolism (glycolysis) and ATP SYNTHESIS

3: the increase in the ATP/ADP ratio closes the K+ channel which depolarizes the cells

4: this depolarization opens the Ca2+ channel and increases the Ca2+ inside the cell

5: finally, the ca2+ triggers the release of insulin out of the cell

6: increase of insulin also activated insulin gene expression via CREB

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25
Q

Where do we focus on the function of insulin even tho it works all over the body

A

Muscle and adipose tissue

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26
Q

What is CREB? And what is the function

A

Calcium responsive element binding protein

It allows Ca2+ activated insulin gene expression

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27
Q

What are the 2 functions of ca2+ in GLUT2

A

Secrete insulin

Make more insulin via CREB

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28
Q

Insulin signaling pathway steps

A

1: you have an insulin receptor with 2α2β subunits

2: bind the the insulin

3: this leads to phosphorylation of β subunit (which is auto) and insulin receptor subunit

4: goes to muscle and adipose cells

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29
Q

When insulin goes into muscle what does it signal

A

GLUT4 translocate to membrane
bring in more glucose
Glucose uptake
Glycogen synthesis

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30
Q

When insulin goes into adipose cell what does it signal

A

GLUT4 translocate to membrane
Glucose uptake
Fat synthesis

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31
Q

Insulin mainly affects

A

Liver
Muscle
adipocyte

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32
Q

What is different between the liver and the adipose tissue and muscle

A

The liver does not use GLUT4. The other 2 do

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33
Q

Where is glucagon made

A

In alpha cells of the pancreas

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34
Q

What inhibits glucagon secretion

A

Insulin
Glucose
Glucagon inversely proportional to insulin

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35
Q

Function of glucagon

A

Tells liver to break down glycogen to be released into the blood as glucose

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36
Q

Glucagon secretion is enhanced by

A

Amino acids
Catecholamine
Glucocorticoids
Nervous system

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37
Q

Steps of glucagon transduction

A

1: receptor on cell membrane
2: glucagon attaches
3: GPCR g-protein is activated
4: inactive AC gets activated
5: this turns ATP to cAMP
6: this binds PKA
7:when camp binds to PKA, PKA loses the restrictive subunits(R) and becomes active
8: active PKA now goes on to phosphorylate many different substrates

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38
Q

Glucagon is a ____ hormone

A

Peptide

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39
Q

1 hormone has a huge net effect. What is the amplification in the end? Is it efficient?

A

10^5-10^6
Very efficient

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40
Q

Peptide hormones are ____ soluble and _____ to a cell

A

Water

Penetrate

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41
Q

Feeding leads to ______

A

Insulin secretion

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42
Q

Fasting leads to ____

A

Glucagon secretion

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43
Q

Right after a meal what is high and what is low

A

Glucose and insulin is high

Glucagon, fatty acids, and ketone bodies are low

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44
Q

An hour after a meal what does a diabetics blood glucose look like

A

Super super high

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45
Q

At a resting state a diabetics blood glucose level compared to a non diabetics is ____

A

Higher

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46
Q

Type 1 diabetes is usually in

A

Childhood

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47
Q

What percentage of people have type 1 diabetes

A

10%

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48
Q

What do type 1 diabetics look like

A

Thin

49
Q

Type 2 diabetes is in

A

Adolescence or adults

50
Q

Type 2 diabetes looks

A

Obese

51
Q

What percentage does type 2 effect

A

Over 90%

52
Q

What happens to

Insulin
Glucagon
Gluconeogenesis
Blood glucose
Remedy

For type 1 diabetes

A

Insulin Decreases
Glucagon Increases
Gluconeogeneisis Increases
Blood glucose Increases
Remedy = give them insulin

53
Q

Insulin function

A

Insulin allows cells in the muscles, fat and liver to absorb glucose from the blood

54
Q

Effects of type 2 diabetes

A

Insulin receptor pathway Decreases
Glucagon NA
Nutrient usage Decreases
Blood glucose/cholesterol/fatty acid INcreases
Remedy = excercise/dietary modification

55
Q

What are catecholamines

A

Hormones and neurotransmitters made from the adrenal medulla

56
Q

Insulin plays an important role for _____ glucagon

A

Inhibiting

57
Q

Type 2 diabetes insulin levels

A

Are normal

The insulin pathways are mucked up

58
Q

Vitamin ____ helps synthesize catecholamines

A

C

59
Q

DOPA and Dopamine are ____ which are _____

A

Neurotransmitters

Catecholamines

60
Q

Norepinephrine and epinephrine are ____ which are _____

A

Hormones

Catecholamines

61
Q

Catecholamines are made in response to

A

Physical
Psychological
Cold

62
Q

Rate limiting step of catecholamine synthesis

A

The first step!!
Tyrosine ———tyrosine hyroxylase——> DOPA

63
Q

What are the cofactors of catecholamines

A

Tetrahydrobiopterin(BH4)
Vitamin C
B6
B12
Folate

64
Q

Where does BH4 play a role in catecholamine pathway

A

1 step

65
Q

3rd step of catecholamine pathway utilizes ____ cofactor

A

Vitamin C

66
Q

4th step of catecholamine synthesis utilizes ____ cofactor

A

Vitamin B6
Vitamin B12
Folate

67
Q

Catecholamines function through_______

A

Their receptors which are 7 transmembrane

68
Q

What receptor do catecholamines utilize

A

GPCR, 7 transmembrane

69
Q

Catecholamines are similar to what other receptor pathway

A

Glucagon

70
Q

Overall function of catecholamine receptor pathway

A

Activate adenylate cyclase, INCREASE cAMP, activate PKA

71
Q

What are the overall effects of catecholamines on the body

A

Fight or flight
-slow down gut
-speed up heart
-increase sweating
-mobilize stores of energy (glycogen and fat)

72
Q

Catecholamine process is ________ than glucagon pathway

A

FASTER! Fight or runnnn

73
Q

Epinephrine makes adipose tissue _________ so it can _______

A

Increase lypolysis (a ton)

So it can use it for energy to fight or run

74
Q

Effects of epinephrine on the heart and liver are

A

OPPOSING

75
Q

What does epinephrine do to your heart

A

Increases glycolysis
Increases glycogenolysis
And decreases glycogen synthesis

The heart is a muscle. It wants to make and use energy

76
Q

What does glycogen do

A

Stores glucose

77
Q

What does epinephrine do to the liver

A

Decreases glycolysis
Decreases glycogen synthesis
Decreases fatty acid synthesis
Increases glycogenolysis
Increases gluconeogenesis

Our liver loves us and we’re trying to GTFO. So its gonna make all the sugars

78
Q

Cortisol is a derivative of ____from _______

A

Cholesterol

Adrenal cortex

79
Q

Cortisol is directly regulated by

A

ACTH adrenal corticosteroid hormon

80
Q

Where does ACTH come from

A

Anterior pituitary

81
Q

Cortisol pattern is called

A

Diurnal rhythm

82
Q

ACTH is regulated by

A

CRH (corticosteroid releasing hormone)

83
Q

Where does CRH come from

A

Hypothalamus

84
Q

How does cortisol get transported

A

1:Cortisol binds to corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG aka transportin) AND albumin in the blood
2:CBG transports cortisol through the blood
3: cortisol (hormone, H)diffuses through the cytosol and binds to its receptor (R)
4: H-R translocate s to the nucleus and interacts with hormone responsive element (HRE)
5: this mediates gene expression
6: its slow but long lasting

85
Q

Pretty much _______ cells have _____ receptor

A

All
Cortisol

86
Q

Cortisol works with _____ to ______

A

Other norepinephrine and glucagon

Deal with low blood glucose in different time frames

See pics - slide 24 - W7

87
Q

Which is more potent T3 or T4

A

T3

88
Q

Cortisol and thyroid hormone mainly function through _________ receptors

A

Intracellular

89
Q

Insulin and glucagon mainly function through ______ receptors because ____

A

Extracellular
They are water soluble

90
Q

Steps of synthesis of thyroid hormone

A
  1. TRH released from hypothalamus
    2.which releases TSH from pituitary
    3.TSH interacts with TSH receptor on thyroid gland
    4.Thyroglobulin (Tgb) synthesis: containing many tyrosines which are used to make T3 and T4
    this is where thyroid hormone is released
  2. EXO cytosol into colloid
  3. Iodines are added
  4. Two ____ are coupled together
  5. Goes back into the cell
  6. Fills with lysosome to breakdown precursor
  7. T3 and T4 are water soluble so you need TBG to bind to T3 and T4 and transport them around in the blood
91
Q

If there is no thyroid hormone what happens

A

The thyroid hormone receptor recruits co-repressors and inhibits gene expression

92
Q

Thyroid hormone _____ through ______ and _______ after binding to _____
??

A

Diffuses

Plasma

Nuclear membranes

Thyroid

93
Q

Thyroid hormone functions

A

Stimulates Na+, K+ - ATPase (uses energy)
Increases metabolism, especially in the liver
Generates heat
Amplifies epinephrine effect in lipolysys

94
Q

Hyperthyroidism aka

A

Graves’ disease

95
Q

HYPERthyroidism effects

A

Excessive sweating
Weight loss
Anxiety, stress
Fast heart rate, palpitations
Hyper metabolic state

ANTIBODY LOOKS LIKE TSH, BINDS RECEPTOR

96
Q

Hypothyroidism aka

A

Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis

97
Q

HYPOthyroidism effects

A

Cold intolerance
Slow weight gain
Fatigue
Slow heart rate, metabolism
Hypometabolic state

AUTOIMMUNE DESTRUCTIVE ANTIBODIES

98
Q

Parathyroid gland size

A

Of a grain

99
Q

Total number of parathyroid glands

A

Two upper and two lower

100
Q

PTH is a ____ peptide

A

34 AA

101
Q

_______ stimulates PTH secretion

A

Low blood calcium

102
Q

PTH ______ concentration by interacting with ________ to _______

A

Unregulating blood calcium

PTH receptor

Increase calcium

103
Q

Overall function of PTH

A

Regulates Ca2+ levels

104
Q

______ aids in _____ absorption (through vitamin __)
With the overall goal of

A

PTH intestinal

Restoring ca2+ levels

Vit D

105
Q

PTH effects on bone
With the overall goal of…

A

Increases osteoclasts

And

Decreases osteoblasts

Restoring ca2+ level

106
Q

PTH effects on kidneys

Overall affects

A

Increases reabsorption

Restore ca2+ levels

107
Q

If you have too much ca2+ what does your body do

A

Decrease intestinal absorption
Increase osteoblasts and decrease osteoclasts
Decrease renal reabsorption and increase phosphate reabsorption

108
Q

Water soluble can travel ____ in ____

A

Free

Blood

109
Q

An active hormone is when it is

A

Free

110
Q

Water soluble hormones utilize _____ and that helps the duration be fast

A

Second messengers

111
Q

Lipid soluble utilize ____ and that’s why they are slower and last longer

A

Gene expression

112
Q

Water soluble hormones are stored in

A

Vesicles

113
Q

Lipid soluble hormones are made

A

As needed
except thyroid hormones
Involves c peptide

114
Q

Why are lipid solubles made as needed

A

Because they last longer so you don’t want too much

115
Q

Benefit of having hormones in vesicles

A

1: its already ready, just waiting to be used

2: its isolated, can’t react in the wrong spot

116
Q

Which hormones act through GPCR

A

Hydrophilic/water hormones

117
Q

Big job of the liver

A

Regulates blood glucose levels

118
Q

What cells secrete insulin

A

Beta cells

CBFM Final (18 decks)

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