Basics Of Hormone Flashcards
______ secret hormones
Endocrine gland or cells
What to endocrine hormones travel in
In the blood
What do endocrine glands interact with
With their receptors
Water soluble hormones are _____ lived and why
Short
Fast
like a phone call. It’s over after you hang up
Neuroendocrine hormones are secreted by _____ in the ______
Neurons
Circulating blood
Fat soluble hormones are _____ lived and why
Long
Slower
like a letter. Slower to get there. But you can always keep it with you
Where do water soluble hormones interact
Receptors on cell surface
Where do fat soluble hormones interact
With INTRACELLULAR receptors
And nuclear receptors
What does the pancreas secrete
Exocrine and endocrine
Trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, pancreatic lipase are all____ from the ____
Exocrine
Pancreas
Insulin, glucagon, gastrin, pancreatic are all ____ from the ____
Endocrine
Pancreas
Exocrine secretes/function
Make and excrete digestive enzymes/zymogens
Endocrine aka
Hormones
Beta cells aka
Insulin
Glucagon aka
Alpha cells
Gastrin aka
Delta cells
F cells aka
Pancreatic polypeptide
Preproinsulin goes to ____ which goes to _______
Proinsulin
Insulin
______ is secreted with insulin and has a useful diagnostic role
C-peptide
Insulin from a dog is ____ to a human
Similar
Insulin synthesis and secretion steps
1: nucleus - make mRNA for preproinsulin
2: RER - make preproinsulin, cleaved by microsomes enzymes
3: small transfer vesicles: transport of proinsulin to golgi
4: golgi - package of proinsulin into coated secretory granules, CONVERSION of PROINSULIN to INSULIN. Here they are waiting for signals to release it
5: glucose and Ca2+ are the signals that release insulin
6: secretory granules - condensation and storage of insulin
_____ is specific to liver and pancreas
GLUT2 (glucose transporter 2)
Function of GLUT2
Glucose absorption
What are the steps of GLUT 2 in secreting insulin
1:GLUT 2 senses the blood glucose levels and mediates transportation of glucose β cells
(This is extracellularly)
2: INTRACELLULARLY the cell increases glucose catabolism (glycolysis) and ATP SYNTHESIS
3: the increase in the ATP/ADP ratio closes the K+ channel which depolarizes the cells
4: this depolarization opens the Ca2+ channel and increases the Ca2+ inside the cell
5: finally, the ca2+ triggers the release of insulin out of the cell
6: increase of insulin also activated insulin gene expression via CREB
Where do we focus on the function of insulin even tho it works all over the body
Muscle and adipose tissue
What is CREB? And what is the function
Calcium responsive element binding protein
It allows Ca2+ activated insulin gene expression
What are the 2 functions of ca2+ in GLUT2
Secrete insulin
Make more insulin via CREB
Insulin signaling pathway steps
1: you have an insulin receptor with 2α2β subunits
2: bind the the insulin
3: this leads to phosphorylation of β subunit (which is auto) and insulin receptor subunit
4: goes to muscle and adipose cells
When insulin goes into muscle what does it signal
GLUT4 translocate to membrane
bring in more glucose
Glucose uptake
Glycogen synthesis
When insulin goes into adipose cell what does it signal
GLUT4 translocate to membrane
Glucose uptake
Fat synthesis
Insulin mainly affects
Liver
Muscle
adipocyte
What is different between the liver and the adipose tissue and muscle
The liver does not use GLUT4. The other 2 do
Where is glucagon made
In alpha cells of the pancreas
What inhibits glucagon secretion
Insulin
Glucose
Glucagon inversely proportional to insulin
Function of glucagon
Tells liver to break down glycogen to be released into the blood as glucose
Glucagon secretion is enhanced by
Amino acids
Catecholamine
Glucocorticoids
Nervous system
Steps of glucagon transduction
1: receptor on cell membrane
2: glucagon attaches
3: GPCR g-protein is activated
4: inactive AC gets activated
5: this turns ATP to cAMP
6: this binds PKA
7:when camp binds to PKA, PKA loses the restrictive subunits(R) and becomes active
8: active PKA now goes on to phosphorylate many different substrates
Glucagon is a ____ hormone
Peptide
1 hormone has a huge net effect. What is the amplification in the end? Is it efficient?
10^5-10^6
Very efficient
Peptide hormones are ____ soluble and _____ to a cell
Water
Penetrate
Feeding leads to ______
Insulin secretion
Fasting leads to ____
Glucagon secretion
Right after a meal what is high and what is low
Glucose and insulin is high
Glucagon, fatty acids, and ketone bodies are low
An hour after a meal what does a diabetics blood glucose look like
Super super high
At a resting state a diabetics blood glucose level compared to a non diabetics is ____
Higher
Type 1 diabetes is usually in
Childhood
What percentage of people have type 1 diabetes
10%
What do type 1 diabetics look like
Thin
Type 2 diabetes is in
Adolescence or adults
Type 2 diabetes looks
Obese
What percentage does type 2 effect
Over 90%
What happens to
Insulin
Glucagon
Gluconeogenesis
Blood glucose
Remedy
For type 1 diabetes
Insulin Decreases
Glucagon Increases
Gluconeogeneisis Increases
Blood glucose Increases
Remedy = give them insulin
Insulin function
Insulin allows cells in the muscles, fat and liver to absorb glucose from the blood
Effects of type 2 diabetes
Insulin receptor pathway Decreases
Glucagon NA
Nutrient usage Decreases
Blood glucose/cholesterol/fatty acid INcreases
Remedy = excercise/dietary modification
What are catecholamines
Hormones and neurotransmitters made from the adrenal medulla
Insulin plays an important role for _____ glucagon
Inhibiting
Type 2 diabetes insulin levels
Are normal
The insulin pathways are mucked up
Vitamin ____ helps synthesize catecholamines
C
DOPA and Dopamine are ____ which are _____
Neurotransmitters
Catecholamines
Norepinephrine and epinephrine are ____ which are _____
Hormones
Catecholamines
Catecholamines are made in response to
Physical
Psychological
Cold
Rate limiting step of catecholamine synthesis
The first step!!
Tyrosine ———tyrosine hyroxylase——> DOPA
What are the cofactors of catecholamines
Tetrahydrobiopterin(BH4)
Vitamin C
B6
B12
Folate
Where does BH4 play a role in catecholamine pathway
1 step
3rd step of catecholamine pathway utilizes ____ cofactor
Vitamin C
4th step of catecholamine synthesis utilizes ____ cofactor
Vitamin B6
Vitamin B12
Folate
Catecholamines function through_______
Their receptors which are 7 transmembrane
What receptor do catecholamines utilize
GPCR, 7 transmembrane
Catecholamines are similar to what other receptor pathway
Glucagon
Overall function of catecholamine receptor pathway
Activate adenylate cyclase, INCREASE cAMP, activate PKA
What are the overall effects of catecholamines on the body
Fight or flight
-slow down gut
-speed up heart
-increase sweating
-mobilize stores of energy (glycogen and fat)
Catecholamine process is ________ than glucagon pathway
FASTER! Fight or runnnn
Epinephrine makes adipose tissue _________ so it can _______
Increase lypolysis (a ton)
So it can use it for energy to fight or run
Effects of epinephrine on the heart and liver are
OPPOSING
What does epinephrine do to your heart
Increases glycolysis
Increases glycogenolysis
And decreases glycogen synthesis
The heart is a muscle. It wants to make and use energy
What does glycogen do
Stores glucose
What does epinephrine do to the liver
Decreases glycolysis
Decreases glycogen synthesis
Decreases fatty acid synthesis
Increases glycogenolysis
Increases gluconeogenesis
Our liver loves us and we’re trying to GTFO. So its gonna make all the sugars
Cortisol is a derivative of ____from _______
Cholesterol
Adrenal cortex
Cortisol is directly regulated by
ACTH adrenal corticosteroid hormon
Where does ACTH come from
Anterior pituitary
Cortisol pattern is called
Diurnal rhythm
ACTH is regulated by
CRH (corticosteroid releasing hormone)
Where does CRH come from
Hypothalamus
How does cortisol get transported
1:Cortisol binds to corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG aka transportin) AND albumin in the blood
2:CBG transports cortisol through the blood
3: cortisol (hormone, H)diffuses through the cytosol and binds to its receptor (R)
4: H-R translocate s to the nucleus and interacts with hormone responsive element (HRE)
5: this mediates gene expression
6: its slow but long lasting
Pretty much _______ cells have _____ receptor
All
Cortisol
Cortisol works with _____ to ______
Other norepinephrine and glucagon
Deal with low blood glucose in different time frames
See pics - slide 24 - W7
Which is more potent T3 or T4
T3
Cortisol and thyroid hormone mainly function through _________ receptors
Intracellular
Insulin and glucagon mainly function through ______ receptors because ____
Extracellular
They are water soluble
Steps of synthesis of thyroid hormone
- TRH released from hypothalamus
2.which releases TSH from pituitary
3.TSH interacts with TSH receptor on thyroid gland
4.Thyroglobulin (Tgb) synthesis: containing many tyrosines which are used to make T3 and T4
this is where thyroid hormone is released - EXO cytosol into colloid
- Iodines are added
- Two ____ are coupled together
- Goes back into the cell
- Fills with lysosome to breakdown precursor
- T3 and T4 are water soluble so you need TBG to bind to T3 and T4 and transport them around in the blood
If there is no thyroid hormone what happens
The thyroid hormone receptor recruits co-repressors and inhibits gene expression
Thyroid hormone _____ through ______ and _______ after binding to _____
??
Diffuses
Plasma
Nuclear membranes
Thyroid
Thyroid hormone functions
Stimulates Na+, K+ - ATPase (uses energy)
Increases metabolism, especially in the liver
Generates heat
Amplifies epinephrine effect in lipolysys
Hyperthyroidism aka
Graves’ disease
HYPERthyroidism effects
Excessive sweating
Weight loss
Anxiety, stress
Fast heart rate, palpitations
Hyper metabolic state
ANTIBODY LOOKS LIKE TSH, BINDS RECEPTOR
Hypothyroidism aka
Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis
HYPOthyroidism effects
Cold intolerance
Slow weight gain
Fatigue
Slow heart rate, metabolism
Hypometabolic state
AUTOIMMUNE DESTRUCTIVE ANTIBODIES
Parathyroid gland size
Of a grain
Total number of parathyroid glands
Two upper and two lower
PTH is a ____ peptide
34 AA
_______ stimulates PTH secretion
Low blood calcium
PTH ______ concentration by interacting with ________ to _______
Unregulating blood calcium
PTH receptor
Increase calcium
Overall function of PTH
Regulates Ca2+ levels
______ aids in _____ absorption (through vitamin __)
With the overall goal of
PTH intestinal
Restoring ca2+ levels
Vit D
PTH effects on bone
With the overall goal of…
Increases osteoclasts
And
Decreases osteoblasts
Restoring ca2+ level
PTH effects on kidneys
Overall affects
Increases reabsorption
Restore ca2+ levels
If you have too much ca2+ what does your body do
Decrease intestinal absorption
Increase osteoblasts and decrease osteoclasts
Decrease renal reabsorption and increase phosphate reabsorption
Water soluble can travel ____ in ____
Free
Blood
An active hormone is when it is
Free
Water soluble hormones utilize _____ and that helps the duration be fast
Second messengers
Lipid soluble utilize ____ and that’s why they are slower and last longer
Gene expression
Water soluble hormones are stored in
Vesicles
Lipid soluble hormones are made
As needed
except thyroid hormones
Involves c peptide
Why are lipid solubles made as needed
Because they last longer so you don’t want too much
Benefit of having hormones in vesicles
1: its already ready, just waiting to be used
2: its isolated, can’t react in the wrong spot
Which hormones act through GPCR
Hydrophilic/water hormones
Big job of the liver
Regulates blood glucose levels
What cells secrete insulin
Beta cells
