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CBFM Final > Gluconeogenesis > Flashcards

Gluconeogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

Gluconeogenesis means to make glucose from

A

Non-carbohydrate precursors

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2
Q

What are the precursors to gluconeogenesis

A

Pyruvate, lactate, propionate, glycerol, amino acids (18/20)

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3
Q

Where can gluconeogenesis occur

A

Liver
Kidney
Small intestine

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4
Q

GNG in kidney would be when

A

Increase during long term starvation

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5
Q

Recall which steps in glycolysis should we pay attention to

A

1st : glucose —hexokinase/glucokinase—>glucose 6 phosphate

3rd: fructose 6 phosphate —phophofructokinase1—>fructose 1, 6 bisphosphate

10th: Phophoenolpyruvate (PEP)—pyruvate kinase—>pyruvate

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6
Q

How many net ATPs do we make in glycolysis

A

2

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7
Q

1st barrier in GNG is

A

PYRUVATE!! —pyruvate carboxylase—> OXA —PEP carboxykinase—> PEP!!

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8
Q

Pyruvate to OXA characteristics

A

Uses 1 ATP
Biotin is its cofactor
Activated by acetyl CoA
Pyruvate carboxylase enzyme

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9
Q

OXA to PEP characteristics

A

It can either be OXA to PEP using 1 GTP

Or

OXA to Malate to OXA to PEP using 1 ATP

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10
Q

What can cross the membrane and is made from pyruvate and why is that significant

A

PEP and Malate

Significant because pyruvate wants to get out of the mito to do GNG in the cytosol

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11
Q

The malate shuttle during GNG shuttles _____ so there is energy to make glucose

A

NADH

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12
Q

When comparing glycolysis and GNG, specifically looking at PEP and pyruvate what is a key difference

A

Glycolysis utilizes 1 enzyme, pyruvate kinase
It takes 2 molecules of PEP and makes 2 molecules of pyruvate: making 2 ATP

GNG utilizes 2 enzymes, pyruvate carboxylase and PEP carboxykinase
It uses 4 ATP when taking pyruvate and making PEP

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13
Q

Compare glycolysis and GNG PEP/pyruvate ATP

A

Glycolysis makes 2 ATP

GNG uses 4 ATP

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14
Q

The 2nd and 3rd barriers of GNG are

A

Fructose 1,6 —fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase—> Fructose 6 phosphate

Glucose 6 phosphate —-glucose 6 phosphatase—>glucose

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15
Q

Location of glycolysis vs GNG

A

Glycolysis = cytoplasm

GNG = cytoplasm and mitochondria

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16
Q

Energy of glycolysis vs GNG

A

Glycolysis = 2 ATP generated

GNG = 6 ATP consumed

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17
Q

GNG is very

A

Energy consuming

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18
Q

Pyruvate and lactate structural comparison

A

They have the same structure except lactate is reduced

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19
Q

Pyruvate to lactate enzyme is ___

A

Lactate dehydrogenase

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20
Q

Pyruvate to lactate is a ____ reaction that uses _____ for energy/or to make energy

A

Reversible

NADH<—>NAD+

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21
Q

Lactate to pyruvate is driven by

A

NADH concentration

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22
Q

Structural difference between alanine and pyruvate

A

Alanine has an amino group

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23
Q

Alanine to pyruvate is a ____ reaction

A

Reversible

24
Q

Alanine + ______ <—> pyruvate + _____

A

α - ketoglutarate

Glutamate

25
Q

Cori cycle aka

A

Glucose - lactate cycle

26
Q

ATP generation and consumption of cori cycle

A

6 ATP used in liver for GNG

2 ATP were created in RBC

27
Q

Key point of glucose alanine cycle

A

Brings carbon to liver for GNG

ASLO

Brings ammonia for urea synthesis

28
Q

AA that can be used in GNG are called

A

Gluconeogenic

29
Q

AA that cannot be used in GNG are called

A

Ketogenic

30
Q

What are the AA that cannot be used in GNG

A

Lysine and Leucine; they are ketogenic AA

31
Q

Which AA are gluconeogenic and ketogenic

A

Phenylalanine
Tyrptophan
Phenylalanine

And

Isoleucine

Think “TP,PI, TP, PI” IV chant

32
Q

What is more important than the process of GNG

A

The REGULATION of GNG

33
Q

Where is the carbon backbone of GNG from

A

The 5 precursors

Pussys Like Good Pounding And Ass

Pussy’s=pyruvate
Like=lactate
Good=glycerol
Pounding=propionate
And Ass=amino acids

34
Q

Where does energy come from in GNG

A

Break down fatty acids
this makes acetyl CoA

35
Q

Hormones like ______ communicate everything needed for GNG

A

Insulin and glucagon

36
Q

Our liver glycogen storage lasts for

A

Less than a day

37
Q

GNG will start before _____ are depleted

A

Glycogen stores

38
Q

____ is important in regulating GNG

A

Pyruvate

39
Q

Pyruvate can either be turned into ____ or _____

A

Acetyl CoA
OAA

40
Q

To up regulate GNG what should pyruvate turn into

A

OAA

41
Q

When regulating pyruvate and your end goal is to make PEP what are the paths to get there

A

1.Pyruvate to OAA to PEP

2.pyruvate to OAA to Malate to OAA to PEP

  1. Pyruvate to OAA to ASP to OAA to PEP
42
Q

When you have enough NADH in the cytosol what process will GNG follow

A

pyruvate to OAA straight to PEP allll in the mitochondria

43
Q

If you have low NADH in the cytosol what path will GNG follow

A

Pyruvate to OAA to malate (shuttle out of mito to cytosol) to OAA to PEP

44
Q

_____ is inactive without Acetyl CoA

A

Pyruvate carboxylase

45
Q

When you see ATP or CO2 you know ____ is used as well

A

Biotin

46
Q

High ATP _____ fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase 1 and they ______ phosphofructokinase 1

A

Activate

Inactivate

Because if there is high ATP we do not need glycolysis to happen

47
Q

High _____ and similarly high ______, increase phophofructokinase 1 and this drives glycolysis forward

A

AMP
Fructose 2,6 bisphosphate

48
Q

How do insulin and glucagon manipulate cells for glycolysis and GNG

A

It utilizes fructose 2,6 bisphosphate

49
Q

fructose 2,6 bisphosphate is like an

A

On/off switch for glycolysis

50
Q

When fructose 2,6 bisphosphate is high that means ___

A

It favors glycolysis
It is “on”

Activate PFK1
And INACTIVATE fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase 1

51
Q

When fructose 2,6 bisphosphate is low that means ___

A

It favors gluconeogenesis

It is “off”

No glycolysis

Activate fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase 1

INACTIVATE PFK1

52
Q

Which step of GNG is the rate limiting step

A

Fructose1,6bisphosphate to fructose 6 phosphate

53
Q

What kind of FA are used to be turned into glucose

A

Odd chain

54
Q

odd chain FA path

A

Odd chain FA to propionate to OAA to PEP to glucose

55
Q

Where does the carbon backbone come from in GNG

A

Pyruvate, lactate, glycerol, propionate, AA

56
Q

Where does the energy come from to help GNG continue forward

A

Fatty acid catabolism (which makes Acetly CoA) supports GNG

57
Q

What are the big regulators of GNG and what are they classified as

A

Insulin and glucagon

CBFM Final (18 decks)

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