Dietary Lipids Flashcards
1
Q
Basic functions of lipids
A
Energy
Storage
Membranes
Aid indigestion and metabolism
Precursor for hormones and vitamins
Component of cell membranes
Protects our nerves and internal organs as a thermal covering
Essential for growth
2
Q
Short chain FA size(# of carbons)
A
2-4
3
Q
Medium chain fatty acid size (# of carbons)
A
5-12
4
Q
Long chain fatty acid size (# of carbons)
A
13-21
5
Q
Very long chain fatty acids (# of chains)
A
More than 22
6
Q
Are SCFA soluble in water?
A
Yes
7
Q
Are MCFA soluble
A
Fairly
8
Q
Are LCFA soluble
A
Insoluble
9
Q
Are VLCFA soluble
A
Insoluble
10
Q
Source of SCFA
A
Bovine milk
Swiss cheese
Plants silage
Produced by the colonic bacteria in human gut
11
Q
Source of MCFA
A
Coconut oil
Plam kernel oils
Butterfat
12
Q
Source of LCFA
A
Animal fats
Vegetable oils
Marine oils
13
Q
VLCFA source
A
Plant oils
Peanut oils
14
Q
Most common FA are
A
16 and 18 carbons
15
Q
Most FA are _____ and have ____ confirmation
A
Unsaturated
Cis
16
Q
Most FA are
A
Long
17
Q
What are the essential FA what omega are they
A
Linoleic acid ω6
Linolenic acid ω3
18
Q
Source of linoleic acid omega 6
A
Egg, meats, grains, nuts, most plant seeds and oils
19
Q
Linolenic acid source omega 3
A
Fish, seeds, plant oils, green leafy veggies
20
Q
Which FA is anti inflammatory
A
Ω3
21
Q
Which FA is inflammatory
A
Ω6
22
Q
Archidonic acid is the main culprit of
A
Pro inflammatory products
23
Q
_____ can inhibit the formation of arachidonic acid
A
Eicosapentanonic
24
Q
Steps to make an ω6 FA
A
Linoleic acid to gamma linolenic acid to arachidonic acid
25
Steps to make an ω3 FA
Alpha-linolenic acid to eicosapentanonic acid to docosahexaenoic acid
26
Non polar lipids ______ are usually in our diet our how we store our fat
Triglycerides
27
Where can polar lipids be found
In the membranes of our cell
28
Phospholipid structure composition
1 glycerol backbone
3 fatty acids
29
Glycerolipidphospholipid structural composition
Glycerol backbone
Phosphate
Head group (alcohol)
2 fatty acids
30
Sphingolipid structural composition
Sphinogine back bone
1 fatty acid
And either
Phosphate and a head group
Or
Carbohydrate
31
All cells can synthesize ___
Cholesterol
32
Cholesterol comes from
Acetyl CoA
33
What can cholesterol make
Bile salts
Steroid hormone
Membranes
Blood lipoprotein
34
Cholesterols are usually polar or non polar
Polar form
35
Where are bile salts made and by what
Liver peroxisome
By cytochrome P450 mediated oxidation
36
How do bile salts work
Like a detergent
On one side is all the hydrophobic molecules and on the other is all the hydrophilic
The hydrophobic sides surround the big lipid molecule, the hydrophilic side is in contact with the aqueous solution of your body
37
Bile stored in ____ and released when there is ____ in our stomach
Liver
Fat
38
Bile acids make ___
Micelles
39
Why do you want to break down bile salts to micelles
Cuz they can diffuse (freely) through epithelial cells and for the CHYLOMICRON
40
Most of our dietary fat is made up of
Triglycerides
41
Importance of bile acid
Emulsify fat for digestion
Michelle formation, which makes products of lipid digestion soluble
Absorption of fat-soluble vitamins
Keeps cholesterol soluble in the gallbladder
Preventing gallstone formation
Helps in intestinal motility allowing defecation
42
Steps to make bile acid
1. Cholesterol to cholic acid (with cholesterol 7α hydroxylase)
2. Cholic acid gets conjugated to glycocholic acid or taurocholic acid ( these dudes have a low PK which means they’re more reactive and more soluble)
3.the conjugated forms become the bile salts
43
Cholesterol 7 α hydroxylase is a ____ enzyme
Rate limiting
44
The amount of bile acid made equals
The amount of bile acid excreted
45
Basic absorption of FA
FA to triglycerides
Packaged to chylomicrons in intestinal cells
To lymph
To bloodstream
46
Basic absorption of cholesterol
Cholesterol esters formed in enterocytes
Enzyme ACAT
function to turn cholesterol and FA to cholesteryl esters
The c. Esters go to lymph
And then to the blood stream
47
Majority of bile salts are recycled as primary or secondary conjugated bile salts by _______
Active transport from proximal or distal ileum
48
Additional bile is recycled by _____
Passive diffusion
49
Statin inhibits
Cholesterol from being made
50
Ezetimibe inhibits
The uptake of cholesterol from the small intestine into the blood
51
Resins inhibit
Bile from getting back into liver
52
What is the response to bile acid chelators
Give an example of one
Inhibits bile from being re-absorbed. SO more cholesterol is converted to bile acids
53
What are the pancreatic enzymes and what do they digest
Pancreatic lipase with colipase = digests triacylglycerols
Phospholipase = digest phospholipids
Cholesterol esterase = digest cholesterol esters
54
Where do the pancreatic enzymes secrete and what do
Into the small intestine
Digest LCFA
55
What are the enzymes in the mouth and what do they digest
Lingual lipase
It digest SCFA and MCFA
56
Enzyme in stomach and what does it do
Gastric lipase
Digest SCFA and MCFA
57
Where does most of the digestion of SCFA and MCFA happen
Stomach
58
Here do SCFA and MCFA go after being digested in stomach
Diffuse (cuz they’re so smol) and enter blood
59
When SCFA and MCFA enter blood after being digested in stomach where do they go
To the hepatic portal blood, then carried by serum albumin to the liver
60
During fasting states what fat do we rely on
LCFA
61
Triglycerides are made in the
Liver
62
LCFA play a big role in
Development of immunity and brain development
63
Why do we need co lipase
Because the fat droplet inhibits lipase
64
Explain process of lipase on fat droplet
1 Co lipase binds
2 lipase binds to co lipase
3 lipase takes fat insides and breaks them up and spits them out ast micelles
65
Phospholipase A1 and A2 create
Free FA
66
SCFA are formed in the ______ by friendly bacteria and are rapidly metabolized by the _____
Intestines
Intestinal cells
67
MCFA are absorbed and transported _______ to the liver where they are ______
Liver
Burned for energy
68
LCFA are turned into _____ and then are taken up by cells and used for _____ or _____
Triglycerides
Energy
Stored
69
_____ is needed from ____ to digest LCFA
Bile
Gallbladder
70
CHYLOMICRON carries
Dietary fats
71
Chylomicrons go to where
Lympatic system, not capillaries
72
Chylomicrons deliver fat to
Muscle for energy
Or
Fat for storage
73
What regulates LPL
Insulin
74
High insulin regulates
LPL sythesis and activity
It will all increase
75
KM for muscle LPL compared to fat LPL
Muscle has a lower KM
this means muscle LPL is always saturated
76
FED state what does LPL sythesis and activity look like in adipocytes
High
77
FED state what does LPL sythesis and activity look like in skeletal muscles and heart
Low
78
Fasting state what does LPL sythesis and activity look like in adipocytes
Low
79
Fasting state what does LPL sythesis and activity look like in skeletal and heart muscle
High
80
What does secretin activate
Secretion of bicarbonate from pancrease
81
What does cholecystokinin do
1 inhibits gastric motility
2 triggers pancreatic enzymes from pancreas
3 triggers bile release from gall bladder
82
Steatorrhea
Fatty poop
83
What can cause steatorrhea
Celiac disease
Chron’s
Cystic fibrosis
Why
1 liver problems
2 blocked bile duct
3 blocked pancreatic duct
4 defective absorptive cells
MALABSORPTION OF LIPIDS
84
If you have issues absorbing fat you’ll also have issues absorbing
Fat soluble vitamins
85
Where are chylomicrons made
In enterocyte golgi/SER
86
Who organizes the assembly of chylomicrons
Apo B
87
What do you need to make chylomicrons
Phospholipids
88
Where to chylomicrons pick up apo A, C, E
In plasma
89
Chylomicrons are mainly made of
Triglycerides
90
Who makes sure chylomicrons are mature and how does it do that
HDL
HDL donates APO C-II and APO E
91
CHYLOMICRON without the assistance of HDL is called _____ it is newly _____
Nascent
Released
92
Maturation of chylomicrons happens in
Blood
93
Bile salts are responsible for the ___ of smaller droplets
Stabilization
94
Why do bile salts accelerate the action of pancreatic lipase
Because, it can bind colipase. Once colipase is bound it can bind lipase, which breaks down the fat
95
What do micelles transport
2-monoglycerides and FA
