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CBFM Final > Dietary Lipids > Flashcards

Dietary Lipids Flashcards

1
Q

Basic functions of lipids

A

Energy
Storage
Membranes
Aid indigestion and metabolism
Precursor for hormones and vitamins
Component of cell membranes
Protects our nerves and internal organs as a thermal covering
Essential for growth

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2
Q

Short chain FA size(# of carbons)

A

2-4

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3
Q

Medium chain fatty acid size (# of carbons)

A

5-12

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4
Q

Long chain fatty acid size (# of carbons)

A

13-21

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5
Q

Very long chain fatty acids (# of chains)

A

More than 22

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6
Q

Are SCFA soluble in water?

A

Yes

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7
Q

Are MCFA soluble

A

Fairly

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8
Q

Are LCFA soluble

A

Insoluble

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9
Q

Are VLCFA soluble

A

Insoluble

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10
Q

Source of SCFA

A

Bovine milk
Swiss cheese
Plants silage
Produced by the colonic bacteria in human gut

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11
Q

Source of MCFA

A

Coconut oil
Plam kernel oils
Butterfat

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12
Q

Source of LCFA

A

Animal fats
Vegetable oils
Marine oils

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13
Q

VLCFA source

A

Plant oils
Peanut oils

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14
Q

Most common FA are

A

16 and 18 carbons

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15
Q

Most FA are _____ and have ____ confirmation

A

Unsaturated
Cis

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16
Q

Most FA are

A

Long

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17
Q

What are the essential FA what omega are they

A

Linoleic acid ω6

Linolenic acid ω3

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18
Q

Source of linoleic acid omega 6

A

Egg, meats, grains, nuts, most plant seeds and oils

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19
Q

Linolenic acid source omega 3

A

Fish, seeds, plant oils, green leafy veggies

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20
Q

Which FA is anti inflammatory

A

Ω3

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21
Q

Which FA is inflammatory

A

Ω6

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22
Q

Archidonic acid is the main culprit of

A

Pro inflammatory products

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23
Q

_____ can inhibit the formation of arachidonic acid

A

Eicosapentanonic

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24
Q

Steps to make an ω6 FA

A

Linoleic acid to gamma linolenic acid to arachidonic acid

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25
Q

Steps to make an ω3 FA

A

Alpha-linolenic acid to eicosapentanonic acid to docosahexaenoic acid

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26
Q

Non polar lipids ______ are usually in our diet our how we store our fat

A

Triglycerides

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27
Q

Where can polar lipids be found

A

In the membranes of our cell

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28
Q

Phospholipid structure composition

A

1 glycerol backbone
3 fatty acids

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29
Q

Glycerolipidphospholipid structural composition

A

Glycerol backbone
Phosphate
Head group (alcohol)
2 fatty acids

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30
Q

Sphingolipid structural composition

A

Sphinogine back bone
1 fatty acid
And either
Phosphate and a head group
Or
Carbohydrate

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31
Q

All cells can synthesize ___

A

Cholesterol

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32
Q

Cholesterol comes from

A

Acetyl CoA

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33
Q

What can cholesterol make

A

Bile salts
Steroid hormone
Membranes
Blood lipoprotein

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34
Q

Cholesterols are usually polar or non polar

A

Polar form

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35
Q

Where are bile salts made and by what

A

Liver peroxisome
By cytochrome P450 mediated oxidation

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36
Q

How do bile salts work

A

Like a detergent

On one side is all the hydrophobic molecules and on the other is all the hydrophilic

The hydrophobic sides surround the big lipid molecule, the hydrophilic side is in contact with the aqueous solution of your body

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37
Q

Bile stored in ____ and released when there is ____ in our stomach

A

Liver

Fat

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38
Q

Bile acids make ___

A

Micelles

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39
Q

Why do you want to break down bile salts to micelles

A

Cuz they can diffuse (freely) through epithelial cells and for the CHYLOMICRON

40
Q

Most of our dietary fat is made up of

A

Triglycerides

41
Q

Importance of bile acid

A

Emulsify fat for digestion

Michelle formation, which makes products of lipid digestion soluble

Absorption of fat-soluble vitamins

Keeps cholesterol soluble in the gallbladder
Preventing gallstone formation

Helps in intestinal motility allowing defecation

42
Q

Steps to make bile acid

A
  1. Cholesterol to cholic acid (with cholesterol 7α hydroxylase)
  2. Cholic acid gets conjugated to glycocholic acid or taurocholic acid ( these dudes have a low PK which means they’re more reactive and more soluble)

3.the conjugated forms become the bile salts

43
Q

Cholesterol 7 α hydroxylase is a ____ enzyme

A

Rate limiting

44
Q

The amount of bile acid made equals

A

The amount of bile acid excreted

45
Q

Basic absorption of FA

A

FA to triglycerides
Packaged to chylomicrons in intestinal cells
To lymph
To bloodstream

46
Q

Basic absorption of cholesterol

A

Cholesterol esters formed in enterocytes
Enzyme ACAT
function to turn cholesterol and FA to cholesteryl esters
The c. Esters go to lymph
And then to the blood stream

47
Q

Majority of bile salts are recycled as primary or secondary conjugated bile salts by _______

A

Active transport from proximal or distal ileum

48
Q

Additional bile is recycled by _____

A

Passive diffusion

49
Q

Statin inhibits

A

Cholesterol from being made

50
Q

Ezetimibe inhibits

A

The uptake of cholesterol from the small intestine into the blood

51
Q

Resins inhibit

A

Bile from getting back into liver

52
Q

What is the response to bile acid chelators
Give an example of one

A

Inhibits bile from being re-absorbed. SO more cholesterol is converted to bile acids

53
Q

What are the pancreatic enzymes and what do they digest

A

Pancreatic lipase with colipase = digests triacylglycerols

Phospholipase = digest phospholipids

Cholesterol esterase = digest cholesterol esters

54
Q

Where do the pancreatic enzymes secrete and what do

A

Into the small intestine

Digest LCFA

55
Q

What are the enzymes in the mouth and what do they digest

A

Lingual lipase
It digest SCFA and MCFA

56
Q

Enzyme in stomach and what does it do

A

Gastric lipase
Digest SCFA and MCFA

57
Q

Where does most of the digestion of SCFA and MCFA happen

A

Stomach

58
Q

Here do SCFA and MCFA go after being digested in stomach

A

Diffuse (cuz they’re so smol) and enter blood

59
Q

When SCFA and MCFA enter blood after being digested in stomach where do they go

A

To the hepatic portal blood, then carried by serum albumin to the liver

60
Q

During fasting states what fat do we rely on

A

LCFA

61
Q

Triglycerides are made in the

A

Liver

62
Q

LCFA play a big role in

A

Development of immunity and brain development

63
Q

Why do we need co lipase

A

Because the fat droplet inhibits lipase

64
Q

Explain process of lipase on fat droplet

A

1 Co lipase binds
2 lipase binds to co lipase
3 lipase takes fat insides and breaks them up and spits them out ast micelles

65
Q

Phospholipase A1 and A2 create

A

Free FA

66
Q

SCFA are formed in the ______ by friendly bacteria and are rapidly metabolized by the _____

A

Intestines
Intestinal cells

67
Q

MCFA are absorbed and transported _______ to the liver where they are ______

A

Liver
Burned for energy

68
Q

LCFA are turned into _____ and then are taken up by cells and used for _____ or _____

A

Triglycerides
Energy
Stored

69
Q

_____ is needed from ____ to digest LCFA

A

Bile
Gallbladder

70
Q

CHYLOMICRON carries

A

Dietary fats

71
Q

Chylomicrons go to where

A

Lympatic system, not capillaries

72
Q

Chylomicrons deliver fat to

A

Muscle for energy
Or
Fat for storage

73
Q

What regulates LPL

A

Insulin

74
Q

High insulin regulates

A

LPL sythesis and activity
It will all increase

75
Q

KM for muscle LPL compared to fat LPL

A

Muscle has a lower KM
this means muscle LPL is always saturated

76
Q

FED state what does LPL sythesis and activity look like in adipocytes

A

High

77
Q

FED state what does LPL sythesis and activity look like in skeletal muscles and heart

A

Low

78
Q

Fasting state what does LPL sythesis and activity look like in adipocytes

A

Low

79
Q

Fasting state what does LPL sythesis and activity look like in skeletal and heart muscle

A

High

80
Q

What does secretin activate

A

Secretion of bicarbonate from pancrease

81
Q

What does cholecystokinin do

A

1 inhibits gastric motility
2 triggers pancreatic enzymes from pancreas
3 triggers bile release from gall bladder

82
Q

Steatorrhea

A

Fatty poop

83
Q

What can cause steatorrhea

A

Celiac disease
Chron’s
Cystic fibrosis

Why
1 liver problems
2 blocked bile duct
3 blocked pancreatic duct
4 defective absorptive cells

MALABSORPTION OF LIPIDS

84
Q

If you have issues absorbing fat you’ll also have issues absorbing

A

Fat soluble vitamins

85
Q

Where are chylomicrons made

A

In enterocyte golgi/SER

86
Q

Who organizes the assembly of chylomicrons

A

Apo B

87
Q

What do you need to make chylomicrons

A

Phospholipids

88
Q

Where to chylomicrons pick up apo A, C, E

A

In plasma

89
Q

Chylomicrons are mainly made of

A

Triglycerides

90
Q

Who makes sure chylomicrons are mature and how does it do that

A

HDL

HDL donates APO C-II and APO E

91
Q

CHYLOMICRON without the assistance of HDL is called _____ it is newly _____

A

Nascent

Released

92
Q

Maturation of chylomicrons happens in

A

Blood

93
Q

Bile salts are responsible for the ___ of smaller droplets

A

Stabilization

94
Q

Why do bile salts accelerate the action of pancreatic lipase

A

Because, it can bind colipase. Once colipase is bound it can bind lipase, which breaks down the fat

95
Q

What do micelles transport

A

2-monoglycerides and FA

CBFM Final (18 decks)

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