MIDTERMS: Mendel’s Law Flashcards by Kyra Catedral

Born in_____ (now Czech Republic) in 1822

Brunn, Austria

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Studied_____ and was ordained priest in the Order St. Augustine

Theology

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Went to the university of_____, where he studied botany and learned the Scientific Method

Vienna

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Worked with pure lines of common garden pea plant,_____, for eight years

Pisum sativum

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Prior to Mendel, heredity was regarded as a “blending” process and the offspring were essentially a “_____“ of the different parental characteristics.

Dilution

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Man of Science, Man of God

Mendel

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

THREE REASONS WHY MENDEL CHOSE GARDEN PEA PLANT

It was easy to cultivate and had relatively short life cycle

It had discontinuous characteristics such as flower color and pea texture

Pollination was easy to control

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

7 CHARACTERISTICS:

Seed shape
Seed color

Pod shape
Pod color
Pod/ flower location

Stem length
Flower color

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In 1866 he published________ (Versuche über Pflanzen-Hybriden) in which he established his_________

Experiments in Plant Hybridization

three Principles of Inheritance

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

He tried to repeat his work in another plant, but didn’t work because other plants reproduced______

asexually

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Mendel was the first biologist to use________ – to explain his results quantitatively.

Mathematics

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Mendel predicted the concept of_____ that it occur in pairs and that one gene of each pair is present in the gametes

genes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

PHYSICAL TRAITS = AFFECTED BY PROTEINS

Skin color =_____
Height =_____
Characteristic of hair: Curly =_____ in proteins

Melanin

Growth

Cysteine

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Proteins are composed of specific sequence of_____. Change one _____; the protein becomes altered.

amino acids

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Central dogma

DNA - transcription
RNA - translation
Amino acid chain - folding
Protein

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

– a unit of heredity; a section of DNA sequence encoding a single protein

Gene

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

– the entire set of genes in an organism

Genome

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

– two genes that occupy the same position on homologous chromosomes and that cover the same trait (like ‘flavors’ of a trait).

Alleles

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

– a fixed location on a strand of DNA where a gene or one of its alleles is located.

Locus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

– having identical genes (one from each parent) for a particular characteristic.

Homozygous

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

– having two different genes for a particular characteristic.

Heterozygous

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

2 terms are used to describe the relationship of ALLELES and the TRAITS they control

Dominant
Recessive

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

– the allele of a gene that masks or suppresses the expression of an alternate allele; the trait appears in the heterozygous condition

Dominant

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

– an allele that is masked by a dominant allele; does not appear in the heterozygous condition, only in homozygous

Recessive

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

– the genetic makeup of an organisms

Genotype

– the physical appearance or observable attributes of an organism (Genotype + environment)

Phenotype

: a genetic cross involving a single pair of genes (one trait); parents differ by a single trait.

Monohybrid cross

= Parental generation

= First filial generation; offspring from a genetic cross of P1 individuals

= Second filial generation of a genetic cross

Parents differ by a single trait.

Monohybrid

Crossing two pea plants that differ in stem size, one tall one short

Monohybrid

A useful tool to do genetic crosses

Punnett square

For a monohybrid cross, you need a square divided by______…

four

We use the ______ to predict the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring.

Punnett square

Matings that involve parents that differ in two genes (two independent traits)

DIHYBRID CROSSES

For example, flower color: P = purple (dominant) p = white (recessive

DIHYBRID CROSSES

MENDEL’S PRINCIPLES

Dominance Segregation Independent assortment

One allele masks another, one allele is dominant over the other in the F 1 generation

Principle of Dominance

Mendel called the observed trait_____ and the trait that disappeared_____

dominant recessive.

Mendel concluded that the allele for tall plants is_____ to the allele for short plants.

dominant

When recording the results of crosses, it is customary to use the same______ for diﬀerent alleles of the same gene.

letter

An uppercase letter is used for the_____ allele and a lowercase letter for the_____ allele

dominant recessive

The_____ allele is always written ﬁrst.

dominant

(also called_______) occurs when the phenotype of the heterozygous phenotype is distinct from and often intermediate to the phenotypes of the homozygous phenotypes.

Incomplete dominance partial dominance

RR (red) rr (white) Rr (pink)

Incomplete dominance

Genes show_______ dominance when the heterozygous phenotype is intermediate.

incomplete dominance

When F1 generation (all pink flowers) is_______, the F2 generation is 1:2:1 red, pink, white

self pollinated

- occurs when the phenotypes of both parents are simultaneously expressed in the same offspring organism.

Co-dominance

When gametes are formed, the pairs of genes become separated, so that each sex cell (egg/sperm) receives only one kind of gene.

Principle of Segregation

During gamete formation the segregation of the alleles of one allelic pair is independent of the segregation of the alleles of another allelic pair

Principle of Independent Assortment

When two distinct individuals with different characteristics are bred, or crossed, to each other--a process called a ____experiment--their offspring are referred to as____.

hybridization hybrids

____experiment could involve a cross between a purple-flowered plant and a white-flowered plant.

hybridization

Mendel chose the garden pea,____, to investigate the natural laws that govern plant hybrids.

Pisum sativum

In plants, male gametes (sperm) are produced within___ grains formed in the___.

pollen anthers

The female gametes (eggs) are contained within___ that form in the____

ovules ovaries.

Mendel allowed plants to reproduce by_____, which means that the pollen and eggs are derived from the same plant.

self-fertilization

crosses between two particular plants and study their outcomes. This process, known as_____, requires that the pollen from one plant be placed on the stigma of another plant

cross-fertilization

General characteristics of an organism are called_____. For example, seed color is a ___ of peas and eye color is a____ of humans.

characters

The term____, is typically used to describe the specific properties of a character. For example, yellow color is a __ (or variant) of peas and blue eye color is a __ (or variant) found in some people.

trait, or variant

______means that a trait does not vary in appearance from generation to generation. For example, if the seeds from a pea plant were yellow, the next generation would also produce yellow seeds. Likewise, if these offspring were allowed to self-fertilize, all of their offspring would also produce yellow seeds, and so on.

Breeding true

variety that continues to p roduce the same characteristic after several generations of self-fertilization is called a

truebreedin g line, or strain.

other. A cross in which an experimenter is observing only one character is called a_____

single-factor cross.

When the two parents are different variants for a given character, this type of cross produces…

single-character hybrids, also known as monohybrids

enables you to predict the types of offspring the parents are expected to produce and in what proportions.

Punnett square

Mendel conducted____ in which he followed the variants for a single character

single-factor crosses

Based on the results of his single-factor crosses, Mendel proposed three key ideas regarding inheritance:

(1) Traits may be dominant or recessive. (2) Genes are passed unaltered from generation to generation. (3) The two copies of a given gene segregate (or separate) from each other during transmission from parent to offspring.

he carried out two-factor crosses in which he followed the inheritance of two different characters within the same groups of individuals. These experiments led to the formulation of a second law called the…

law of independent assortment.

_____ states: Two different genes randomly assort their alleles during the formation of haploid cells. In other words, the allele for one gene is found within a resulting gamete independently of whether the allele for a different gene is found in the same gamete.

Mendel's law of inde pendent assortment

When an offspring receives a combination of alleles that differs from those in its parents, this phenomenon is termed…

genetic recombination

is explained by the random alignment of different chromosomes during metaphase of meiosis I

Mendel's law of independent assortment

____is explained by the separation of homologs during meiosis

Mendel's law of segregation