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Cytogen > MIDTERMS: Mendel’s Law > Flashcards

MIDTERMS: Mendel’s Law Flashcards

1
Q

Born in_____ (now Czech Republic) in 1822

A

Brunn, Austria

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2
Q

Studied_____ and was ordained priest in the Order St. Augustine

A

Theology

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3
Q

Went to the university of_____, where he studied botany and learned the Scientific Method

A

Vienna

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4
Q

Worked with pure lines of common garden pea plant,_____, for eight years

A

Pisum sativum

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5
Q

Prior to Mendel, heredity was regarded as a “blending” process and the offspring were essentially a “_____“ of the different parental characteristics.

A

Dilution

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6
Q

Man of Science, Man of God

A

Mendel

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7
Q

THREE REASONS WHY MENDEL CHOSE GARDEN PEA PLANT

A

It was easy to cultivate and had relatively short life cycle

It had discontinuous characteristics such as flower color and pea texture

Pollination was easy to control

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8
Q

7 CHARACTERISTICS:

A

Seed shape
Seed color

Pod shape
Pod color
Pod/ flower location

Stem length
Flower color

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9
Q

In 1866 he published________ (Versuche über Pflanzen-Hybriden) in which he established his_________

A

Experiments in Plant Hybridization

three Principles of Inheritance

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10
Q

He tried to repeat his work in another plant, but didn’t work because other plants reproduced______

A

asexually

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11
Q

Mendel was the first biologist to use________ – to explain his results quantitatively.

A

Mathematics

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12
Q

Mendel predicted the concept of_____ that it occur in pairs and that one gene of each pair is present in the gametes

A

genes

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13
Q

PHYSICAL TRAITS = AFFECTED BY PROTEINS

Skin color =_____
Height =_____
Characteristic of hair: Curly =_____ in proteins

A

Melanin

Growth

Cysteine

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14
Q

Proteins are composed of specific sequence of_____. Change one _____; the protein becomes altered.

A

amino acids

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15
Q

Central dogma

A

DNA - transcription
RNA - translation
Amino acid chain - folding
Protein

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16
Q

– a unit of heredity; a section of DNA sequence encoding a single protein

A

Gene

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17
Q

– the entire set of genes in an organism

A

Genome

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18
Q

– two genes that occupy the same position on homologous chromosomes and that cover the same trait (like ‘flavors’ of a trait).

A

Alleles

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19
Q

– a fixed location on a strand of DNA where a gene or one of its alleles is located.

A

Locus

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20
Q

– having identical genes (one from each parent) for a particular characteristic.

A

Homozygous

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21
Q

– having two different genes for a particular characteristic.

A

Heterozygous

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22
Q

2 terms are used to describe the relationship of ALLELES and the TRAITS they control

A

Dominant
Recessive

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23
Q

– the allele of a gene that masks or suppresses the expression of an alternate allele; the trait appears in the heterozygous condition

A

Dominant

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24
Q

– an allele that is masked by a dominant allele; does not appear in the heterozygous condition, only in homozygous

A

Recessive

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25
Q

– the genetic makeup of an organisms

A

Genotype

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26
Q

– the physical appearance or observable attributes of an organism (Genotype + environment)

A

Phenotype

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27
Q

: a genetic cross involving a single pair of genes (one trait); parents differ by a single trait.

A

Monohybrid cross

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28
Q

= Parental generation

A

P

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29
Q

= First filial generation; offspring from a genetic cross of P1 individuals

A

F1

30
Q

= Second filial generation of a genetic cross

A

F2

31
Q

Parents differ by a single trait.

A

Monohybrid

32
Q

Crossing two pea plants that differ in stem size, one tall one short

A

Monohybrid

33
Q

A useful tool to do genetic crosses

A

Punnett square

34
Q

For a monohybrid cross, you need a square divided by______…

A

four

35
Q

We use the ______ to predict the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring.

A

Punnett square

36
Q

Matings that involve parents that differ in two genes (two independent traits)

A

DIHYBRID CROSSES

37
Q

For example, flower color:
P = purple (dominant)
p = white (recessive

A

DIHYBRID CROSSES

38
Q

MENDEL’S PRINCIPLES

A

Dominance
Segregation
Independent assortment

39
Q

One allele masks another, one allele is dominant over the other in the F 1 generation

A

Principle of Dominance

40
Q

Mendel called the observed trait_____ and the trait that disappeared_____

A

dominant

recessive.

41
Q

Mendel concluded that the allele for tall plants is_____ to the allele for short plants.

A

dominant

42
Q

When recording the results of crosses, it is customary to use the same______ for different alleles of the same gene.

A

letter

43
Q

An uppercase letter is used for the_____ allele and a lowercase letter for the_____ allele

A

dominant

recessive

44
Q

The_____ allele is always written first.

A

dominant

45
Q

(also called_______) occurs when the phenotype of the heterozygous phenotype is distinct from and often intermediate to the phenotypes of the homozygous phenotypes.

A

Incomplete dominance

partial dominance

46
Q

RR (red)
rr (white)
Rr (pink)

A

Incomplete dominance

47
Q

Genes show_______ dominance when the heterozygous phenotype is intermediate.

A

incomplete dominance

48
Q

When F1 generation (all pink flowers) is_______, the F2 generation is 1:2:1 red, pink, white

A

self pollinated

49
Q
  • occurs when the phenotypes of both parents are simultaneously expressed in the same offspring organism.
A

Co-dominance

50
Q

When gametes are formed, the pairs of genes become separated, so that each sex cell (egg/sperm) receives only one kind of gene.

A

Principle of Segregation

51
Q

During gamete formation the segregation of the alleles of one allelic pair is independent of the segregation of the alleles of another allelic pair

A

Principle of Independent Assortment

52
Q

When two distinct individuals with different characteristics are bred, or crossed, to each other–a process called a ____experiment–their offspring are referred to as____.

A

hybridization

hybrids

53
Q

____experiment could involve a cross between a purple-flowered plant and a white-flowered plant.

A

hybridization

54
Q

Mendel chose the garden pea,____, to investigate the natural laws that govern plant hybrids.

A

Pisum sativum

55
Q

In plants, male gametes (sperm) are produced within___ grains formed in the___.

A

pollen

anthers

56
Q

The female gametes (eggs) are contained within___ that form in the____

A

ovules

ovaries.

57
Q

Mendel allowed plants to reproduce by_____, which means that the pollen and eggs are derived from the same plant.

A

self-fertilization

58
Q

crosses between two particular plants and study their outcomes.
This process, known as_____, requires that the pollen from one plant be placed on the stigma of another plant

A

cross-fertilization

59
Q

General characteristics of an organism are called_____.
For example, seed color is a ___ of peas and eye color is a____ of humans.

A

characters

60
Q

The term____, is typically used to describe the specific properties of a character.

For example, yellow color is a __ (or variant) of peas and blue eye color is a __ (or variant) found in some people.

A

trait, or variant

61
Q

______means that a trait does not vary in appearance from generation to generation.

For example, if the seeds from a pea plant were yellow, the next generation would also produce yellow seeds.

Likewise, if these offspring were allowed to self-fertilize, all of their offspring would also produce yellow seeds, and so on.

A

Breeding true

62
Q

variety that continues to p roduce the same characteristic after several generations of self-fertilization is called a

A

truebreedin g line, or strain.

63
Q

other. A cross in which an experimenter is observing only one character is called a_____

A

single-factor cross.

64
Q

When the two parents are different variants for a given character, this type of cross produces…

A

single-character hybrids, also known as monohybrids

65
Q

enables you to predict the types of offspring the parents are expected to produce and in what proportions.

A

Punnett square

66
Q

Mendel conducted____ in which he followed the variants for a single character

A

single-factor crosses

67
Q

Based on the results of his single-factor crosses, Mendel proposed three key ideas regarding inheritance:

A

(1) Traits may be dominant or recessive.

(2) Genes are passed unaltered from generation to generation.

(3) The two copies of a given gene segregate (or separate) from each other during transmission from parent to offspring.

68
Q

he carried out two-factor crosses in which he followed the inheritance of two different characters within the same groups of individuals.

These experiments led to the formulation of a second law called the…

A

law of independent assortment.

69
Q

_____ states:
Two different genes randomly assort their alleles during the formation of haploid cells.
In other words, the allele for one gene is found within a resulting gamete independently of whether the allele for a different gene is found in the same gamete.

A

Mendel’s law of inde pendent assortment

70
Q

When an offspring receives a combination of alleles that differs from those in its parents, this phenomenon is termed…

A

genetic recombination

71
Q

is explained by the random alignment of different chromosomes during metaphase of meiosis I

A

Mendel’s law of independent assortment

72
Q

____is explained by the separation of homologs during meiosis

A

Mendel’s law of segregation

Cytogen (34 decks)

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