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Cytogen > 2_LecVid > Flashcards

2_LecVid Flashcards

1
Q

• “Prenucleus”

A

PROKARYOTES

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2
Q

• Chromosomes are not contained within a membrane bound nucleus of the cell

A

Prokaryotes

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3
Q

Circular chromosome “______”

A

Nucleoid

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4
Q

•• “True nucleus”

A

EUKARYOTES

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5
Q

Chromosomes are located in the nucleus

A

EUKARYOTES

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6
Q

Linear chromosomes

A

Eukaryotes

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7
Q

Size

Pro
Eu

A

Unicellular
Multicellular

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8
Q

Nucleus

Pro
Eu

A

No true nucleus
DNA is suspended in the cytoplasm (nucleoid region)

Presence of nucleus

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9
Q

DNA

Pro
Eu

A

One circular DNA (plasmids)

Linear DNA
(coiled to form chromosomes)

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10
Q

Organelles

Pro
Eu

A

Absence of organelles

Presence of organelles

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11
Q

Examples

Pro
Eu

A

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists, Humans, Plants, Fungi

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12
Q

is a chemical which stores the genetic information of an organism

A

DNA

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13
Q

are encoded for different proteins

A

Genes

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14
Q

Determines many functions such as gene regulation

A

DNA

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15
Q

Determine the traits of an organism

A

Genes

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16
Q

A long chain polynucleotide

A

DNA

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17
Q

Small stretches of DNA

A

Gene

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18
Q

Not the only genetic material shared by organisms

A

DNA

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19
Q

Made up of either DNA or RNA

A

Genes

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20
Q
  • coiled DNA strands to basic proteins called histone
A

Chromatin

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21
Q

Present in metabolically active cells

A

Chromatin

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22
Q
  • Chromatin that has undergone further condensation
A

Chromosome

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23
Q

Present in actively dividing cells

A

Chromosome

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24
Q

2 types of chromatin:

A

Heterochromatin
Euchromatin

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25
Q

• dense clumps under light microscope
• Tightly coiled around histones
• Not used by the cell

A

Heterochromatin

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26
Q

• Less coiled portion of the chromosomes, finely granular material electron microscope and lightly stained basophilic areas

A

Euchromatin

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27
Q

•Contain the genetic material

Consists of DNA, proteins, and small amount of RNA

A

CHROMOSOMES

28
Q

•Essential parts of chromosomes:

A

Telomeres
Origin of replication sites
Centromeres

29
Q

• Tightly packaged DNA
• Found only during cell division
• DNA is not being us for macromolecule synthesis

A

Chromosomes

30
Q

• Unwound DNA
• Found throughout
Interphase
• OVA is being used for macromolecule synthesis

A

Chromatin

31
Q

•Chromosome consists of 2 parallel strands called

A

chromatids

32
Q

•Chromosome tips
•Shorten with each mitotic cell division

A

TELOMERES

33
Q

•Protects the chromosome during cell division from deterioration

A

TELOMERES

34
Q

Telomeres contains______ sequence

A

TTAGGG

35
Q

•Largest constriction of a chromosome

A

CENTROMERE

36
Q

•Spindle fibers are attach when cell divides

DNA and protein

A

Centromere

37
Q

MORPHOLOGIC TYPES OF CHROMOSOMES

MSAT

A

Metacentric
Submetacentric
Acrocentric
Telocentric

38
Q

-If centromere is in the middle, and the arms are about of equal length

A

Metacentric

39
Q

-If the centromere is between the midpoint and one end

A

Submetacentric

40
Q

-If it is near one end

A

Acrocentric

41
Q
  • If it is at the end
A

Telocentric

42
Q

Germ line (germ cells)
Haploid

A

23 chromosomes (n) in human

43
Q

Somatic cells
Diploid

A

46 chromosomes (2n) in human

44
Q

•Has two sets of chromosomes or 46 chromosomes

A

DIPLOID CELLS

45
Q

DIPLOID CELLS

•Pair of chromosomes are

A

homologs

46
Q

•Identical size, same banding pattern, and similar composition of genetic material

A

Diploid cells

47
Q

•Displays chromosomes in pairs by size and physical landmarks that appear during mitotic phase

A

KARYOTYPE

48
Q

23 human chromosomes are numbered from largest to smallest-1 to 22 and other two are the X and Y

A

Karyotype

49
Q

KARYOTYPE
•The first 22 pair of chromosome are called

A

autosomes

50
Q

•The last pair of chromosomes is called

A

sex chromosomes
(XX and XY)

51
Q

A______ displays chromosome pairs in size order.

Note the extra chromosome 21 that causes______

A

karyotype

trisomy 21 Down syndrome

52
Q

•Process by which the information encoded in a gene is used to direct the assembly of a protein molecule.

A

GENE EXPRESSION

53
Q

Control of gene expression:

A

• Chromatin remodeling
• microRNAs

54
Q

•Enzymes add or deleted in small organic chemical groups to histones

A

•Chromatin remodeling

55
Q

•Three major types of small molecules that bind to histones:

A

-acetyl groups
-methyl groups
-phosphate groups

56
Q

attracts the enzyme (acetylase) that adds acetyl groups to specific lysines on specific histones this promotes transcription

A

Enhanceosome

57
Q

attracts the enzyme (acetylase) that adds acetyl groups to specific lysines on specific histones this promotes transcription

A

Enhanceosome

58
Q

remove acetyl groups, which shuts off gene expression.

A

Deacetylases

59
Q

remove acetyl groups, which shuts off gene expression.

A

Deacetylases

60
Q

________allow transcription to begin. Once acetyl groups are added to particular amino acids in the tails of certain histones, the TATA box becomes accessible to transcription factors. H3 and H4 are histone types.

A

Acetylated histones

61
Q

_ binds to a specific amino acid in a specific histone type, a protein is attracted that shuts the DNA off

A

Methyl group CH3

62
Q

control gene expression by binding to cytosine

A

•Methyl groups

63
Q

•noncoding RNAs

binds to initial control regions of a particular set of mRNAs

A

MicroRNAs

64
Q

•when a microRNA binds a “target” mRNA, it prevents_____.

A

translation

65
Q

has many targets, it effectively controls the expression of sets of genes at a time

A

microRNA

66
Q

______opens to allow transcription factors to bind, whereas_____ bind to specific mRNAs, blocking their translation into protein.

A

Chromatin

microNAs

Cytogen (34 decks)

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