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Cytogen > Gene Action: 10 From DNA to Protein > Flashcards

Gene Action: 10 From DNA to Protein Flashcards

1
Q

e “words” of the language of genes are three-base mRNA units called______. A particular codon specifies the same______

A

codons

amino acid

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2
Q

—used to treat people with diabetes.

A

insulin

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3
Q

preserves genetic information by giving new cells complete sets of operating instructions.

A

DNA replication

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4
Q

A protein consists of one or more long chains of amino acids called

A

polypeptides

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5
Q

A short sequence of amino acids is called a

A

peptide

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6
Q

e bonds that join amino acids are called

A

peptide bonds

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7
Q

Proteins have a great variety of functions (table 10.1).

A

They transport iron in the blood; provide immunity;
digest food;
clot blood;
regulate use of glucose;
forms skin, hair, and muscle; and enable cells to move

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8
Q

To use the genetic information in the nucleus to synthesize proteins, the process of_______ first makes a copy of a gene that is an RNA molecule complementary to one strand of the DNA double helix.

The RNA copy is taken out of the nucleus and into the______.

There, the process of_______ uses the information in the RNA to manufacture a protein by aligning and joining specified amino acids.

Finally, the protein must fold into a specific three-dimensional form in order to function.

A

transcription

cytoplasm

translation

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9
Q

Cells replicate their DNA only during____ phase of the cell cycle.

A

S

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10
Q

transcription and translation occur continuously, except during___ phase.

A

M

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11
Q

Watson and Crick, shortly after publishing their structure of DNA in 1953, described the relationship between nucleic acids and proteins as a directional flow of information called the ______

A

central dogma

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12
Q

is the bridge between gene and protein.

A

RNA

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13
Q

The bases of an RNA sequence are complementary to those of one strand of the double helix, which is called the

A

template strand

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14
Q

Complementary to RNA

A

Template strand

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15
Q

, assists the construction of an RNA molecule

A

RNA polymerase

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16
Q

Some of the information stored in DNA is copied to RNA (____), some of which is used to assemble amino acids into proteins (_____). DNA replication perpetuates genetic information.

A

transcription

translation

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17
Q

is complementary to the DNA template strand.

This is the same sequence as the DNA coding strand, with uracil (U) in place of thymine (T).

A

RNA sequence

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18
Q

The other strand of the DNA double helix is called the

A

coding strand

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19
Q

____is usually single-stranded, whereas____ is double-stranded.

Also, RNA has the pyrimidine base_____ where DNA has_——.

A

RNA/ DNA

uracil/ thymine

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20
Q

______stores genetic information

whereas_____ controls how that information is used.

A

DNA

RNA

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21
Q

The presence of the —_____at the 5′ position of ribose makes RNA much less stable than DNA, which is critical in its function as a shortlived carrier of genetic information.

A

OH

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22
Q

Encodes amino acid sequence

A

mRNA

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23
Q

rRNA

A

Associates with proteins to form ribosomes, which structurally support and catalyze protein synthesis

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24
Q

Transports specific amino acids to the ribosome for protein synthesis

A

tRNA

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25
Q

e three major types of RNA are messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA

A

RMT

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26
Q

carries the information that specifies a particular protein.

Each three mRNA bases in a row form a genetic____ word, or____, that specifies a certain amino acid

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

code/codon

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27
Q

Differentiated cells can carry out specialized functions because they express certain subsets of genes—that is, they produce certain mRNA molecules, also called______.

A

transcripts

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28
Q

The information in the__ is then used to manufacture the encoded proteins

A

transcripts

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29
Q

The information in the ___ is then used to manufacture the encoded proteins.

A

transcripts

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30
Q

A muscle cell, for example, has many mRNAs that specify the contractile proteins____ and ______, whereas a skin cell contains many mRNAs that specify the scaly keratin proteins

A

actin and myosin

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31
Q

associate with certain proteins to form a ribosome.

A

Ribosomal RNAs

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32
Q

is an organelle made up of many different protein and RNA subunits.

A

ribosome

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33
Q

functions as a machine to attach amino acids to form proteins

A

ribosome

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34
Q

A ribosome has two subunits that are separate in the cytoplasm but join at the __________of protein synthesis.

The larger ribosomal subunit has____ types of rRNA molecules, and the small subunit has____.

A

site of initiation

three

one

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35
Q

A ribosome from a______ cell has two subunits; together, they consist of 82 proteins and four rRNA molecules.

A

eukaryotic

36
Q

Certain rRNAs catalyze the formation of the peptide bonds between amino acids. Such an RNA with enzymatic function is called a_____.

A

ribozyme

37
Q

binds an mRNA codon at one end and a specific amino acid at the other.

A

transfer RNA (tRNA)

38
Q

Some of its bases form weak chemical bonds with each other, folding the tRNA into loops in a characteristic_____

A

cloverleaf shape

39
Q

One loop of the tRNA has three bases in a row that form the______, which is complementary to an mRNA codon.

The end of the tRNA opposite the anticodon strongly bonds to a specific_____

A

anticodon

amino acid

40
Q

a tRNA with the anticodon sequence GAA always picks up the amino acid________.

A

phenylalanine

41
Q

tRNA with a particular anticodon sequence always binds the same type of_______

A

amino acid

42
Q

In more complex organisms, different cell types express different subsets of genes. To manage this, groups of proteins called_______ come together, forming an apparatus that binds DNA at certain sequences and initiates transcription at specific sites on chromosomes.

A

transcription factors

43
Q

activated by signals from outside the cell such as hormones and growth factors, set the stage for transcription by forming a pocket for RNA polymerase—the enzyme that builds an RNA chain.

A

The transcription factors

44
Q

Transcription factors include regions called______ that guide them to the genes they control.

A

binding domains

45
Q

Transcription and translation are each described in three steps:

A

initiation, elongation, and termination.

46
Q

How do transcription factors and RNA polymerase (RNAP) “know” where to bind to DNA to begin transcribing a specific gene?

In transcription initiation, transcription factors and RNA polymerase are attracted to a______, which is a special sequence that signals the start of the gene.

A

promoter

47
Q

The first transcription factor to bind, called a______, is chemically attracted to a DNA sequence called a TATA box—the base sequence TATA surrounded by long stretches of G and C.

A

TATA binding protein

48
Q

In the next stage,_______, enzymes unwind the DNA double helix locally, and free RNA nucleotides bond with exposed complementary bases on the DNA template strand

A

transcription elongation

49
Q

A _________in the DNA indicates where the gene’s RNA-encoding region ends. When this spot is reached, the third stage, transcription termination, occurs

A

terminator sequence

50
Q

____is the control point that determines which genes are transcribed. RNA nucleotides are added during_____. A______ in the gene signals the end of transcription.

A

Initiation

elongation

terminator sequence

51
Q

RNA is typically transcribed using only a gene’s_____ strand. However, different genes on the same chromosome may be transcribed from different strands of the double helix. The coding strand of the DNA is so-called because its sequence is identical to that of the___, except with thymine (T) in place of uracil (U).

A

template

RNA

52
Q

Since______ is short-lived, with about half of it degraded every 10 minutes, a cell must constantly transcribe certain genes to maintain supplies of essential proteins.

A

mRNA

53
Q

For example, a DNA template strand that has the sequence

CCTAGCTAC

is transcribed into RNA with the sequence

and the coding DNA sequence is

A

G G A U C G A U G

G G A T C G A T G

54
Q

In______, RNA is translated into protein as soon as it is transcribed from DNA because a nucleus does not physically separate the two processes.

In_________, mRNA must first exit the nucleus to enter the cytoplasm, where ribosomes are located. Messenger RNA is altered before it is translated in these more complex cells. The modifications take several steps.

A

bacteria

eukaryotic cells

55
Q

after mRNA is transcribed, a short sequence of modified nucleotides, called a______, is added to the 5′ end of the molecule. The _____ consists of a backwardly inserted guanine (G), which attracts an enzyme that adds methyl groups (CH3 ) to the G and one or two adjacent nucleotides. This methylated _____ is a recognition site for protein synthesis.

A

cap

56
Q

At the 3′ end, a special polymerase adds about 200 adenines, forming a “_______.” This is necessary for protein synthesis to begin, and may also stabilize the mRNA so that it stays intact longer.

A

poly A tail

57
Q

Parts of mRNAs called_______ (short for “intervening sequences”) that were transcribed are removed.

The ends of the remaining molecule are_____ together before the mRNA is translated.

The parts of mRNA that remain and are translated are called____

A

introns

spliced

exons

58
Q

Prior to intron removal, the mRNA is called

A

pre-mRNA

59
Q

Introns control their own removal. They associate with certain proteins to form_________. Four _____ form a structure called a______ that cuts introns out and attaches exons to form the mature mRNA that exits the nucleus. The introns cut themselves out of the RNA.

A

small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), or “snurps

spliceosome

60
Q

At first, some geneticists called introns “_______”—a term that has unfortunately persisted even as researchers have discovered the functions of many introns.

A

junk DNA

61
Q

the mechanism of combining exons in different ways is called ________. It may explain how cell types use the same protein in slightly different ways in different tissues.

For example, a protein that transports fats is shorter in the small intestine, where it carries dietary fats, than it is in the liver, where it carries fats made in the body.

A

alternate splicing

62
Q

is single-stranded, has uracil and ribose, and has different functions than DNA.

A

RNA

63
Q

transmits information to build proteins.

Each three bases in a row form a codon that specifies a particular amino acid.

A

Messenger RNA

64
Q

(2) form ribosomes, which physically support protein synthesis and help catalyze bonding between amino acids.

A

Ribosomal RNA and proteins

65
Q

connect mRNA codons to amino acids.

A

Transfer RNAs

66
Q

inserts complementary RNA bases opposite the DNA template strand.

A

RNA polymerase

67
Q

gains a modified nucleotide cap and a poly A tail.

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

68
Q

Particular mRNA codons correspond to particular amino acids

This correspondence between the chemical languages of mRNA and protein is the_____

A

genetic code

69
Q

Translation occurs on ________in the cytoplasm as well as on ribosomes that are embedded in the_______

A

free ribosomes

endoplasmic reticulum (ER).

70
Q

AUGCCCAAG

AUG

CCC

AAG

A

methionine

proline

lysine

71
Q

The first mRNA codon to specify an amino acid is always_____, which attracts an initiator tRNA that carries the amino acid methionine (abbreviated met).

A

AUG

72
Q

signifies the start of a polypeptide.

A

methionine

73
Q

___ site holds the growing amino acid chain, and the__ site right next to it holds the next amino acid to be added to the chain.

A

P

A

74
Q

Elongation halts when the A site of the ribosome has a______, because no tRNA molecules correspond to it

A

“stop” codon (UGA, UAG, or UAA)

75
Q

Building a polypeptide. (a) A ________ subunit binds to the initiation complex, and a tRNA bearing a second amino acid (glycine, in this example) forms hydrogen bonds between its anticodon and the mRNA’s second codon at the A site. The first amino acid, methionine, occupies the P site.

A

large ribosomal

76
Q

Terminating a polypeptide. (a) A___________ binds to the stop codon, releasing the completed polypeptide from the tRNA and (b) freeing all of the components of the translation complex.

A

protein release factor

77
Q

Proteins fold into one or more three-dimensional shapes, or________. This folding is based on chemistry: attraction and repulsion between atoms of the proteins as well as interactions of proteins with chemicals in the immediate environment.

A

conformations

78
Q

The amino acid sequence of a polypeptide chain is its _______ structure.

A

primary (1°)

79
Q

Chemical attractions between amino acids that are close together in the 1° structure fold the polypeptide chain into its_____ structure, which may form loops, coils, barrels, helices, sheets, or other distinctive shapes..

A

secondary (2 °)

80
Q

The two most common secondary structures are

A

alpha helix and a beta-pleated sheet

81
Q

Secondary structures wind into larger_____ structures as more widely separated amino acids attract or repel in response to water molecules.

A

tertiary (3°)

82
Q

proteins consisting of more than one polypeptide form a _______structure.

Ex.

______, the blood protein that carries oxygen, has four polypeptide chains (see figure 11.1).

The liver protein_____ has 20 identical polypeptides of 200 amino acids each.

A

quaternary (4°)

Hemoglobin
ferritin

83
Q

the muscle protein____ is a single polypeptide chain.

A

myoglobin

84
Q

Misfolded proteins are tagged with____ and sent through a proteasome for dismantling.

A

ubiquitin

85
Q

help conformation arise. Other proteins help new bonds form and oversee folding accuracy.

A

Chaperone proteins

86
Q

Ubiquitin attaches to misfolded proteins and escorts them to_____ for dismantling. Protein misfolding is associated with certain diseases.

A

proteasomes

Cytogen (34 decks)

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