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Extension Of Mendel’s Law Flashcards

1
Q

Mendelian inheritance describes inheritance patterns that obey two laws

A

Law of segregation
Law of independent assortment

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2
Q

Simple Mendelian inheritance involves

A single gene with two different____
Alleles display a simple ____\ relationship

A

alleles
dominant/recessive relationship

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3
Q

Prevalent alleles in a population are termed____

A

wild-type alleles

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4
Q

These typically encode proteins that
Function normally
Are made in the right amounts

A

wild-type alleles

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5
Q

Alleles that have been altered by mutation are termed_____

A

mutant alleles

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6
Q

These tend to be rare in natural populations

A

mutant alleles

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7
Q

They are likely to cause a reduction in the amount or function of the encoded protein

A

Mutant alleles

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8
Q

mutant alleles are often inherited in a_____ fashion

A

recessive

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9
Q

Drosophila dominant allele

A

Red eyes
Normal wings

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10
Q

Drosophila recessive allele

A

White eyes
Miniature wings

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11
Q

_____diseases are caused by mutant alleles

A

Genetic

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12
Q

This prevents the allele from producing a fully functional protein

A

Mutation

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13
Q

In a simple dominant/recessive relationship, the_____ allele does not affect the phenotype of the heterozygote

A

recessive

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14
Q

how can the wild-type phenotype of the heterozygote be explained?

There are two possible explanations:

A

50% of the normal protein is enough to accomplish the protein’s cellular function

The heterozygote may actually produce more than 50% of the functional protein

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15
Q

______ are those that are absolutely required for survival

The absence of their protein product leads to a______ phenotype

A

Essential genes

lethal

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16
Q

It is estimated that about____ of all genes are essential for survival

A

1/3

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17
Q

_____ genes are those not absolutely required for survival

A

Nonessential genes

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18
Q

is one that has the potential to cause the death of an organism

A

lethal allele

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19
Q

These alleles are typically the result of mutations in essential genes

They are usually inherited in a recessive manner

A

Lethal allele

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20
Q

Many_____ alleles prevent cell division
These will kill an organism at an early age

A

lethal

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21
Q

Some lethal alleles exert their effect later in life

_______ disease
Characterized by progressive degeneration of the nervous system, dementia and early death

The age of onset of the disease is usually between 30 to 50

A

Huntington

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22
Q

________ alleles may kill an organism only when certain environmental conditions prevail

A

Conditional lethal alleles

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23
Q

Temperature-sensitive (ts) lethals
A developing Drosophila larva may be killed at____
But it will survive if grown at____

A

30 C

22 C

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24
Q

Kill some individuals in a population, not all of them

A

SEMI LETHAL ALLELES

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25
Environmental factors and other genes may help prevent the detrimental effects of_______ genes
semilethal genes
26
A_____ allele may produce ratios that seemingly deviate from Mendelian ratios An example is the "creeper" allele in chicken
lethal allele
27
In ________ the heterozygote exhibits a phenotype that is intermediate between the corresponding homozygotes
incomplete dominance
28
Three or more different alleles
multiple alleles
29
coat color in rabbits Has ____different alleles
Four
30
Partial defect in pigmentation
Cch (chinchilla pattern of coat color)
31
Pigmentation in only certain parts of the body
ch (himalayan pattern of coat color)
32
Lack of pigmentation
c (albino)
33
The himalayan pattern of coat color is an example of a ______conditional allele
temperature-sensitive
34
The enzyme encoded by this gene is functional only at low temperatures Therefore, dark fur will only occur in cooler areas of the body This is also the case in the Siamese pattern of coat color in cats
temperature-sensitive conditional allele
35
______, the opposite phenotype occurs The coat in the cooler parts of the body is light-colored The allele in this case is likely to be cold-sensitive Its enzymatic product does not work well at lower temperatures
Brown Swiss
36
The ABO blood group provides another example of____ alleles
multiple
37
It is determined by the type of antigen present on the surface of red blood cells
ABO blood group
38
are substances that are recognized by antibodies produced by the immune system
Antigens
39
Alleles /A and /B are
codominant
40
Allele i is____ to both /A and /B
recessive
41
is the phenomenon in which a heterozygote is more vigorous than both of the corresponding homozygotes
Overdominance
42
Overdominance is also called
heterozygote advantage
43
Where being heterozygous gives you the best chance of having children and living the best quality of life!
heterozygote advantage (overdominance)
44
Example = Sickle-cell anemia Autosomal____ disorder Affected individuals produce abnormal form of hemoglobin
recessive
45
Sickle cell Two alleles: ____→ Encodes the normal hemoglobin, hemoglobin A ____→ Encodes the abnormal hemoglobin, hemoglobin S
HbA HbS
46
is caused by a protozoan, Plasmodium
Malaria
47
In some instances, a dominant allele is not expressed in a heterozygote individual
Incomplete dominance
48
Example = Polydactyly Autosomal_____ trait Affected individuals have additional fingers and/or toes
dominant
49
A_____ copy of the polydactyly allele is usually sufficient to cause this condition In some cases, however, individuals carry the dominant allele but do not exhibit the trait
single
50
The term indicates that a dominant allele does not always "penetrate" into the phenotype of the individual
Incomplete Penetrance
51
The measure of penetrance is described at the population level If 60% of heterozygotes carrying a dominant allele exhibit the trait allele, the trait is 60% penetrant
Incomplete penetrance
52
is the degree to which a trait is expressed
Expressivity
53
In the case of polydactyly, the number of digits can vary A person with several extra digits has____ expressivity of this trait A person with a single extra digit has___ expressivity
high low
54
The molecular explanation of _____ and ______may not always be understood
expressivity and incomplete penetrance
55
In most cases, the range of phenotypes is thought to be due to influences of the
Environment and/or Other genes
56
_______ conditions may have a great impact on the phenotype of the individual
Environmental
57
Phenylketonuria Autosomal_____ disorder in humans Caused by a defect in the gene that encodes the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase
recessive
58
PKU patient Their diet is essentially_______-free
phenylalanine
59
Some genes can be altered or modified by the effects of one or more other genes. This effect is called_____
epistasis
60
The inheritance pattern of certain traits is governed by the sex of the individual These traits are of 3 main types
8.1 Sex-linked 8.2 Sex-influenced 8.3 Sex-limited
61
Sex Determination Humans have 46 chromosomes. 2 of those 46 chromosomes are called_____
sex chromosomes
62
The other 44 chromosomes are called____.
autosomes
63
Most of your chromosomes are____ are chromosomes that determine your traits.
autosomes
64
can determine traits as well, but they also determine gender or sex.
Sex chromosomes
65
Sex chromosomes can either be X or Y. If an individual's sex chromosomes are both X chromosomes, that person will be a____. If an individual's sex chromosomes are X and Y, that person will be a____
female male.
66
Traits controlled by genes on the sex chromosomes are called
sex-linked traits.
67
Because______ have only one X chromosome, they are affected by recessive traits found on the X chromosome more than females. ______are less likely to express a recessive trait on an X chromosome, because the other X chromosome may have a dominant allele.
males Females
68
How are Sex-linked traits inherited? This would be the result from a cross between a female_____ (XBXb) for color blindness and ____ male (XBY). ½ of the children would be normal ½ would either be color blind or be carriers
carrier normal
69
Hemophilia is another ______ trait that causes delayed blood clotting.
sex-linked trait
70
Most sex-linked traits like color blindness and hemophilia affect____ more than_____.
males females
71
Calico cats are always______ because the gene for coat color is on the X chromosome. If a_______ is heterozygous, it will be a calico cat.
females
72
Male pattern baldness is technically an autosomal trait, but it acts like a_____ trait
sex-linked trait.
73
Eye color in Drosophila Fruit flies is a _____ trait
sex-linked trait
74
Calico Cats _____can either be black or orange ______can be black, orange, or calico. This is caused by one of the X chromosomes becoming inactive in female cats.
Males Females
75
Traits where an allele is dominant in one sex but recessive in the opposite sex Thus, _____ is a phenomenon of heterozygotes
Sex-influenced Traits
76
Male Pattern Baldness The gene for baldness is recessive in____, but dominant in____.
females males
77
______can either be heterozygous or homozygous dominant. ______must be homozygous recessive to be bald.
Males Females
78
Traits that occur in only one of the two sexes
Sex-limited Traits
79
Type of trait Breast development is normally limited to females
Sex-limited Traits
80
Type of trait Beard growth is normally limited to males
Sex-limited Traits
81
Sex-limited Traits Hen-feathering is controlled by a dominant allele expressed in ____ Cock-feathering is controlled by a recessive allele only expressed in____
both sexes males
82
occur when two or more different genes influence the outcome of a single trait
Gene interactions
83
The term_____ describes the situation in which a gene Can porns mask the phenotypic effects of another gene
epistasis
84
_______ often arise because two (or more) different proteins participate in a common cellular function
Epistatic interactions

Cytogen (34 decks)

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