Intro Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

(almost) all inheritance is based on____: the sequence of _________encodes all instructions needed to build and maintain an organism.

A

DNA

ACGT nucleotides

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2
Q

A________ is a single DNA molecule together with other molecules (proteins and RNA) needed to support and read the DNA.

A

chromosome

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3
Q

A_____ is a specific region of a chromosome that codes for a single_______ (linear chain of amino acids).

A

gene

polypeptide

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4
Q

_______are composed of one or more polypeptides, plus in some cases other small helper molecules (co-factors)._____ do most of the work of the cell.

A

Proteins

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5
Q

Genes are expressed in a 2 step process:

A

Transcription
Translation

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6
Q

T or F

All cells in the body have the same DNA, but different genes are expressed in different cells and under different conditions.

A

True

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7
Q

Genes often have several_____: the same gene in the same chromosomal location, but with minor nucleotide changes that yield slightly different proteins.

A

alleles

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8
Q

For a given gene, many different alleles can exist in a population (members of the same species), but an individual diploid organism can have___ alleles at most:________

A

2

one from each parent.

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9
Q

________= having 2 copies of each gene and each chromosome.

A

Diploid

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10
Q

(where the mitotic spindle attaches)

A

centromere

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11
Q

(special structures on the ends of chromosomes)

A

telomeres

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12
Q

(where copying of DNA starts)

A

origins of replication

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13
Q

(non-functional, mutated copies of genes)

A

pseudogenes

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14
Q

(intranuclear parasites)

A

transposable elements a.k.a. transposons

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15
Q

Eubacteria and Archaea. Usually unicellular.

A

Prokaryotes

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16
Q

No internal membrane-bound compartments: DNA floats free in the cytoplasm.

A

Prokaryotes

17
Q

1 circular chromosome (plus optional plasmids, which are also circular)

A

Prokaryotes

18
Q

reproduction usually asexual

A

Prokaryotes

19
Q

sexual processes (mixing DNA from 2 individuals) occur, but with unequal contributions from the 2 partners

A

Prokaryotes

20
Q

transcription and translation simultaneous

A

Prokaryotes

21
Q

Plants, animals, fungi, protists. Often multicellular.

A

Eukaryotes

22
Q

DNA contained within a membrane-bound nucleus.

A

Eukaryotes

23
Q

linear chromosomes (usually more than 1)

A

Eukaryotes

24
Q

careful division of chromosomes in cell division: mitosis and meiosis

A

Eukaryotes

25
Q

transcription separated from translation

A

Eukaryotes

26
Q

sexual reproduction: 2 partners contribute equally to offspring

A

Eukaryotes

27
Q

life cycle: alternation of haploid and diploid phases (i.e. 1 vs. 2 copies of each gene and chromosome)

A

Eukaryotes

28
Q

which are any change in the DNA base sequence, occur constantly in all cells and organisms.

Offspring rarely get a perfect copy of the DNA from its parents.

A

Mutations

29
Q

mutations are rare: about__ DNA base change per____ bases each cell generation.

A

1

109

30
Q

Humans have about 3 x 109 bases and E. coli bacteria have about ______ bases

A

4 x 106

31
Q

: the ability to survive and reproduce. An individual’s _____ is affected by its genes.

A

Fitness

32
Q

__________: more fit individuals tend to increase their numbers each generation, at the expense of less fit individuals.

Alleles that confer higher fitness tend to take over in the population, causing a loss of less fit genes.

A

Natural selection

33
Q

________changes, new species, are thought to usually occur in small isolated populations, where they don’t get swamped out or out-competed by the “normal” individuals.

A

Large scale