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Cytogen > Fertilization (ppt) > Flashcards

Fertilization (ppt) Flashcards

1
Q

• union of mature egg cell (ovum) and sperm cell happening in the______ (outer third) of the fallopian tube

A

ampulla

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2
Q

• resulting in a fertilized ovum known as the_____

A

zygote

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3
Q

Fertilization

• also termed

A

conception, fecundation, and impregnation

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4
Q

sperm must undergo 2 processes before fertilization:

A

Sperm capacitation

Acrosomal Reaction

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5
Q

: the process by which the sperm becomes hypermobile and there is a breakdown of the plasma membrane and exposes the acrosomal membrane/ covering of the sperm head allowing the sperm to bind with the zona pellucida of the ovum.

A

Sperm capacitation

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6
Q

_______follows capacitation; the acrosomal covering of the head of the sperm contains______.

So as millions of sperms surrounds the ovum, they deposit minute amounts of hyaluronidase in the corona radiata, the outer layer of the ovum, which allows the sperm head to penetrate the ovum

A

Acrosomal Reaction

hyaluronidase

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7
Q

As soon as the sperm penetrates the____ and makes contact with the vitelline membrane of the ovum, a cellular change occurs in the ovum that inhibits other sperms to penetrate.

A

zona pellucida

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8
Q

begins when the outer membranes of the sperm and secondary oocyte meet

A

Fertilization

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9
Q

Fertilization occurs when the (chromosome #)______ is restored a new combination of genetic material from the parents

A

chromosome diploid number
(46)

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10
Q

: series of mitotic cell division by the zygote

A

Cleavage

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11
Q

: daughter cells arising from the mitotic cell division of the zygote 2-cell, 4-cell, 8-cell

A

Blastomeres

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12
Q

: solid ball of cells produced by 16 or so blastomeres;

called the “traveling” form because it is in this form when it migrates thru the fallopian tube and reaches the uterine cavity about 3 to 4 after ovulation.

A

Morula

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13
Q

: a fluid-filled cavity that reaches the uterine cavity

A

Blastocyst

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14
Q

IMPLANTATION
• Also called

A

Nidation

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15
Q

Time: 6 to 9 days after fertilization

A

Implantation

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16
Q

• Site: upper fundal portion or upper one-third of the uterus

A

Implantation

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17
Q

Abnormal implantation sites are the fallopian tubes which leads to ____and the lower uterine segment which causes_____

A

ectopic pregnancy

placenta previa

18
Q

Stages of Intrauterine Development

A
  1. Ovum
    II. Embryo
    III. Fetus
19
Q

• From fertilization to 2 weeks
• The period of pre-differentiation of organs.

A

Ovum

20
Q

• First 8 weeks
• The period of organ differentiation (organogenesis)
• Most Dangerous Period: A teratogen introduced at this stage may result in severe organ malformation and dysfunction

A

Embryo

21
Q

: the dysgenesis of fetal organs as evidenced either structurally or functionally

A

Teratogenesis

22
Q

The typical manifestation of____ are restricted growth or death of the fetus, carcinogenesis, and malformation, defined as defects in organ structure or function.

A

teratogenesis

23
Q

EMBRYONIC GERM LAYERS

A

• Ectoderm
• Endoderm
• Mesoderm

24
Q

Ectoderm
• outer layer; develops into:

A
  1. Nervous system
  2. Hair, nails, skin epidermis, sebaceous and sweat glands
  3. Salivary glands, mucous membrane of mouth
  4. Epithelium of nasal oral passage
25
Q

Mesoderm
• the middle layer, develops into:

A
  1. Dermis
  2. Cardiovascular system
  3. Reproductive system system
  4. Musculoskeletal system
  5. Urogenital system system, except the bladder
26
Q

Endoderm
• Also called Entoderm: the inner layer develops into:

A
  1. Linings of gastrointestinal tract from pharynx to rectum
  2. Liver, pancreas thyroid, parathyroid
  3. Respiratory tract
  4. Bladder, thyroid, thymus (for immunity building)
27
Q

From 9th week to birth
• The period of post-differentiation of organs
• When exposed to a____, a malformation is least likely to occur. If ever the fetus is affected, the effects will most likely be alteration in size or function.

A

Fetus

teratogen

28
Q

Placenta

Fetal Side: covered with amnion; beneath it the fetal vessels course with the arteries passing over the veins.

•_____: 0.02 to 0.05 mm in thickness; a sac that engulfs the growing fetus.
•_______: clear fluid that collects within the amniotic cavity

A

Amnion

Amniotic fluid

29
Q

Placenta

divided into irregular lobes; consist of fibrous tissue with sparse vessels confined mainly to the base

A

Maternal Side

30
Q

: transport nutrients and water soluble vitamins to fetus

A

Nutritive

31
Q

Excretory with the_____ as the medium of excretion

A

amniotic fluid

32
Q

Protective barriers to some substance and organism like heparin and bacteria; ineffective for virus, alcohol, nicotine, antibiotics, depressants and stimulants.

A

Placenta

33
Q

Placenta

: secretes hormones estrogen, progesterone, human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), and human placental lactogen (HPL), also called chorionic somatomammotropin (HCS)

A

Endocrine

34
Q

• Inability to conceived after 12 months of unprotected sexual intercourse
• Considered as disability by WHO

A

INFERTILITY

35
Q

• Causes:
• Male factors: 25%
• Female factors: 58%
• Unexplained: 17%

A

INFERTILITY

36
Q

• modifiable risk factors of infertility

A

smoking
alcohol
caffeine
obesity

37
Q

FEMALE CAUSES of infertility
• Abnormalities in _____constitute the most common cause of female infertility, these disorders include:

• ovulatory dysfunction and abnormalities of the uterus or outflow tract, may present as_____ or as irregular or short menstrual cycles.

A

menstrual function

amenorrhea

38
Q

FEMALE CAUSES
may result from pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), appendicitis, endometriosis, pelvic adhesions, tubal surgery, previous use of an intrauterine device (IUD), and a previous ectopic pregnancy.

A

• Tubal Disease

39
Q

may be an under diagnosed cause of tubal infertility and requires the treatment of both partners

A

Chlamydia trachomatis

40
Q

is defined as the presence of endometrial glands or stroma outside the endometrial cavity and uterine musculature

• accounts for____% of infertility not due to ovulatory disorders, tubal obstruction, or male factor

• Its presence is suggested by a history of_____ (painful intercourse), worsening dysmenorrhea that often begins before menses, or a thickened rectovaginal septum or deviation of the cervix on pelvic examination.

A

Endometriosis

40%

dyspareunia

Cytogen (34 decks)

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