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Cytogen > Intro > Flashcards

Intro Flashcards

1
Q

The study of chromosomes, which are the visible carriers of the hereditary material

A

Cytogenetics

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2
Q

Cytogenetics is the study of

A

Chromosomes

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3
Q

Cytogenetics is a fusion of (gcs)

A

science
cytology
genetics

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4
Q

the study of cells

A

Cytology

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5
Q

(the study of inherited variation)

A

genetics

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6
Q

Genetics — is the study of ___ and ____

A

heredity and variation

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7
Q

— study of transmission of traits and biological information between generations

A

Heredity

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8
Q

— are simply differences in genetic sequence

A

Variation

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9
Q

Examples of genetic variation (within species)

A

Domesticated species
Human genetics
Natural Populations

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10
Q

Three (3) primary sources of genetic variation:

A

Mutations
Gene flow
Sex

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11
Q

Areas of Genetics

A

Classical Genetics
Molecular Genetics
Evolutionary Genetics

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12
Q

(based on Mendel’s 1st and 2nd laws)

A

Classical Genetics

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13
Q

(based on the Central Dogma of Molecular Genetics)

A

Molecular Genetics

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14
Q

(based on the theory of Natural Selection proposed by Darwin)

A

Evolutionary Genetics

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15
Q

“Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it “

A

Santayana,1905-1906

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16
Q

People have known about inheritance for a long time.

A

children resemble their parents

domestication of animals and plants, selective breeding for good characteristics

Sumerian horse breeding records

Egyptian data palm breeding

Bible and hemophilia

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17
Q

Old/ incorrect ideas

A

All life comes from other life

Species concept

Organisms develop by expressing information carried in their hereditary material.

The environment can’t alter the hereditary material in a directed fashion

Male and female parents contribute equally to the offspring.

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18
Q

Three (3) major events in the mid-1800’s led directly to the development of modern genetics.

A

The Origin of Species

Experiments in Plant Hybridization

isolated “nucleic acid” from pus cells.

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19
Q

published The Origin of Species, which describes the theory of evolution by natural selection

A

1859: Charles Darwin

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20
Q

published Experiments in Plant Hybridization, which lays out the basic theory of genetics.
It is widely ignored until 1900.

A

1866: Gregor Mendel

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21
Q

isolated “nucleic acid” from pus cells.

A

1869: Friedrich Miescher

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22
Q

proved that the genetic material is indeed located in the nucleus.

A

1871: Ernst Haeckel

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23
Q

1900: rediscovery of Mendel’s work by

A

Carl Correns
Hugo de Vries
Erich von Tschermak

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24
Q

1902:_______ discovered that alkaptonuria, a human disease, has a genetic basis.

A

Archibald Garrod

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25
Q
  • coined “gene”
A

Wilhelm Johannsen

26
Q

1904:_______ discovered linkage between genes. Also coins the word “genetics”.

A

William Bateson

27
Q

1910: A year after, together with_______, Bateson discovered the science of genetic linkage.

A

Reginald Punnett

28
Q

Reginald Punnett and Bateson

coined the term “_____” to describe the interaction between two different traits

A

epistasis

29
Q

1910:_____ proved that genes are located on the chromosomes (using Drosophila).

A

Thomas Hunt Morgan

30
Q

1918:_____ began the study of quantitative genetics by partitioning phenotypic variance into a genetic and an environmental component.

A

R. A. Fisher

31
Q

1926:________ shows that X-rays induce mutations

A

Hermann J. Muller

32
Q

1944:(3) show that DNA can transform bacteria, demonstrating that DNA is the hereditary material.

A

Oswald Avery
Colin MacLeod
Maclyn McCarty

33
Q

1953: They determine the structure of the DNA molecule, which leads directly to knowledge of how it replicates

A

James Watson and Francis Crick

34
Q

1966:______ solves the genetic code, showing that 3 DNA bases code for one amino acid.

A

Marshall Nirenberg

35
Q

1970: — an enzyme found in retroviruses, was discovered and was used in cloning genes.

A

Reverse transcriptase

36
Q

1972: (2) combine DNA from two different species in vitro, then transform it into bacterial cells: first DNA cloning

A

Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer

37
Q

1977: Scientist______introduced the process of sequencing the genome (set of genes of an organism) of a bacteriophage.
Later, scientists have done it in other organisms as well.

A

Frederick Sanger

38
Q

1983:
invented the process called Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR).

A

Kary Mullis

39
Q

In this technique, a segment of the DNA is amplified until millions of copies are produced in just a short period of time

A

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

40
Q

1990: The ________was started.
GOAL: To sequence and map the genome (collections of all the genes) of man.

A

Human Genome Project

41
Q

1996:
They have successfully cloned Dolly the sheep.

A

Ian Wilmut and Keith Campbell

42
Q

When: Sequence of the entire human genome is announced.

A

2003

43
Q

Charles Darwin
published_________, which describes the theory of evolution by natural selection.

A

The Origin of Species

44
Q

Gregor Mendel
published___________, which lays out the basic theory of genetics.
■ It is widely ignored until 1900.

A

Experiments in Plant Hybridization

45
Q

Friedrich Miescher
isolated “_________” from pus cells

A

nucleic acid

46
Q

The experiments of Ernst Haeckel proved that the genetic material is indeed located in the

A

nucleus

47
Q

Archibald Garrod discovered that______, a human disease, has a genetic basis.

A

alkaptonuria

48
Q

Wilhelm Johannsen- coined “____”

A

gene

49
Q

William Bateson discovered linkage
between genes. Also coins the word “_____”.

A

genetics

50
Q

A year after, together with Reginald Punnett,
Bateson discovered the science of genetic linkage.
○ They also coined the term “______” to describe the interaction between two
different traits

A

epistasis

51
Q

Gene responsible for brown hair

A

MCR1 gene

52
Q

Thomas Hunt Morgan proved that genes are located on the chromosomes (using______).

A

Drosophila

53
Q

R. A. Fisher began the study of_____ genetics by partitioning phenotypic variance into a genetic and an environmental component.

A

quantitative

54
Q

Hermann J. Muller shows that _____ induce mutations.

A

X-rays

55
Q

Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod and Maclyn McCarty show that DNA can transform bacteria, demonstrating that DNA is the_____ material.

A

hereditary

56
Q

James Watson and Francis Crick determine the structure of the_____ molecule, which leads directly to knowledge of how it replicates

A

DNA

57
Q

Marshall Nirenberg solves the______, showing that 3 DNA bases code for one amino acid.

A

genetic code

58
Q

Example of diseases that has reverse transcriptase

A

HIV
Hep B

59
Q

Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer combine DNA from two different species in vitro, then transform it into bacterial cells: first____ cloning

A

DNA

60
Q

Scientist Frederick Sanger
○ introduced the process of sequencing the
genome (set of genes of an organism) of a
_____.

A

bacteriophage

61
Q

Kary Mullis invented the process called

A

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR).

62
Q

In this technique, a segment of the DNA is amplified until millions of copies are produced in just a short period of time

A

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR).

Cytogen (34 decks)

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