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121 > Midterm | Skeletal System > Flashcards

Midterm | Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

TWO DIVISION of skeletal system

A

AXIAL
APPENDICULAR

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2
Q

Differentiate ligament, tendon, and joints

A

Joints (Bone to bone): where bones meet; acts as a hinge which helps body part move somothly

Ligaments (bone to bone): hold the bones together at the joints; stabilize joints

Tendons (bone to muscle): connect muscles to bones, allowing movement.

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3
Q

Kyphosis vs Lordosis

A

Kyphhosis: Outward curve
Lordosis: Ineward curve

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4
Q

Pain in the joints

A

ARTHRALGIA

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5
Q

Disease of the joints

A

ATHROPATHY

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6
Q

Displacement of the bone; dislocation

A

LUXATION

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7
Q

Partial displacement of a bone from its joint ; partial dislocation

A

SUBLUXATION

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8
Q

Twisting of a joint, resulting in pain, swelling and injury to the ligaments

A

SPRAIN

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9
Q

SPRAIN vs STRAIN

A

Sprain: Injury to a ligament
Strain: Inury to tendons

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10
Q

Any break in a bone

A

FRACTURE

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11
Q

Commons FRACTURES

A
  • COMMINUTED Fx
  • COMPOUND Fx
  • COMPRESSION Fx
  • GREENSTICK Fx
  • SIMPLE Fx
  • IMPACTED Fx
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12
Q

Splintered / crushed bone

A

COMMINUTED Fx

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13
Q

What does COMMINUTED Fx affect?

A

Long bones

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14
Q

A break in the bone accompanied by an open wound in the skin

A

COMPOUND Fx

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15
Q

Other term for COMPOUND Fx

A

OPEN FRACTURE

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16
Q

A break in a bone resulting from compression, usually involves one or more vertebrae.

A

COMPRESSION Fx

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17
Q

Condition in which a bone is partially bent and partially broken, as when a bamboo breaks

A

GREENSTICK Fx

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18
Q

Patients commonly affected by GREENSTICK Fx

A

Patients 10years old or below

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19
Q

A break in a bone without an external wound (with no break in the skin)

A

SIMPLE Fx

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20
Q

Other term for SIMPLE Fx

A

CLOSED Fx

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21
Q

A break in a bone in which one fragment is wedged into the other

A

IMPACTED Fx

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22
Q

Inflammation of the joint

A

ARTHRITIS

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23
Q

How is arthritis formed?

A

Bones rub against each other, causing the inflammation

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24
Q

Inflammation of the joints caused by GOUT

A

GOUTY ARTHRITIS

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25
Q

Body part usually affected by GOUTY ARTHRITIS

A

Big toe

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26
Q

Gout is a disease involving abnormal —

A

uric acid metabolism

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27
Q

How is uric acid relevant to developing gout?

A

When the body breaks down certain foods, it creates a waste product called uric acid. This uric acid is normally flushed out of your body through pee. If the body makes too much uric acid, or it can’t get rid of enough of it, this can lead to uric acid building up in your blood. In gout, high levels of uric acid lead to the formation of urate crystals in the joints, causing inflammation and pain.

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28
Q

Chronic inflammatory disease characterized by destruction of articular cartilage and overgrowth of bone in the weight-bearing joints

A

OSTEOARTHRITIS

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29
Q

Other term for OSTEOARTHRITIS

A

OA or DJD (degenerative joint disease)

30
Q

RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS is characterized by?

A

Inflammation
pain
stiffness
eventually deformity of the affected joints due to inflammation of the synovial membrane

31
Q

Inflammation of the bursae, usually occurring in association with arthritis

32
Q

Inflammation of the bone and bone marrow usually due to infection

A

OSTEOMYELITIS

33
Q

Where are bone marrows located?

A

Long bones, spine, or vertebrae

34
Q

Inflammation of the
periosteum, usually due to a blow to the bone

A

PERIOSTITIS

35
Q

Inflammation of the synovial membrane, usually resulting from injury, infection or arthritis

36
Q

Most common inherited disorder affecting the skeletal system, which results in bone deformity and dwarfism

A

ACHONDROPLASIA

37
Q

Other term for ACHONDROPLASIA

A

Short limb dwarfism

38
Q

What results from ACHONDROPLASIA?

A

bone deformity and dwarfism

39
Q

Chronic inflammatory disease of the spine characterized by fusion and loss of mobility of two or more vertebrae

A

ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS

40
Q

OSTEOGENESIS IMPERFECTA (OI) is sometimes referred to as (1). It is quite a serious and rather rare (2) or (3) disease which can range from (4)

A
  1. brittle bone disease
  2. heritable
  3. congenital
  4. mild to severe
41
Q

Congenital disorder characterized by malformation of the spine due to abnormal formation and joining of the vertebrae

A

SPINA BIFIDA

42
Q

Condition characterized by damage to the cartilage of the kneecap, resulting in pain

A

CHONDROMALACIA PATELLAE

43
Q

CHONDROMALACIA PATELLAE is most commonly found in —

A

adolescents

44
Q

How is CHONDROMALACIA PATELLAE developed?

A

When the cartilage under the kneecap ad femur softens or deteriorates, leading to pain and discomfort in the knee joint.

45
Q

Softening and weakening of the bones

A

OSTEOMALACIA

46
Q

OSTEOMALACIA is usually due to?

A

vit D deficiency

47
Q

In children, OSTEOMALACIA is known as —

48
Q

Loss of calcium and bone
tissue, causing the bone to become porous, brittle and easily fractured

A

OSTEOPOROSIS

49
Q

OSTEOPOROSIS is common in?

A

Most commonly seen in postmenopausal women

50
Q

PAGET’S DISEASE is characterized by?

A

Weakened, thickened, deformed bones

51
Q

PAGET’S DISEASE is common in?

A

Most commonly seen in middle aged and elderly adults

52
Q

Varus vs Valgus

A

Varus: Distal part of a limb is angled inward, towards the midline of the body (distal part: more medial)

Valgus: Deformity where the affected body part bends outward or away from the midline of the body (distal part: more LATERAL)

53
Q

Protrusion of a vertebral disk into the center of the vertebral column; irritating the spinal nerves and causing pain

A

HERNIATED DISK

54
Q

Abnormal curvature of the vertebral column, eventually causing back pain, disk disease, or arthritis; often a congenital disease

55
Q

Scoliosis can be a curvature towards the right (1) or towards the left (2)

A
  1. dextroscoliosis
  2. levoscoliosis
56
Q

KYPHOSIS is an increased curvature of the (1) of the vertebral column, leading to a (2)

A
  1. thoracic region
  2. humpback posture
57
Q

KYPHOSIS may be caused by —

A

arthritis
poor posture
osteomalacia
chronic
respiratory disease

CARPO

58
Q

LORDOSIS is a (1) curvature of the
(2) of the vertebral column, leading to a (3)

A
  1. forward
  2. lumbar region
  3. swayback posture
59
Q

LORDOSIS is usually caused by

A

Increased weight in the abdomen, as during pregnancy

60
Q

(PHARMACEUTICAL FOR OSTEOPOROSIS) TWO BASIC CATEGORIES

A
  1. ANTIRESORPTIVE DRUGS
  2. ANABOLICS
61
Q

How does ANTIRESORPTIVE DRUGS work?

A

Work by slowing the resorption of the breaking down part of the remodeling cycle

62
Q

Examples of ANTIRESORPTIVE DRUGS

A

Bisphosphonates (alendronate,
ibandronate),
Calcitonin,
Estrogen/estrogen-progestin,
etc.

63
Q

How does ANABOLICS work?

A

Work by stimulating the formation part of the remodeling process. More bone is formed than is taken away.

64
Q

Antiresorptive drugs vs Anabolics

A

Antiresorptives: Slows down resorption of bone tissue; prevents bone loss

Anabolics: Stimulates formation of bone tissue; forms strogner and denser bones

65
Q

PHARMACEUTICAL FOR ARTHRITIS)

A

1.NONSTEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS
2. ANALGESICS
3.CORTICOSTEROIDS
4.DISEASE MODIFYING ANTI-RHEUMATIC DRUGS (DMARDs)

66
Q

NSAIDS vs Analgesics

A

NSAIDS: More on inflammatory response

Analgesics: More on pain relief

67
Q

Blocks enzymes that produces inflammation and pain

68
Q

Examples of NSAIDs

A

a) Advil (ibuprofen)
b. Aleve (naproxen)

69
Q

Blocks pain signals in the brain

A

Analgesics

70
Q

Example of Analgesic

A

Acetaminophen

71
Q

Slow acting medications that work behind the scenes to slow down progression of rheumatoid arthritis and reduce the risk of permanent joint damage

A

DISEASE MODIFYING ANTI-RHEUMATIC DRUGS (DMARDs)

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