Midterm Review Flashcards
1
Q
Contact point between cells
A
Cell junctions
2
Q
Permit rapid communication between cells
A
Gap junctions
3
Q
Consists of packed cells arranged in single or multiple layers covers and lines body systems apical (top) and basal (bottom) surfaces of cells
A
Epithelial tissue
4
Q
Lacks own blood vessels
A
Avascular
5
Q
High rate of _____ for renewel and repair (epithelial tissue)
A
Cell division
6
Q
Attaches epithelium to connective tissue layer
A
Basement membrane
7
Q
Cell layer types : single layer of cells usually with same height
A
Simple epithelium
8
Q
Cell layer types: single layer of tall and short cells
A
Pseudo stratified epithelium
9
Q
Cell layer types: multiple layers of cells that protect tissues from water and tear
A
Stratified epithelium
10
Q
Lines heart and blood vessels
A
Endothelium
11
Q
Cilated type lines uterine tubes & resporatory tract
A
Simple columnar epithelium
12
Q
Consists of multiple cell layers and shape of cells at top determines name
A
Stratified epithelium
13
Q
Forms top layer of skin
A
Keratinized
14
Q
Protects and waterproofs skin
A
Keratin
15
Q
Lines urinary system
A
Transitional epithelium
16
Q
Release hormones into blood
A
Endocrine glands
17
Q
Connective tissue; secrete fibers and ground substance
A
Fibroblasts
18
Q
Connective tissue (ct) types ; forms before birth ;mesenchyme
A
Embryonic Ct
19
Q
Forms after birth
A
Mature ct
20
Q
Collagen fibers arranged in parallel bundles; strengthens tissues such as tendons and ligaments
A
Dense regular
21
Q
-Most abundant tissue -binds organs -vascular and has nerve supply except cartliage
A
Connective tissue
22
Q
2 parts of connective tissue:
A
Ground substance and fibers
23
Q
-Materials between cells & fibers -permits the exchange of materials between blood and cells
A
Ground substance
24
Q
-collagen fibers strengthen tissues -elastic fibers permits organs to return to original shape after being stretched -reticular fibers
A
Fibers
25
Elastic fibers that stretch and recoil to original shape such as in lungs and blood vessels
Dense (elastic)
26
Consists of chondrocytes (cartliage cells) surrounded by a semi-hard matrix
Cartliage
27
Cartliage grows and repairs ___
Slowly
28
-most abundant -supports and reduces friction at joints
Hyaline cartliage
29
-strongest type and located in intervertebral disc
Fibrocartilage
30
Tissue heal faster & leave fewer scars in younger people -younger tissues have a better blood supply and nutritional state
Aging
31
The assessory structures in integumentary system include ______,_______,______,______
Texture,tone,temperature & tenderness
32
Skin layers include:
Epidermis & dermis
33
Superficial epithelial layer
Epidermis
34
Deeper connective tissue layer
Dermis
35
Subcutaneous layer - Fatty layer below skin
Hypodermis
36
Consists of stratified sqamous Keratinized epithelium
Epidermis
37
Contains keratin; protein that waterproofs skin
Keratinocytes
38
Produces melanin; absorbs uv Rays and contributes to skin color
Melanocytes
39
Consists of 4-5 strata (layers)
1. stratum basale
2. Stratum spinosum
3. Stratum granulosum
4. stratum lucidum
5. stratum corneum
40
Nervous tissue produces ____ impulses
Nerve
41
Deepest layer best blood supply contains stem (germ) cells involved in mitosis ;formation of new cells
Stratum basale
42
Required if stratum basale destroyed
Skin grafts
43
Only located in thick skin; palms and soles
Stratum lucidum
44
Most superficial
Stratum corneum
45
Deeper connective tissue portion of skin consists of papillary and reticular regions
Dermis
46
Produces a darker skin color
Melanin
47
Is an inherited inability to produce melanin
Albinism
48
Oxygen carrying pigment in blood
Hemoglobin
49
Produces an orange skin color
Carotene
50
Includes hair glands and nails -all develop from stratum basale of epidermis
Accessory structures
51
Located on thin skin -protects scalp from uv Rays and decrease heat loss
Hairs
52
Superficial portion above skin
Shaft
53
Deeper portion penetrates skin
Root
54
raise hairs causing "goosebumps"
Arrector pili muscles
55
Develop from stratum basale of epidermis
Skin glands
56
Associated with hairs in thin skin -absent in thick skin -secrete sebum (oil) preventing dryness -increased activity may cause acne
Sebaceous glands
57
3-4 million in body -release sweat on the skin surface
Sudoriferous (sweat) glands
58
Regulate body temperature
Eccrine glands
59
Mainly located in Axilla and produce a more viscous secretion
Apocrine glands
60
Skin located on palms,Palmer surface of digits and soles
Thick (hairless) skin
61
Skin lacks stratum lucidum
Thin (hairy) skin
62
Controls body temperature by negative feedback
Thermoregulation
63
Stores 8-10% of blood at rest in an adult
Blood reservoir
64
Barrier to microbes and chemicals
Protection
65
Excretes and absorbs substances- produces vitamin D
Skin functions
66
Superficial wound only involves epidermis does not bleed
Epidermal wound healing
67
Wound extends beyond epidermis
Deep wound healing
68
Blood clot forms and vasodilation increases delivery of phagocytic cells
Inflammatory
69
Clot forms scab and fibroblasts begin forming scar tissue
Migratory
70
Scar tissue formation occurs
Fibrosis
71
Most common type of skin cancer rarely meta size and usually harmless
Basal cell carcinoma
72
Rarest and most deadly type of skin cancer
Malignant melanoma
73
Include age,skin type,sun exposure and family history
Risk factors
74
A type of connective tissue that remodels and repairs on a daily basis
Bone tissue
75
Functions of bone tissue
1. supports and protects
2. assist in movement
3. mineral homeostasis
4. Blood cell protection
5. triglycercide storage
76
Cylindrical portion
Diaphysis (shaft)
77
Distal and proximal ends
Epiphyses
78
Joins diaphysis with epiphyses -in growing bones contain the epiphyseal (growth) plate involved in bone growth in length
Metaphysis
79
Membrane lining medullary cavity
Endosteum
80
Matrix surrounding bone cells consist of __ water ___ collegen fibers __ salt
25% 25% 50%
81
Most abundant salt hardens bone
Calcium phosphate
82
Contribute to tensile strength
Collagen fibers
83
Bone stem cells that divide to form osteoblast
Osteogenic
84
Immature bone building cells
Osteoblasts
85
Mature bone cells that maintain bone tissue
Osteocytes
86
Function in bone respiration ; crush bone controlling blood calcium levels
Osteoclasts
87
Most common and strongest bone type -forms exterior of all bones
Compact (dense) bone
88
Are structural units of compact bone consisting of concentric lamelle,lacunae and canaliculi
Osteons
89
Rings of calcified bone matrix
Concentric lamellae
90
Containing osteocytes
Lacunae
91
Small channels permitting osteocytes to exchange materials with blood
Canaliculi
92
Consists of trabeculae; thin plates of bone some adults spongy bone contains red bone marrow including axial skeleton and involved in hemopoiesis
Spongy bone
93
Pelvic bones and ends of long bones
Axial skeleton
94
Blood cell production
Involved in hemopoiesis
95
Osteoblasts secrete matrix
Ossification center develops
96
Occurs salted hardens matrix
Calcification
97
Lengthens cartliage
Interstitial growth
98
Growth In lengths adds bone to diaphyseal side of plate
Epiphyseal (interstital) plate
99
Nearest diaphysis ; bone replaces cartliage
Zone of calcified cartliage
100
Requires a balance between the activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts
Bone homeostasis
101
Results when osteoclast activity is greater than osteoblast activity
Osteoporosis
102
Factors affecting bone growth- stimulates collegen synthesis increasing tensile strength
Vitamin c
103
Absorbs calcium
Vitamin D
104
Deficiency in children
Rickets
105
Deficiency in adults
Osteomalacia
106
Stimulates osteoblast activity causing "growth spurt"
Sex hormones
107
Partial fracture one side weakens and other side bends ; occurs only in children
Green stick
108
Fractured from severly everting foot
Potts distal fibula
109
Distal radius fractured by hyperextending wrist
Colles distal radius
110
Phagocytes and osteoclasts begin removing damaged tissue
Fracture hematoma (blood clot)
111
Final phase of bone fracture repairs bone continues to remodel through out a persons lifetime
Bone remodeling
112
Bone cancer most often occurs in teenagers during growth spurt
Osteogenic saracoma
113
Long straited fibers attached to bones and voluntary controlled
Skeletal muscle tissue
114
Branched straited fibers joined by intercalated discs and involuntary controlled
Cardiac (heart) muscle tissue
115
Spindle shaped non straited fibers located in hollow organs and involuntary controlled
Smooth muscle tissue
116
Ability to respond to stimuli
Electrical excitibilty
117
Muscle fiber is known as
Myofiber
118
Myofiber consists of a smaller muscle fibers known as
Myofibrlis
119
Myofibrlis consists of the smallest muscle fibers known as thick and thin
Myofilaments
120
Functional units of striated muscle separated by 2 discs
Sarcomeres
121
The lighter area of sarcomere containing only thin filaments
I band
122
Composed of
| Myosin
Thick myofilaments
123
Includes myosin and actin
Contractile proteins
124
Include troponin and tropomyosin attaches to scum
Regulatory proteins
125
Thick filaments pull on thin filaments sliding them over thick filaments -2 discs move closer together shortening entire muscle
Sliding filament mechanism
126
Point of communication between neuron and effector
Synapse
127
Released from synaptic vesicles into synaptic cleft
Acetylcholine (Ach)
128
Binds to receptors on motor end plate opening sodium ion channels
Ach
129
Is produced as nat flows into muscle cell making it more positively charged
Muscle action potential (MAP)
130
Binds to troponin Uncovering actin binding sites for
| Myosin
Ca 2+
131
Breakdown energizes myosin head
ATP
132
Myosin detaches from actin as ATP binds to myosin
Contraction cycle steps
| Continued
133
Higher concentration of Na+ ions outside of neuron (ECF) - higher concentration of
K+ ions inside neuron
Membrane potential
134
Results in a more positive internal charge and has an excitatory effect
Depolarization
135
Results in a more negative internal charge than -70mv and has an inhibitory effect
Hyper polarization
136
Forms action potentials (nerve impulses) at threshold
Graded potentials
137
All or none principle states an internal charge of -55 mV (threshold) will produce an action potential
Action potentials
138
Results in a more posive excitatory internal charge by opening Na+ channels na+ flows into neuron
Depolarization
139
As threshold is reached an action potential is
| Produced
Toppling dominoes
140
Restores charge back to -70mV by opening k+ channels k+ flows out of neuron causing dominoes to stand upright
Repolarization
141
Occurs in myelinated nerurons and is faster dominoes topple only at nodes of ranvier
Saltatory
142
Affected by 3 factors
Conduction speed
143
Intermediate diameter
B neurons
144
Largest diameter myelinated and fastest
A neurons
145
Smallest diameter ,unmyelinated slowest and conduct pain impulses
C neurons
146
Presence of myelin sheath
Conduction speed
147
Ice reduces pain by decreasing conduction speed
Temperature
148
The ___ of a stimulus does not affect conduction speed
Strength
149
Involve gap junctions and are faster
Electrical synapses
150
Involve the release of neurotransmitters triggers by ca2+
Chemical synapses
151
Produced only when several EPSPS cause internal charge to reach threshold (-55mV)
Nerve impulses
152
Enhance
Agonist
153
Block neurotransmitter actions
Antagonist
154
Inhibitory effects in brain
GABA
155
Commonly used for anxiety is a GABA agonist enhancing inhibitory (calming) effect
Valium
156
Axons and dendrites may repair If
Neuron cell body remains intact
157
Does not form to rapidly
Scar tissue
