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Anatomy > Midterm Review > Flashcards

Midterm Review Flashcards

1
Q

Contact point between cells

A

Cell junctions

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2
Q

Permit rapid communication between cells

A

Gap junctions

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3
Q

Consists of packed cells arranged in single or multiple layers covers and lines body systems apical (top) and basal (bottom) surfaces of cells

A

Epithelial tissue

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4
Q

Lacks own blood vessels

A

Avascular

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5
Q

High rate of _____ for renewel and repair (epithelial tissue)

A

Cell division

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6
Q

Attaches epithelium to connective tissue layer

A

Basement membrane

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7
Q

Cell layer types : single layer of cells usually with same height

A

Simple epithelium

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8
Q

Cell layer types: single layer of tall and short cells

A

Pseudo stratified epithelium

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9
Q

Cell layer types: multiple layers of cells that protect tissues from water and tear

A

Stratified epithelium

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10
Q

Lines heart and blood vessels

A

Endothelium

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11
Q

Cilated type lines uterine tubes & resporatory tract

A

Simple columnar epithelium

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12
Q

Consists of multiple cell layers and shape of cells at top determines name

A

Stratified epithelium

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13
Q

Forms top layer of skin

A

Keratinized

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14
Q

Protects and waterproofs skin

A

Keratin

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15
Q

Lines urinary system

A

Transitional epithelium

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16
Q

Release hormones into blood

A

Endocrine glands

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17
Q

Connective tissue; secrete fibers and ground substance

A

Fibroblasts

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18
Q

Connective tissue (ct) types ; forms before birth ;mesenchyme

A

Embryonic Ct

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19
Q

Forms after birth

A

Mature ct

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20
Q

Collagen fibers arranged in parallel bundles; strengthens tissues such as tendons and ligaments

A

Dense regular

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21
Q

-Most abundant tissue -binds organs -vascular and has nerve supply except cartliage

A

Connective tissue

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22
Q

2 parts of connective tissue:

A

Ground substance and fibers

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23
Q

-Materials between cells & fibers -permits the exchange of materials between blood and cells

A

Ground substance

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24
Q

-collagen fibers strengthen tissues -elastic fibers permits organs to return to original shape after being stretched -reticular fibers

A

Fibers

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25
Q

Elastic fibers that stretch and recoil to original shape such as in lungs and blood vessels

A

Dense (elastic)

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26
Q

Consists of chondrocytes (cartliage cells) surrounded by a semi-hard matrix

A

Cartliage

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27
Q

Cartliage grows and repairs ___

A

Slowly

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28
Q

-most abundant -supports and reduces friction at joints

A

Hyaline cartliage

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29
Q

-strongest type and located in intervertebral disc

A

Fibrocartilage

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30
Q

Tissue heal faster & leave fewer scars in younger people -younger tissues have a better blood supply and nutritional state

A

Aging

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31
Q

The assessory structures in integumentary system include ______,_______,______,______

A

Texture,tone,temperature & tenderness

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32
Q

Skin layers include:

A

Epidermis & dermis

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33
Q

Superficial epithelial layer

A

Epidermis

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34
Q

Deeper connective tissue layer

A

Dermis

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35
Q

Subcutaneous layer - Fatty layer below skin

A

Hypodermis

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36
Q

Consists of stratified sqamous Keratinized epithelium

A

Epidermis

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37
Q

Contains keratin; protein that waterproofs skin

A

Keratinocytes

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38
Q

Produces melanin; absorbs uv Rays and contributes to skin color

A

Melanocytes

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39
Q

Consists of 4-5 strata (layers)

A
  1. stratum basale
  2. Stratum spinosum
  3. Stratum granulosum
  4. stratum lucidum
  5. stratum corneum
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40
Q

Nervous tissue produces ____ impulses

A

Nerve

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41
Q

Deepest layer best blood supply contains stem (germ) cells involved in mitosis ;formation of new cells

A

Stratum basale

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42
Q

Required if stratum basale destroyed

A

Skin grafts

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43
Q

Only located in thick skin; palms and soles

A

Stratum lucidum

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44
Q

Most superficial

A

Stratum corneum

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45
Q

Deeper connective tissue portion of skin consists of papillary and reticular regions

A

Dermis

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46
Q

Produces a darker skin color

A

Melanin

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47
Q

Is an inherited inability to produce melanin

A

Albinism

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48
Q

Oxygen carrying pigment in blood

A

Hemoglobin

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49
Q

Produces an orange skin color

A

Carotene

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50
Q

Includes hair glands and nails -all develop from stratum basale of epidermis

A

Accessory structures

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51
Q

Located on thin skin -protects scalp from uv Rays and decrease heat loss

A

Hairs

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52
Q

Superficial portion above skin

A

Shaft

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53
Q

Deeper portion penetrates skin

A

Root

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54
Q

raise hairs causing “goosebumps”

A

Arrector pili muscles

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55
Q

Develop from stratum basale of epidermis

A

Skin glands

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56
Q

Associated with hairs in thin skin -absent in thick skin -secrete sebum (oil) preventing dryness -increased activity may cause acne

A

Sebaceous glands

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57
Q

3-4 million in body -release sweat on the skin surface

A

Sudoriferous (sweat) glands

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58
Q

Regulate body temperature

A

Eccrine glands

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59
Q

Mainly located in Axilla and produce a more viscous secretion

A

Apocrine glands

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60
Q

Skin located on palms,Palmer surface of digits and soles

A

Thick (hairless) skin

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61
Q

Skin lacks stratum lucidum

A

Thin (hairy) skin

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62
Q

Controls body temperature by negative feedback

A

Thermoregulation

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63
Q

Stores 8-10% of blood at rest in an adult

A

Blood reservoir

64
Q

Barrier to microbes and chemicals

A

Protection

65
Q

Excretes and absorbs substances- produces vitamin D

A

Skin functions

66
Q

Superficial wound only involves epidermis does not bleed

A

Epidermal wound healing

67
Q

Wound extends beyond epidermis

A

Deep wound healing

68
Q

Blood clot forms and vasodilation increases delivery of phagocytic cells

A

Inflammatory

69
Q

Clot forms scab and fibroblasts begin forming scar tissue

A

Migratory

70
Q

Scar tissue formation occurs

A

Fibrosis

71
Q

Most common type of skin cancer rarely meta size and usually harmless

A

Basal cell carcinoma

72
Q

Rarest and most deadly type of skin cancer

A

Malignant melanoma

73
Q

Include age,skin type,sun exposure and family history

A

Risk factors

74
Q

A type of connective tissue that remodels and repairs on a daily basis

A

Bone tissue

75
Q

Functions of bone tissue

A
  1. supports and protects
  2. assist in movement
  3. mineral homeostasis
  4. Blood cell protection
  5. triglycercide storage
76
Q

Cylindrical portion

A

Diaphysis (shaft)

77
Q

Distal and proximal ends

A

Epiphyses

78
Q

Joins diaphysis with epiphyses -in growing bones contain the epiphyseal (growth) plate involved in bone growth in length

A

Metaphysis

79
Q

Membrane lining medullary cavity

A

Endosteum

80
Q

Matrix surrounding bone cells consist of __ water ___ collegen fibers __ salt

A

25% 25% 50%

81
Q

Most abundant salt hardens bone

A

Calcium phosphate

82
Q

Contribute to tensile strength

A

Collagen fibers

83
Q

Bone stem cells that divide to form osteoblast

A

Osteogenic

84
Q

Immature bone building cells

A

Osteoblasts

85
Q

Mature bone cells that maintain bone tissue

A

Osteocytes

86
Q

Function in bone respiration ; crush bone controlling blood calcium levels

A

Osteoclasts

87
Q

Most common and strongest bone type -forms exterior of all bones

A

Compact (dense) bone

88
Q

Are structural units of compact bone consisting of concentric lamelle,lacunae and canaliculi

A

Osteons

89
Q

Rings of calcified bone matrix

A

Concentric lamellae

90
Q

Containing osteocytes

A

Lacunae

91
Q

Small channels permitting osteocytes to exchange materials with blood

A

Canaliculi

92
Q

Consists of trabeculae; thin plates of bone some adults spongy bone contains red bone marrow including axial skeleton and involved in hemopoiesis

A

Spongy bone

93
Q

Pelvic bones and ends of long bones

A

Axial skeleton

94
Q

Blood cell production

A

Involved in hemopoiesis

95
Q

Osteoblasts secrete matrix

A

Ossification center develops

96
Q

Occurs salted hardens matrix

A

Calcification

97
Q

Lengthens cartliage

A

Interstitial growth

98
Q

Growth In lengths adds bone to diaphyseal side of plate

A

Epiphyseal (interstital) plate

99
Q

Nearest diaphysis ; bone replaces cartliage

A

Zone of calcified cartliage

100
Q

Requires a balance between the activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts

A

Bone homeostasis

101
Q

Results when osteoclast activity is greater than osteoblast activity

A

Osteoporosis

102
Q

Factors affecting bone growth- stimulates collegen synthesis increasing tensile strength

A

Vitamin c

103
Q

Absorbs calcium

A

Vitamin D

104
Q

Deficiency in children

A

Rickets

105
Q

Deficiency in adults

A

Osteomalacia

106
Q

Stimulates osteoblast activity causing “growth spurt”

A

Sex hormones

107
Q

Partial fracture one side weakens and other side bends ; occurs only in children

A

Green stick

108
Q

Fractured from severly everting foot

A

Potts distal fibula

109
Q

Distal radius fractured by hyperextending wrist

A

Colles distal radius

110
Q

Phagocytes and osteoclasts begin removing damaged tissue

A

Fracture hematoma (blood clot)

111
Q

Final phase of bone fracture repairs bone continues to remodel through out a persons lifetime

A

Bone remodeling

112
Q

Bone cancer most often occurs in teenagers during growth spurt

A

Osteogenic saracoma

113
Q

Long straited fibers attached to bones and voluntary controlled

A

Skeletal muscle tissue

114
Q

Branched straited fibers joined by intercalated discs and involuntary controlled

A

Cardiac (heart) muscle tissue

115
Q

Spindle shaped non straited fibers located in hollow organs and involuntary controlled

A

Smooth muscle tissue

116
Q

Ability to respond to stimuli

A

Electrical excitibilty

117
Q

Muscle fiber is known as

A

Myofiber

118
Q

Myofiber consists of a smaller muscle fibers known as

A

Myofibrlis

119
Q

Myofibrlis consists of the smallest muscle fibers known as thick and thin

A

Myofilaments

120
Q

Functional units of striated muscle separated by 2 discs

A

Sarcomeres

121
Q

The lighter area of sarcomere containing only thin filaments

A

I band

122
Q

Composed of

Myosin

A

Thick myofilaments

123
Q

Includes myosin and actin

A

Contractile proteins

124
Q

Include troponin and tropomyosin attaches to scum

A

Regulatory proteins

125
Q

Thick filaments pull on thin filaments sliding them over thick filaments -2 discs move closer together shortening entire muscle

A

Sliding filament mechanism

126
Q

Point of communication between neuron and effector

A

Synapse

127
Q

Released from synaptic vesicles into synaptic cleft

A

Acetylcholine (Ach)

128
Q

Binds to receptors on motor end plate opening sodium ion channels

A

Ach

129
Q

Is produced as nat flows into muscle cell making it more positively charged

A

Muscle action potential (MAP)

130
Q

Binds to troponin Uncovering actin binding sites for

Myosin

A

Ca 2+

131
Q

Breakdown energizes myosin head

A

ATP

132
Q

Myosin detaches from actin as ATP binds to myosin

A

Contraction cycle steps

Continued

133
Q

Higher concentration of Na+ ions outside of neuron (ECF) - higher concentration of
K+ ions inside neuron

A

Membrane potential

134
Q

Results in a more positive internal charge and has an excitatory effect

A

Depolarization

135
Q

Results in a more negative internal charge than -70mv and has an inhibitory effect

A

Hyper polarization

136
Q

Forms action potentials (nerve impulses) at threshold

A

Graded potentials

137
Q

All or none principle states an internal charge of -55 mV (threshold) will produce an action potential

A

Action potentials

138
Q

Results in a more posive excitatory internal charge by opening Na+ channels na+ flows into neuron

A

Depolarization

139
Q

As threshold is reached an action potential is

Produced

A

Toppling dominoes

140
Q

Restores charge back to -70mV by opening k+ channels k+ flows out of neuron causing dominoes to stand upright

A

Repolarization

141
Q

Occurs in myelinated nerurons and is faster dominoes topple only at nodes of ranvier

A

Saltatory

142
Q

Affected by 3 factors

A

Conduction speed

143
Q

Intermediate diameter

A

B neurons

144
Q

Largest diameter myelinated and fastest

A

A neurons

145
Q

Smallest diameter ,unmyelinated slowest and conduct pain impulses

A

C neurons

146
Q

Presence of myelin sheath

A

Conduction speed

147
Q

Ice reduces pain by decreasing conduction speed

A

Temperature

148
Q

The ___ of a stimulus does not affect conduction speed

A

Strength

149
Q

Involve gap junctions and are faster

A

Electrical synapses

150
Q

Involve the release of neurotransmitters triggers by ca2+

A

Chemical synapses

151
Q

Produced only when several EPSPS cause internal charge to reach threshold (-55mV)

A

Nerve impulses

152
Q

Enhance

A

Agonist

153
Q

Block neurotransmitter actions

A

Antagonist

154
Q

Inhibitory effects in brain

A

GABA

155
Q

Commonly used for anxiety is a GABA agonist enhancing inhibitory (calming) effect

A

Valium

156
Q

Axons and dendrites may repair If

A

Neuron cell body remains intact

157
Q

Does not form to rapidly

A

Scar tissue

Anatomy (32 decks)

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