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Anatomy > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Deepest & forms deniculate ligaments; triangular shaped extensions that laterally anchor cord

A

Pig mater

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2
Q

In adults, spinal cord ends at superior border of L2 enlargements: cervical; nerves to upper limbs lumbar; nerves to lower limbs

A

External spinal cord anatomy

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3
Q

Shaped like letter h surrounded by white matter

A

Gray matter (internal spinal cord anatomy )

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4
Q

Groups of cell bodies in CNS

A

Nuclei

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5
Q

Gray matter is subdivided into ____ horns

A

3 horns

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6
Q

Contains somatic motor nuclei

A

Anterior horn

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7
Q

Control skeletal muscles

A

Somatic motor nuclei

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8
Q

Mainly contains myelinated neurons

A

White matter

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9
Q

White matter is Subdivided into 3 columns

A

Anterior posterior and lateral

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10
Q

Bundles of neurons located in white matter of CNS

A

Tracts

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11
Q

31 pairs in PNS are mixed (sensory and motor) nerves

A

Spinal nerves

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12
Q

Cervical

A

C1-c8

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13
Q

Thoracic

A

(T1-T12)

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14
Q

Lumbar

A

(L1-L5)

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15
Q

Sacral

A

S1-s5

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16
Q

Coccygeal

A

Co1

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17
Q

Connect spinal nerves to cord

A

Roots

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18
Q

Contains sensory neurons to CNS ; controls sensations

A

Posterior (dorsal) root

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19
Q

Contains motor neurons from CNS , controls movement

A

Anterior ventral root

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20
Q

Middle layer surrounding axon bundles (fascicles) (spinal nerve coverings)

A

Perineurium

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21
Q

Spinal nerve branches

A

Rami (extensions)

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22
Q

Formed by anterior rami of all Spinal nerves except t2-t12 (intercostal nerves)

A

Plexuses

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23
Q
  • Formed by anterior rami of c5-c8 & t1

- supplies upper limbs

A

Brachial plexus

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24
Q

Inability to extend wrist and fingers (radial nerve injury)

A

Wrist drop

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25
Q

Formed by anterior rami of

L4-l5 and s1-s4 -supplies lower limbs

A

Sacral plexus

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26
Q

Sciatic nerve consists of

A

A.tibial

B.common peroneal

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27
Q

Damage to only common peroneal portion (inability to dorsiflex)

A

Foot drop

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28
Q

Used to withdraw CSF, inject antibiotics or anthetics

A

Spinal tap columbar punctures

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29
Q

Needle inserted into subarachnoid space at ___ of below in adult

A

14

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30
Q

Area of skin providing sensory input to CNS by spinal nerves or trigeminal nerve

A

Dermatome

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31
Q

White matter contains both sensory and motor tract

A

Tracts

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32
Q

-middle layer
-avascular
Subarachnoid space contains CSF
(Cerobrospinal fluid)

A

Arachnoid

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33
Q

Name of tract indicates ______ in white matter and where it begins and ends in CNS

A

Column location

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34
Q

Receptors that control muscle tone (contraction) by monitoring muscle length changes

A

Muscle spindles

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35
Q

Receptors that monitor tension (stretching) in tendon and muscles

A

Tendon organs

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36
Q

Nerve impulse pathway

A

Reflex arc

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37
Q

Step 1 - responds to stimulus

A

Sensory receptor

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38
Q

Step 2- carries impulse to CNS

A

Sensory neuron

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39
Q

Step 3- Process stimulus in CNS either 2 ways

A

Integrating center

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40
Q

Reflex arc (continued)

  • ___
  • ____
  • _____
  • _____
A
  • monosynaptic
  • CNS synapse
  • poly synaptic
  • CNS synapse
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41
Q

Step 4- carries impulse from CNS

A

Motor neuron

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42
Q

Step 5- skeletal muscles (somatic) or smooth,cardiac muscle and glands (autonomic)

A

Effector responds

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43
Q

Muscle spindle receptors monitor muscle length changes

A

Stretch reflex

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44
Q

Stimulates muscle contraction in response to a a stretched muscle

A

Knee jerk reflex

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45
Q

____ muscle relaxes (stretch reflex)

A

Antagonistic muscle

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46
Q

Stretch reflex is ___

A

Monosynaptic

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47
Q

Impulses enter and exit same side of spinal cord

A

Ipsilateral

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48
Q

Golgi tendon organs monitor tension, tendon and muscles

A

Tendon reflex

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49
Q

During ____ quadriceps muscle relaxes protecting tendon and muscle from excessive tension

A

Leg flexion

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50
Q
  • polysynaptic and ipsilateral

- initiates crossed extensor reflex

A

Flexor (withdrawal) reflex

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51
Q

Opposite limb extended to maintain balance (flexor withdrawal reflex)

A

Crossed extensor reflex

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52
Q

______ and ______ ; impulses enter and exit on opposite side of spinal cord (flexor withdrawal reflex)

A

Polysynaptic and contra lateral

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53
Q

Consists of medulla pons and midbrain

A

Brain stem

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54
Q

2nd largest part of the brain

A

Cerebellum

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55
Q

Consists of thalamus and hypothalamus

A

Diencephalon

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56
Q

Largest part of the brain

A

Cerebrum

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57
Q

Dura (outer) arachnoid (middle) and pia Mater (intermost)

A

Brain mengies

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58
Q

Separates cerebral hemispheres

A

Fall cerabri

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59
Q

Separates cerabellar hemispheres

A

Falx cerebelli

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60
Q

Separates cerebrum from cerebellum

A

Tentorium cerebelli

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61
Q

Formed by astrocytes protects brain from harmful substances

A

Blood brain barrier

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62
Q

Brain receives about 20% of body’s oxygen at rest

A

Brain blood

Flow

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63
Q

Oxygen deprivation for ___ minutes or longer may cause permanent injury

A

4

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64
Q

Glucose supplied to brain Must be continuous low glucose levels may cause dizziness confusion and loss of conciouness

A

Brain blood flow

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65
Q
  • stroke
  • most common brain disorder
  • risk factors ; high blood pressure,cholesterol,diabetes,smoking,excessive alcohol intake and obesity
A

Cerebrovascular accident

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66
Q

ECF located in subarachnoid space

-absorbs shock and transports nutrients and wastes

A

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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67
Q

Brain cavities filled with CSF
2 lateral ventricles
3rd ventricle
4th ventricles

A

Ventricles

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68
Q
  • capillaries located in ventricles that form CSF
  • lindss by ependymal cells
  • CSF is reabsorbed into blood by arachnoid villi
A

Choroid plexuses

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69
Q 
Brain stem (1)
-inferior
-cardiovascular 
-controls heart rhythmicity area controls breathing rate 
-controls swallowing and vomiting 
(VIII-xII)
A

Medulla oblongata

70
Q

-middle portion

V-vIII

A

Pons

71
Q

-superior portion

III-Iv

A

Midbrain

72
Q

Dark area containing neurons controls subconscious muscle movements loss of neurons associated with Parkinson’s disease

A

Substantia nigra

73
Q

Main sensory reflex station to cerebral cortex

A

Thalamus

74
Q

2nd largest part of the brain

-coordinates movements controlling posture and balance

A

Cerebellum

75
Q

Disruption in muscle coordination (cerebellum)

A

Ataxia

76
Q
  • seat of intelligence
  • cerebral cortex outer gray matter
  • 2 cerebral hemispheres
A

Cerebrum

77
Q

Folds

A

Gyri

78
Q

Shallow grooves

A

Sulci

79
Q

Part include frontal,parietal,temporal occitipial loves and insula
-insula is not seen at surface

A

Cerebrum

80
Q

Primary somatic sensory area

A

Post central gyrus

81
Q

Is the primary motor area

A

Precenteal gyrus

82
Q

Impulses with in same hemisphere

A

Association tracts

83
Q

Transmits impulses between hemispheres

A

Commissural trades

84
Q

Transmit impulses to and from spinal cord

A

Projection tracts

85
Q

Consists of 3 nuclei globus pallid us, putamen and caudate nuclei
-subconscious-contractions such as muscle tone

A

Basal ganglia

86
Q 
Progressive disorder 
Destroys dopamine
Resting tremor 
Hypertonia causes rigidity 
Bradykinsea slows movements 
Hypokinsea decreases range of motion
A

Parkinson’s disease

87
Q

Emotional brain

A

Limbic system

88
Q

Controls speech

A

Broca’s area

89
Q

Facial paralysis

A

Bella palsy

90
Q

Tinnitus, vertigo ____

A

Ataxia

91
Q

Transmit impulses between hemispheres

A

Comminsural tracts

92
Q

Larger in females who are less likely to suffer aphasia inability to understand or speak words from stroke

A

Comminsural tracts

93
Q

Originates in pons supplies facial expression muscles

A

Facial (VII) nerve

94
Q

Voluntarily controls ___ muscle

A

Skeletal

95
Q

Consists of __ motor neuron extending from CNS to Effector (PNS divisions)

A

1

96
Q

Involuntarily controls glands,smooth and cardiac muscle consists of 2 motor neurons extending from CNS to effector

A

Ans (autonomic)

97
Q

From CNS synapses with post ganglionic neuron in autonomic ganglion

A

Preganglionic neuron

98
Q

Extends from autonomic ganglion to effector

A

Postganglionic neuron

99
Q

Fight or flight

A

Sympathetic

100
Q

Also known as thoracolumbar division

A

Sympathetic division

101
Q

Short preganglionic neuron synapse with many long postganglionic neurons in ganglia

A

Widespread effect

102
Q

All effectors except the ____ gland is controlled by postganglionic neurons

A

Adrenal gland

103
Q

Located on both sides of vertebral column and consists of white rami and gray rami

A

Sympathetic trunk

104
Q

Entry points to trunk formed by preganglionic sympathetic neurons at t1-l2 cord levels

A

White rami

105
Q

Anterior to vertebral column near abdominal arteries

A

Prevertebral ganglia

106
Q

Also known as craniosacral division formed by parasympathetic preganglionic neurons that originate in brain stem as cranial nerves III,VII,IX,X and spinal cord levels s2-s4

A

Parasympathetic division

107
Q

Carries 80% of outflow

A

Vagus nerve

108
Q

Voluntarily controls skeletal muscle consists of _ motor neuron extending from CNS to effector (sns somatic)

A

1 motor neuron

109
Q

Involuntarily controls glands,smooth and cardiac muscle consists of _motor neurons extending from CNS to effector (and autonomic)

A

2 motor neurons

110
Q

From CNS synapses with post ganglionic neuron in autonomic ganglion

A

Preganglionic neuron

111
Q

Fight or flight

A

Sympathetic

112
Q

Also know as thoracolumbar division

A

Sympathetic division

113
Q

Short preganglionic neurons synapse with many long postganglionic neurons in ganglia

A

Widespread effect

114
Q

All effectors except the ____ controlled by postganglionic neurons

A

Aderental gland

115
Q

Consists of two types of ganglia

A

Sympathetic trunk and white rami

116
Q

Located in both sides of vertebral column and consists of white rami

A

Sympathetic trunk

117
Q

Entry points to trunk formed by preganglionic sympathetic neurons at t1-l2 cord levels

A

White rami

118
Q

Anterior to vertebral column near abdominal arteries

A

Preverebral ganglia

119
Q

Also know as craniosacral division

A

Parasympathetic division

120
Q

Fight or flight response produces ATP during physical emotional stress

A

Sympathetic functions

121
Q

Involves 4 e situations

A

Emergency,excercise,excitement and embarrassment

122
Q

Increases blood glucose for ATP production by _____ glycogen and fats

A

Breaking down

123
Q

(Norepinephrine) increase heart rate force of contraction and _____

A

Blood pressure

124
Q

____ airways increasing breathing rate (norepinephrine)

A

Dilates

125
Q

___ sweating and dilates pupils (norepinephrine)

A

Increases

126
Q

____ arrector pilli muscles

A

Contracts

127
Q

Increases blood flow to ____ by vasodilating blood vessels to skeletal muscles,heart,liver and fat tissue

A

Essential organs

128
Q

Decreases blood flow to nonessential organs by vasoconstricting blood vessels to ____ & ___ decreasing digestion and urination (sympathetic functions)

A

Gi tract and kidneys

129
Q

Conserves and restores body energy (parasympathetic)

A

Rest and digest response

130
Q

Salvation,lacrimation,urination,digestion and defaction (parasympathetic )

A

Slubb

131
Q

Stories energy by increasing glycogen and ____ (parasympathetic)

A

Fat production

132
Q

Autonomic reflex consists of

A
  1. receptor
  2. sensory neuron
  3. intergrating center
  4. motor neurons
  5. effector
133
Q

________ is the major control and integration center of autonomic nervous system

A

Hypothalamus

134
Q

Secretion are controlled by
1.
2.
3.

A

1 nervous system; mostly by negative feedback system(reverse change)

  1. chemical changes in blood
  2. Other hormones
135
Q

Major link between nervous + endocrine systems

A

Hypothalamus

136
Q

Controls anterior pituitary by releasing stimulating or inhibitory hormones

A

Hypothalamus

137
Q

Controls posterior pituitary by neurons

A

Hypothalamus

138
Q

Anterior portion produces __ hormones + posterior portion stores __ hormones (pituitary gland)

A

Anterior- 7

Posterior- 2

139
Q

Stimulates protein producing for muscle + bone growth

A

Human growth hormones (hgh) (anterior pituitary hormones)

140
Q

Hgh increases blood ___ for ATP production by breaking down glycogen fats

A

Glucose

141
Q

Stimulates thyroid gland

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone

142
Q

Stimulates milk production.

A

Prolactin (PRL)

143
Q

Controlled by positive feedback

Stimulates milk enjection

A

Oxytocin (ot)

144
Q

During dehydrating adh levels increase elevating blood pressure by causing kidneys to retain more water decreasing urine production

A

Antiduretic hormone (adh)

145
Q

Defection in adh secreation or receptors increasing urine production

A

Disabeties insipidus

146
Q

Located inferior to larynx

A

Thyroid gland

147
Q

Cell types for thyroid gland include

____ cells produce t3 + t4

A

1 follicular

148
Q

Oxygen used by cells

A

T3+t4 increase metabolic rate

149
Q

Hypothyroidism decreased heart + respiratory rate low body temp

A

Myxdema

150
Q

___ parafollicular cells produce calcitonin (ct)

A

2

151
Q

Ct decreased blood ca2+ by ________ ; calcium remains in bone strengthening bones

A

Inhibitory osteoclast activity

152
Q

Commonly used to treat osteoporosis

A

Thyroid gland

153
Q

Pth ____ blood ca2+ by stimulating osteoclast breaking down come

A

Increases

154
Q

______ produce insulin (pancreas)

A

Beta cells

155
Q

_____ blood glucose stimulates glycogen release causing glycogen break down ____ blood glucose (pancreas)

A

Low,increasing

156
Q

Stimulates insulin causing glycogen production

A

High blood glucose

157
Q

By permitting glucose transport into liver cells ____ blood glucose

A

Decreasing (pancreas)

158
Q

Excessive glycogen converted to fat

A

Pancreas

159
Q

Most common endocrine disorder involves the inability to produce or use insulin blood glucose levels increasing spilling into urine

A

Diabetes myelitis

160
Q

Most common type most people are non insulin dependent target cells become less sensitive to insulin often controlled by diet excercise + weight loss

A

Type 2 diabetes

161
Q

During dehydration raa pathway produces aldosterone

A

Minerslcorticoids

162
Q

Increases na+ 2 h20 reabsortion (re tension from Kidneys into blood

A

Mineralcorticoids

163
Q

Increasing excretion removal of k+ into urine

A

Mineralcorticoids

164
Q

Increases blood volume + blood pressure

A

Mineralcorticoids

165
Q

Increases blood glucose during stress

A

Gulcorticoids

166
Q

Anti-inflammatory effect

A

Glucocorticoids

167
Q

Suppress immune system

A

Glucocorticoids

168
Q

Commonly used in organ transplants

A

Glucocorticoids

169
Q

Hyposecrestion of cortisol cause hyperglycemic + weight gain

A

Cushing syndrome

170
Q

Located in brain

A

Pineal gland

171
Q

Produces melatonin promotes sleep

A

Pineal gland

172
Q

Type of depression resulting from overproduction of melatonin

A

Seasonal affective disorder

Anatomy (32 decks)

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