Final Flashcards
1
Q
Deepest & forms deniculate ligaments; triangular shaped extensions that laterally anchor cord
A
Pig mater
2
Q
In adults, spinal cord ends at superior border of L2 enlargements: cervical; nerves to upper limbs lumbar; nerves to lower limbs
A
External spinal cord anatomy
3
Q
Shaped like letter h surrounded by white matter
A
Gray matter (internal spinal cord anatomy )
4
Q
Groups of cell bodies in CNS
A
Nuclei
5
Q
Gray matter is subdivided into ____ horns
A
3 horns
6
Q
Contains somatic motor nuclei
A
Anterior horn
7
Q
Control skeletal muscles
A
Somatic motor nuclei
8
Q
Mainly contains myelinated neurons
A
White matter
9
Q
White matter is Subdivided into 3 columns
A
Anterior posterior and lateral
10
Q
Bundles of neurons located in white matter of CNS
A
Tracts
11
Q
31 pairs in PNS are mixed (sensory and motor) nerves
A
Spinal nerves
12
Q
Cervical
A
C1-c8
13
Q
Thoracic
A
(T1-T12)
14
Q
Lumbar
A
(L1-L5)
15
Q
Sacral
A
S1-s5
16
Q
Coccygeal
A
Co1
17
Q
Connect spinal nerves to cord
A
Roots
18
Q
Contains sensory neurons to CNS ; controls sensations
A
Posterior (dorsal) root
19
Q
Contains motor neurons from CNS , controls movement
A
Anterior ventral root
20
Q
Middle layer surrounding axon bundles (fascicles) (spinal nerve coverings)
A
Perineurium
21
Q
Spinal nerve branches
A
Rami (extensions)
22
Q
Formed by anterior rami of all Spinal nerves except t2-t12 (intercostal nerves)
A
Plexuses
23
Q
- Formed by anterior rami of c5-c8 & t1
- supplies upper limbs
A
Brachial plexus
24
Q
Inability to extend wrist and fingers (radial nerve injury)
A
Wrist drop
25
Formed by anterior rami of
| L4-l5 and s1-s4 -supplies lower limbs
Sacral plexus
26
Sciatic nerve consists of
A.tibial
| B.common peroneal
27
Damage to only common peroneal portion (inability to dorsiflex)
Foot drop
28
Used to withdraw CSF, inject antibiotics or anthetics
Spinal tap columbar punctures
29
Needle inserted into subarachnoid space at ___ of below in adult
14
30
Area of skin providing sensory input to CNS by spinal nerves or trigeminal nerve
Dermatome
31
White matter contains both sensory and motor tract
Tracts
32
-middle layer
-avascular
Subarachnoid space contains CSF
(Cerobrospinal fluid)
Arachnoid
33
Name of tract indicates ______ in white matter and where it begins and ends in CNS
Column location
34
Receptors that control muscle tone (contraction) by monitoring muscle length changes
Muscle spindles
35
Receptors that monitor tension (stretching) in tendon and muscles
Tendon organs
36
Nerve impulse pathway
Reflex arc
37
Step 1 - responds to stimulus
Sensory receptor
38
Step 2- carries impulse to CNS
Sensory neuron
39
Step 3- Process stimulus in CNS either 2 ways
Integrating center
40
Reflex arc (continued)
- ___
- ____
- _____
- _____
- monosynaptic
- CNS synapse
- poly synaptic
- CNS synapse
41
Step 4- carries impulse from CNS
Motor neuron
42
Step 5- skeletal muscles (somatic) or smooth,cardiac muscle and glands (autonomic)
Effector responds
43
Muscle spindle receptors monitor muscle length changes
Stretch reflex
44
Stimulates muscle contraction in response to a a stretched muscle
Knee jerk reflex
45
____ muscle relaxes (stretch reflex)
Antagonistic muscle
46
Stretch reflex is ___
Monosynaptic
47
Impulses enter and exit same side of spinal cord
Ipsilateral
48
Golgi tendon organs monitor tension, tendon and muscles
Tendon reflex
49
During ____ quadriceps muscle relaxes protecting tendon and muscle from excessive tension
Leg flexion
50
- polysynaptic and ipsilateral
| - initiates crossed extensor reflex
Flexor (withdrawal) reflex
51
Opposite limb extended to maintain balance (flexor withdrawal reflex)
Crossed extensor reflex
52
______ and ______ ; impulses enter and exit on opposite side of spinal cord (flexor withdrawal reflex)
Polysynaptic and contra lateral
53
Consists of medulla pons and midbrain
Brain stem
54
2nd largest part of the brain
Cerebellum
55
Consists of thalamus and hypothalamus
Diencephalon
56
Largest part of the brain
Cerebrum
57
Dura (outer) arachnoid (middle) and pia Mater (intermost)
Brain mengies
58
Separates cerebral hemispheres
Fall cerabri
59
Separates cerabellar hemispheres
Falx cerebelli
60
Separates cerebrum from cerebellum
Tentorium cerebelli
61
Formed by astrocytes protects brain from harmful substances
Blood brain barrier
62
Brain receives about 20% of body's oxygen at rest
Brain blood
| Flow
63
Oxygen deprivation for ___ minutes or longer may cause permanent injury
4
64
Glucose supplied to brain Must be continuous low glucose levels may cause dizziness confusion and loss of conciouness
Brain blood flow
65
- stroke
- most common brain disorder
- risk factors ; high blood pressure,cholesterol,diabetes,smoking,excessive alcohol intake and obesity
Cerebrovascular accident
66
ECF located in subarachnoid space
| -absorbs shock and transports nutrients and wastes
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
67
Brain cavities filled with CSF
2 lateral ventricles
3rd ventricle
4th ventricles
Ventricles
68
- capillaries located in ventricles that form CSF
- lindss by ependymal cells
- CSF is reabsorbed into blood by arachnoid villi
Choroid plexuses
69
```
Brain stem (1)
-inferior
-cardiovascular
-controls heart rhythmicity area controls breathing rate
-controls swallowing and vomiting
(VIII-xII)
```
Medulla oblongata
70
-middle portion
| V-vIII
Pons
71
-superior portion
| III-Iv
Midbrain
72
Dark area containing neurons controls subconscious muscle movements loss of neurons associated with Parkinson's disease
Substantia nigra
73
Main sensory reflex station to cerebral cortex
Thalamus
74
2nd largest part of the brain
| -coordinates movements controlling posture and balance
Cerebellum
75
Disruption in muscle coordination (cerebellum)
Ataxia
76
- seat of intelligence
- cerebral cortex outer gray matter
- 2 cerebral hemispheres
Cerebrum
77
Folds
Gyri
78
Shallow grooves
Sulci
79
Part include frontal,parietal,temporal occitipial loves and insula
-insula is not seen at surface
Cerebrum
80
Primary somatic sensory area
Post central gyrus
81
Is the primary motor area
Precenteal gyrus
82
Impulses with in same hemisphere
Association tracts
83
Transmits impulses between hemispheres
Commissural trades
84
Transmit impulses to and from spinal cord
Projection tracts
85
Consists of 3 nuclei globus pallid us, putamen and caudate nuclei
-subconscious-contractions such as muscle tone
Basal ganglia
86
```
Progressive disorder
Destroys dopamine
Resting tremor
Hypertonia causes rigidity
Bradykinsea slows movements
Hypokinsea decreases range of motion
```
Parkinson's disease
87
Emotional brain
Limbic system
88
Controls speech
Broca's area
89
Facial paralysis
Bella palsy
90
Tinnitus, vertigo ____
Ataxia
91
Transmit impulses between hemispheres
Comminsural tracts
92
Larger in females who are less likely to suffer aphasia inability to understand or speak words from stroke
Comminsural tracts
93
Originates in pons supplies facial expression muscles
Facial (VII) nerve
94
Voluntarily controls ___ muscle
Skeletal
95
Consists of __ motor neuron extending from CNS to Effector (PNS divisions)
1
96
Involuntarily controls glands,smooth and cardiac muscle consists of 2 motor neurons extending from CNS to effector
Ans (autonomic)
97
From CNS synapses with post ganglionic neuron in autonomic ganglion
Preganglionic neuron
98
Extends from autonomic ganglion to effector
Postganglionic neuron
99
Fight or flight
Sympathetic
100
Also known as thoracolumbar division
Sympathetic division
101
Short preganglionic neuron synapse with many long postganglionic neurons in ganglia
Widespread effect
102
All effectors except the ____ gland is controlled by postganglionic neurons
Adrenal gland
103
Located on both sides of vertebral column and consists of white rami and gray rami
Sympathetic trunk
104
Entry points to trunk formed by preganglionic sympathetic neurons at t1-l2 cord levels
White rami
105
Anterior to vertebral column near abdominal arteries
Prevertebral ganglia
106
Also known as craniosacral division formed by parasympathetic preganglionic neurons that originate in brain stem as cranial nerves III,VII,IX,X and spinal cord levels s2-s4
Parasympathetic division
107
Carries 80% of outflow
Vagus nerve
108
Voluntarily controls skeletal muscle consists of _ motor neuron extending from CNS to effector (sns somatic)
1 motor neuron
109
Involuntarily controls glands,smooth and cardiac muscle consists of _motor neurons extending from CNS to effector (and autonomic)
2 motor neurons
110
From CNS synapses with post ganglionic neuron in autonomic ganglion
Preganglionic neuron
111
Fight or flight
Sympathetic
112
Also know as thoracolumbar division
Sympathetic division
113
Short preganglionic neurons synapse with many long postganglionic neurons in ganglia
Widespread effect
114
All effectors except the ____ controlled by postganglionic neurons
Aderental gland
115
Consists of two types of ganglia
Sympathetic trunk and white rami
116
Located in both sides of vertebral column and consists of white rami
Sympathetic trunk
117
Entry points to trunk formed by preganglionic sympathetic neurons at t1-l2 cord levels
White rami
118
Anterior to vertebral column near abdominal arteries
Preverebral ganglia
119
Also know as craniosacral division
Parasympathetic division
120
Fight or flight response produces ATP during physical emotional stress
Sympathetic functions
121
Involves 4 e situations
Emergency,excercise,excitement and embarrassment
122
Increases blood glucose for ATP production by _____ glycogen and fats
Breaking down
123
(Norepinephrine) increase heart rate force of contraction and _____
Blood pressure
124
____ airways increasing breathing rate (norepinephrine)
Dilates
125
___ sweating and dilates pupils (norepinephrine)
Increases
126
____ arrector pilli muscles
Contracts
127
Increases blood flow to ____ by vasodilating blood vessels to skeletal muscles,heart,liver and fat tissue
Essential organs
128
Decreases blood flow to nonessential organs by vasoconstricting blood vessels to ____ & ___ decreasing digestion and urination (sympathetic functions)
Gi tract and kidneys
129
Conserves and restores body energy (parasympathetic)
Rest and digest response
130
Salvation,lacrimation,urination,digestion and defaction (parasympathetic )
Slubb
131
Stories energy by increasing glycogen and ____ (parasympathetic)
Fat production
132
Autonomic reflex consists of
1. receptor
2. sensory neuron
3. intergrating center
4. motor neurons
5. effector
133
________ is the major control and integration center of autonomic nervous system
Hypothalamus
134
Secretion are controlled by
1.
2.
3.
1 nervous system; mostly by negative feedback system(reverse change)
2. chemical changes in blood
3. Other hormones
135
Major link between nervous + endocrine systems
Hypothalamus
136
Controls anterior pituitary by releasing stimulating or inhibitory hormones
Hypothalamus
137
Controls posterior pituitary by neurons
Hypothalamus
138
Anterior portion produces __ hormones + posterior portion stores __ hormones (pituitary gland)
Anterior- 7
| Posterior- 2
139
Stimulates protein producing for muscle + bone growth
Human growth hormones (hgh) (anterior pituitary hormones)
140
Hgh increases blood ___ for ATP production by breaking down glycogen fats
Glucose
141
Stimulates thyroid gland
Thyroid stimulating hormone
142
Stimulates milk production.
Prolactin (PRL)
143
Controlled by positive feedback
| Stimulates milk enjection
Oxytocin (ot)
144
During dehydrating adh levels increase elevating blood pressure by causing kidneys to retain more water decreasing urine production
Antiduretic hormone (adh)
145
Defection in adh secreation or receptors increasing urine production
Disabeties insipidus
146
Located inferior to larynx
Thyroid gland
147
Cell types for thyroid gland include
| ____ cells produce t3 + t4
1 follicular
148
Oxygen used by cells
T3+t4 increase metabolic rate
149
Hypothyroidism decreased heart + respiratory rate low body temp
Myxdema
150
___ parafollicular cells produce calcitonin (ct)
2
151
Ct decreased blood ca2+ by ________ ; calcium remains in bone strengthening bones
Inhibitory osteoclast activity
152
Commonly used to treat osteoporosis
Thyroid gland
153
Pth ____ blood ca2+ by stimulating osteoclast breaking down come
Increases
154
______ produce insulin (pancreas)
Beta cells
155
_____ blood glucose stimulates glycogen release causing glycogen break down ____ blood glucose (pancreas)
Low,increasing
156
Stimulates insulin causing glycogen production
High blood glucose
157
By permitting glucose transport into liver cells ____ blood glucose
Decreasing (pancreas)
158
Excessive glycogen converted to fat
Pancreas
159
Most common endocrine disorder involves the inability to produce or use insulin blood glucose levels increasing spilling into urine
Diabetes myelitis
160
Most common type most people are non insulin dependent target cells become less sensitive to insulin often controlled by diet excercise + weight loss
Type 2 diabetes
161
During dehydration raa pathway produces aldosterone
Minerslcorticoids
162
Increases na+ 2 h20 reabsortion (re tension from Kidneys into blood
Mineralcorticoids
163
Increasing excretion removal of k+ into urine
Mineralcorticoids
164
Increases blood volume + blood pressure
Mineralcorticoids
165
Increases blood glucose during stress
Gulcorticoids
166
Anti-inflammatory effect
Glucocorticoids
167
Suppress immune system
Glucocorticoids
168
Commonly used in organ transplants
Glucocorticoids
169
Hyposecrestion of cortisol cause hyperglycemic + weight gain
Cushing syndrome
170
Located in brain
Pineal gland
171
Produces melatonin promotes sleep
Pineal gland
172
Type of depression resulting from overproduction of melatonin
Seasonal affective disorder
