Midterm Review Flashcards
1
Q
atomic # =
A
of protons
2
Q
mass # =
A
protons + neutrons
3
Q
cations =
A
(+)
lose electrons
4
Q
anions =
A
(-)
gain electrons
5
Q
isotope =
A
same # protons, diff # neutrons
resulting in a different atomic mass
ex) Carbon 12, Carbon 13
6
Q
powerhouse of cell
generate most ATP production
A
mitochondria
7
Q
synthesize fatty acids/steroids
detoxifies drugs
A
smooth ER
do not contain ribosome
8
Q
site of protein synthesis
A
rough ER
has ribosomes
(smooth ER DOES NOT)
9
Q
packing, sorting, transport organelle
A
golgi apparatus
10
Q
what organelle recycles old structures
A
lysosome
11
Q
organelle that stores genetic info
A
nucleus
12
Q
controls what enters/exits cell through a selective barrier
A
plasma membrane
13
Q
everything in the cell besides the plasma membrane and nucleus
A
cytoplasm
supports organelles and facilitates chemical reactions
14
Q
2 identical somatic (body) cells, 46 chromosomes (diploid) =
A
mitosis
15
Q
4 cells end product (gamates) 23 chromosomes (haploid)
A
meiosis (reproductive)
16
Q
where does translation occur
A
cytoplasm at ribosomes
17
Q
where does transcription occur
A
inside nucleus
18
Q
when RNA makes proteins =
A
translation
19
Q
makes RNA copy from DNA template =
A
transcription
happens in cytoplasm at ribosomes
20
Q
characteristics of epithelial
A
- attached to basement membrane
- avascular
- cell junctions present
- mitosis occurs frequently
21
Q
what cells line air sacs of lungs, lining of heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels
A
simple squamous
(diffusion, filtration)
22
Q
what cells line ducts, kidney tubules
A
simple cuboidal
(secrete & absorb)
23
Q
what cells line intestines
A
simple columnar
absorption
secrete mucous/ enzymes
ciliated simple columnar line bronchioles and fallopian tubes
24
Q
what cells line the trachea, upper respiratory tract
A
pseudostratified columnar
secrets mucus
25
what cells line esophagus, mouth, vagina
stratified squamous
protects
26
what cells line sweat glands, salivary glands, mammary glands
stratified cuboidal
protective tissue
27
what cells line male urethra
stratified columnar
secretes and protects
28
what cells line bladder, urethra, ureters
transitional
allow organs to expand
29
what structure serves as movement function
ex) bronchioles moving debris through respiratory system
cilia
microvili = absorption
30
characteristics of connective tissue
- highly vascular
- supports and connects tissues
- cells and extracellular matrix make it up
31
elastic =
stability
32
collagen =
flexibility
33
reticular =
support
34
hyaline =
most abundant
provides smooth surface for movement of joints, flexibility & support
35
what cartilage is found at intervertebral discs, meniscus
fibrous cartilage
36
what cartilage is found in the epiglottis, outside ear
elastic
37
which gland has a piece pinch off
apocrine
38
whole cells bursts and contents go into extracellular space =
holocrine
39
epidermis cells (4)
keratinocytes
melanocytes
macrophages (langerhans)
tactile epithelial cells (merkel)
40
what cells are found in the dermis
papillary (superficial)
reticular (deep)
41
what are oil glands called
sebaceous
in dermis
42
what are sweat glands called
sudoriferous
eccrine & apocrine
43
what are wax glands called
ceruminous
in subcutaneous tissue
44
eccrine and apocrine are in the _____ dermis
reticular dermis
apocrine also found in superficial subcutaneous tissue
45
apocrine found in _____
axillae, groin , areolas
responsible for body odors
46
ABCDE's
asymmetry
border is irregular
color is uneven
diametere is >6mm
evolving and changing in size/shape
47
shaft of long bone =
diaphysis
48
ends of bones at joints are called
epiphysis
49
between the diaphysis and epiphysis & where bone growth occurs =
metaphysis
50
tough outer layer of bone
periosteum
51
hollow space within diaphysis =
medullary cavity
52
thin membrane lining medullary cavity =
endosteum
53
where does endochondral ossification occur
epiphyseal plates of long bone as they grow in length
54
removal of minerals & collagen fibres by osteoclasts is called bone ______
resorption
55
addition of minerals & collagen fibres by osteoblasts is called bone ______
bone deposition
56
histology of bone
Bone contains extracellular matrix made of 15% water, 30% collagen, 55% crystalized mineral salts
57
bone stem cells are called
osteoprogenitor cells
58
bone building - secrete matrix, initiate calcification =
osteoblasts
59
mature bone cells are called
osteocytes
60
release calcium, bone resorption =
osteoclasts
61
what bone tissue has osteons (haversion systems)
contain lamellae, osteocytes, haversion canals =
compact bone tissue
62
trabeculae or cancellous bone is what kind of bone tissue
spongy bone tissue
63
direct bone formation
flat bones
facial bones
produce spongy which is remodelled into compact bone = what kind of bone formation
intramembranous
64
long bones
produce cartilage and replace w bone = what kind of bone formation
endochondral
65
what happens when calcium levels drop
parathyroid gland secretes parathyroid hormone which stimulates osteoclasts which increase bone resorption and releases calcium
66
what happens when blood calcium levels are high
calcitonin stops osteoclasts and lowers blood calcium back to normal
67
PTH = increase blood calcium level
calcitonin = decrease blood calcium levels
68
excessive osteoclast formation is called
paget's disease
69
bone resorption losing calcium =
osteoporosis
70
degeneration causing friction of bone on bone =
osteoarthritis
71
infections in bone caused by Staph A
osteomyelitis
72
reduced bone mass =
osteopenia
73
bone cancer affects primarily osteoblasts =
osteosarcoma
74
enlargement of existing mm fibres (not by making new ones) - inside the fibres the organelles, myofibrils , mitochondria & sarcoplasmic reticulum are produced at a higher rate → fill up mm fibres making it expand
hypertrophy
75
decrease in size of mm fibre due to loss of myofibrils (reversible)
atrophy
76
increase in number of mm fibres is called
hyperplasia
77
myosin and actin =
contractile proteins
78
troponin & tropomyosin =
regulatory proteins
79
what rushes into the cell during depolarization of a mm contraction
Ca2+
80
ACH released in the cleft, binds to acetylcholine and calcium binds to troponin to start a ________
muscle contraction
81
protein complex on actin that binds Ca2+ and regulates mm contraction by allowing/blocking myosin binding sites
troponin
82
protein that wraps around actin and covers myosin binding sites, blocking contraction until troponin moves it upon calcium binding
tropomyosin
83
epimysium = what layer
outer layer
encircles entire mm
84
how muscles contract
Action potential goes length of axon to synaptic end bulbs
Depolarization = Ca2+ to enter synaptic end bulb
When Ca2+ comes in, acetylcholine gets released into synaptic cleft, binds to ACH receptors on plasma membrane of mm cell
When they bind → need depolarization, occurs by Na+ rushing in, action potentials travels across sarcolemma into T tubules and opens up calcium receptors on sarcoplasmic reticulum → Ca2+ leaves sarcoplasmic reticulum & binds to troponin and pulls tropomyosin off so myosin can bind to actin
At neuromuscular junction acth is neurotransmitter crossing cleft and binding
Ca 2+ being released from sarcoplasmic to bind to troponin to start mm contraction
85
ways to produce ATP
previously stored in mm fibres - 3 secs worth
creatine phosphate - short energy burst - 15 secs worth
anaerobic glycolysis - not using O2 - lactic acid byproduct - mins of energy
aerobic cellular respiration - mins to hours - lots of ATP
86
generate ATP by aerobic respiration - resistant to fatigue (postural mm’s and endurance activities) =
slow oxidative
87
walking and sprinting (larger mms - quads) - medium resistance to fatigue
fast oxidative glycolytic
88
large amts glycogen, fatigue quickly, intense aerobic activity of short duration (weight lifting, throwing a ball - fast contraction velocity, eye mm’s) =
fast glycolytic
89
supporting cells - they do not generate action potentials =
neuroglia
90
cells in CNS
oligodendrocytes - myelin
astrocytes - BBB
microglia - immune defense
ependymal cells - produce CSF
91
cells in PNS
schwann - myelin
satellite - support
92
somatic nervous system =
sensory and motor
93
repolarization =
K+ leaves cell
making it negative
94
what do EPSPs do
make it more positive
IPSP makes it more negative
95
no myelin surrounding axon = slower = what kind of conduction
continuous
96
myelin on axon --> jumps from one node of ranvier to next = faster = what kind of conduction
saltatory
97
3 things that affect propagation speed
larger diameter
more myelin
warmer temps
98
ways to manage pH and maintain it
Buffer systems - convert strong acids and bases into weak acids and bases
Protein, phosphate, carbonic acid bicarbonate sytem
CO2 excretion
Kidney excretion of H+
99
respiratory acidosis =
what is high vs what lowers
CO2 high
hypoventilation causes CO2 to accumulate and lowers pH
100
respiratory alkalosis =
whats low vs what raises
CO2 low due to hyperventilation , raises pH
101
HCO3- blood levels RISE =
metabolic alkalosis
non respiratory acids are lost, raises pH
102
osmosis =
water moves from low to high concentrations
103
granular WBCs (3)
neutrophils
eosinophils - protect agaisnt parasitic worms
basophils - release histaminase to combat histamine
104
agranular WBCs
lymphocytes - soldiers of immune system - turn into B, T, natural killer cells
monocytes - phagocytize microbes and debris / damaged tissue
105
what is the byproduct of breaking down RBCs
bilirubin
106
universal donor - no antigen on it - can donate to anyone
type O
can only receive from O
107
blood types
All (-) can donate to (+) but (+) cant donate to (-)
108
elevated neutrophils =
bacterial infection
109
elevated lymphocytes =
viral infection
110
leukocytosis =
increased WBCs, indicated infection or cancer
111
leukopenia =
decreased WBCs, indicate severe disease, chemotherapy, AIDS, bone marrow failure
112
capillary types (3)
continuous - most common, BBB, tightly bound, intercellular cleft
fenestrated - little holes (kidneys)
sinusoids - discontinuous - larger holes for RBCs to go through - in spleen, liver, red bone marrow
113
what takes blood to heart and what takes it away
inferior vena cava --> towards
aorta --> away
114
what structure drains the head, neck, upper limbs
superior vena cava
115
what structure drains the heart
coronary sinus
116
what structure drains the lower body
inferior vena cava
117
type of shock: sudden BV drop =
hypovolemic
118
type of shock: too much arterial dilation =
vascular
119
type of shock: neurogenic =
CV centre trauma
120
type of shock: pump failure =
cardiogenic
121
type of shock: embolism
obstructive
122
symptoms of shock
Clammy, cool, pale skin
Tachycardia
Weak, rapid pulse
Sweating
Hypotension
Altered mental status
Decreased urinary output
Thirst
Acidosis
123
vascular resistance depends on
size of blood vessel lumen
blood viscosity
total blood vessel length
124
Vascular resistance - what resistance is based off of
Resistance is the opposition to blood flow due to friction between blood and walls of blood vessels
The higher the resistance, the smaller the blood flow
125
Formed when venous valves become weak or damaged - dilated and twisted in appearance
varicose veins
126
Dilated venules close to the skin, espec lower limb & face - appear red, blue, purple, like a spider web
spider veins
127
what happens to BV when you age
Loss of compliance of aorta
Reduction in cardiac mm fiber size
Progressive loss of cardiac muscular strength
Decline in maximum heart rate
Increase systolic BP
128
type A blood can donate to
A and AB
receive from A and O
129
type B blood can donate to
B and AB
can recieve from B and O
130
Type AB can recieve from
A,B, AB, O
can donate to AB only
131
RH positive
can receive + or - blood of same type
can donate to only Rh positive
132
AB+ can receive from
any blood type
