Midterm Review Flashcards
atomic # =
of protons
mass # =
protons + neutrons
cations =
(+)
lose electrons
anions =
(-)
gain electrons
isotope =
same # protons, diff # neutrons
resulting in a different atomic mass
ex) Carbon 12, Carbon 13
powerhouse of cell
generate most ATP production
mitochondria
synthesize fatty acids/steroids
detoxifies drugs
smooth ER
do not contain ribosome
site of protein synthesis
rough ER
has ribosomes
(smooth ER DOES NOT)
packing, sorting, transport organelle
golgi apparatus
what organelle recycles old structures
lysosome
organelle that stores genetic info
nucleus
controls what enters/exits cell through a selective barrier
plasma membrane
everything in the cell besides the plasma membrane and nucleus
cytoplasm
supports organelles and facilitates chemical reactions
2 identical somatic (body) cells, 46 chromosomes (diploid) =
mitosis
4 cells end product (gamates) 23 chromosomes (haploid)
meiosis (reproductive)
where does translation occur
cytoplasm at ribosomes
where does transcription occur
inside nucleus
when RNA makes proteins =
translation
makes RNA copy from DNA template =
transcription
happens in cytoplasm at ribosomes
characteristics of epithelial
- attached to basement membrane
- avascular
- cell junctions present
- mitosis occurs frequently
what cells line air sacs of lungs, lining of heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels
simple squamous
(diffusion, filtration)
what cells line ducts, kidney tubules
simple cuboidal
(secrete & absorb)
what cells line intestines
simple columnar
absorption
secrete mucous/ enzymes
ciliated simple columnar line bronchioles and fallopian tubes
what cells line the trachea, upper respiratory tract
pseudostratified columnar
secrets mucus
what cells line esophagus, mouth, vagina
stratified squamous
protects
what cells line sweat glands, salivary glands, mammary glands
stratified cuboidal
protective tissue
what cells line male urethra
stratified columnar
secretes and protects
what cells line bladder, urethra, ureters
transitional
allow organs to expand
what structure serves as movement function
ex) bronchioles moving debris through respiratory system
cilia
microvili = absorption
characteristics of connective tissue
- highly vascular
- supports and connects tissues
- cells and extracellular matrix make it up
elastic =
stability
collagen =
flexibility
reticular =
support
hyaline =
most abundant
provides smooth surface for movement of joints, flexibility & support
what cartilage is found at intervertebral discs, meniscus
fibrous cartilage
what cartilage is found in the epiglottis, outside ear
elastic
which gland has a piece pinch off
apocrine
whole cells bursts and contents go into extracellular space =
holocrine
epidermis cells (4)
keratinocytes
melanocytes
macrophages (langerhans)
tactile epithelial cells (merkel)
what cells are found in the dermis
papillary (superficial)
reticular (deep)
what are oil glands called
sebaceous
in dermis
what are sweat glands called
sudoriferous
eccrine & apocrine
what are wax glands called
ceruminous
in subcutaneous tissue
eccrine and apocrine are in the _____ dermis
reticular dermis
apocrine also found in superficial subcutaneous tissue
apocrine found in _____
axillae, groin , areolas
responsible for body odors
ABCDE’s
asymmetry
border is irregular
color is uneven
diametere is >6mm
evolving and changing in size/shape
shaft of long bone =
diaphysis
ends of bones at joints are called
epiphysis
between the diaphysis and epiphysis & where bone growth occurs =
metaphysis
tough outer layer of bone
periosteum
hollow space within diaphysis =
medullary cavity
thin membrane lining medullary cavity =
endosteum
where does endochondral ossification occur
epiphyseal plates of long bone as they grow in length
removal of minerals & collagen fibres by osteoclasts is called bone ______
resorption
addition of minerals & collagen fibres by osteoblasts is called bone ______
bone deposition
histology of bone
Bone contains extracellular matrix made of 15% water, 30% collagen, 55% crystalized mineral salts
bone stem cells are called
osteoprogenitor cells
bone building - secrete matrix, initiate calcification =
osteoblasts
mature bone cells are called
osteocytes
release calcium, bone resorption =
osteoclasts
what bone tissue has osteons (haversion systems)
contain lamellae, osteocytes, haversion canals =
compact bone tissue
trabeculae or cancellous bone is what kind of bone tissue
spongy bone tissue
direct bone formation
flat bones
facial bones
produce spongy which is remodelled into compact bone = what kind of bone formation
intramembranous
long bones
produce cartilage and replace w bone = what kind of bone formation
endochondral
what happens when calcium levels drop
parathyroid gland secretes parathyroid hormone which stimulates osteoclasts which increase bone resorption and releases calcium
what happens when blood calcium levels are high
calcitonin stops osteoclasts and lowers blood calcium back to normal
PTH = increase blood calcium level
calcitonin = decrease blood calcium levels
excessive osteoclast formation is called
paget’s disease
bone resorption losing calcium =
osteoporosis
degeneration causing friction of bone on bone =
osteoarthritis
infections in bone caused by Staph A
osteomyelitis
reduced bone mass =
osteopenia
bone cancer affects primarily osteoblasts =
osteosarcoma
enlargement of existing mm fibres (not by making new ones) - inside the fibres the organelles, myofibrils , mitochondria & sarcoplasmic reticulum are produced at a higher rate → fill up mm fibres making it expand
hypertrophy
decrease in size of mm fibre due to loss of myofibrils (reversible)
atrophy
increase in number of mm fibres is called
hyperplasia
myosin and actin =
contractile proteins
troponin & tropomyosin =
regulatory proteins
what rushes into the cell during depolarization of a mm contraction
Ca2+
ACH released in the cleft, binds to acetylcholine and calcium binds to troponin to start a ________
muscle contraction
protein complex on actin that binds Ca2+ and regulates mm contraction by allowing/blocking myosin binding sites
troponin
protein that wraps around actin and covers myosin binding sites, blocking contraction until troponin moves it upon calcium binding
tropomyosin
epimysium = what layer
outer layer
encircles entire mm
how muscles contract
Action potential goes length of axon to synaptic end bulbs
Depolarization = Ca2+ to enter synaptic end bulb
When Ca2+ comes in, acetylcholine gets released into synaptic cleft, binds to ACH receptors on plasma membrane of mm cell
When they bind → need depolarization, occurs by Na+ rushing in, action potentials travels across sarcolemma into T tubules and opens up calcium receptors on sarcoplasmic reticulum → Ca2+ leaves sarcoplasmic reticulum & binds to troponin and pulls tropomyosin off so myosin can bind to actin
At neuromuscular junction acth is neurotransmitter crossing cleft and binding
Ca 2+ being released from sarcoplasmic to bind to troponin to start mm contraction
ways to produce ATP
previously stored in mm fibres - 3 secs worth
creatine phosphate - short energy burst - 15 secs worth
anaerobic glycolysis - not using O2 - lactic acid byproduct - mins of energy
aerobic cellular respiration - mins to hours - lots of ATP
generate ATP by aerobic respiration - resistant to fatigue (postural mm’s and endurance activities) =
slow oxidative
walking and sprinting (larger mms - quads) - medium resistance to fatigue
fast oxidative glycolytic
large amts glycogen, fatigue quickly, intense aerobic activity of short duration (weight lifting, throwing a ball - fast contraction velocity, eye mm’s) =
fast glycolytic
supporting cells - they do not generate action potentials =
neuroglia
cells in CNS
oligodendrocytes - myelin
astrocytes - BBB
microglia - immune defense
ependymal cells - produce CSF
cells in PNS
schwann - myelin
satellite - support
somatic nervous system =
sensory and motor
repolarization =
K+ leaves cell
making it negative
what do EPSPs do
make it more positive
IPSP makes it more negative
no myelin surrounding axon = slower = what kind of conduction
continuous
myelin on axon –> jumps from one node of ranvier to next = faster = what kind of conduction
saltatory
3 things that affect propagation speed
larger diameter
more myelin
warmer temps
ways to manage pH and maintain it
Buffer systems - convert strong acids and bases into weak acids and bases
Protein, phosphate, carbonic acid bicarbonate sytem
CO2 excretion
Kidney excretion of H+
respiratory acidosis =
what is high vs what lowers
CO2 high
hypoventilation causes CO2 to accumulate and lowers pH
respiratory alkalosis =
whats low vs what raises
CO2 low due to hyperventilation , raises pH
HCO3- blood levels RISE =
metabolic alkalosis
non respiratory acids are lost, raises pH
osmosis =
water moves from low to high concentrations
granular WBCs (3)
neutrophils
eosinophils - protect agaisnt parasitic worms
basophils - release histaminase to combat histamine
agranular WBCs
lymphocytes - soldiers of immune system - turn into B, T, natural killer cells
monocytes - phagocytize microbes and debris / damaged tissue
what is the byproduct of breaking down RBCs
bilirubin
universal donor - no antigen on it - can donate to anyone
type O
can only receive from O
blood types
All (-) can donate to (+) but (+) cant donate to (-)
elevated neutrophils =
bacterial infection
elevated lymphocytes =
viral infection
leukocytosis =
increased WBCs, indicated infection or cancer
leukopenia =
decreased WBCs, indicate severe disease, chemotherapy, AIDS, bone marrow failure
capillary types (3)
continuous - most common, BBB, tightly bound, intercellular cleft
fenestrated - little holes (kidneys)
sinusoids - discontinuous - larger holes for RBCs to go through - in spleen, liver, red bone marrow
what takes blood to heart and what takes it away
inferior vena cava –> towards
aorta –> away
what structure drains the head, neck, upper limbs
superior vena cava
what structure drains the heart
coronary sinus
what structure drains the lower body
inferior vena cava
type of shock: sudden BV drop =
hypovolemic
type of shock: too much arterial dilation =
vascular
type of shock: neurogenic =
CV centre trauma
type of shock: pump failure =
cardiogenic
type of shock: embolism
obstructive
symptoms of shock
Clammy, cool, pale skin
Tachycardia
Weak, rapid pulse
Sweating
Hypotension
Altered mental status
Decreased urinary output
Thirst
Acidosis
vascular resistance depends on
size of blood vessel lumen
blood viscosity
total blood vessel length
Vascular resistance - what resistance is based off of
Resistance is the opposition to blood flow due to friction between blood and walls of blood vessels
The higher the resistance, the smaller the blood flow
Formed when venous valves become weak or damaged - dilated and twisted in appearance
varicose veins
Dilated venules close to the skin, espec lower limb & face - appear red, blue, purple, like a spider web
spider veins
what happens to BV when you age
Loss of compliance of aorta
Reduction in cardiac mm fiber size
Progressive loss of cardiac muscular strength
Decline in maximum heart rate
Increase systolic BP
type A blood can donate to
A and AB
receive from A and O
type B blood can donate to
B and AB
can recieve from B and O
Type AB can recieve from
A,B, AB, O
can donate to AB only
RH positive
can receive + or - blood of same type
can donate to only Rh positive
AB+ can receive from
any blood type
