Chemical Organization Flashcards
The four major elements found in the chemicals that comprise the human body?
oxygen
hydrogen
nitrogen
carbon
three types of subatomic particles that are important for understanding chemical reactions in the human body are
protons
neutrons
electrons
what subatomic particle has a neutral charge
neutron
The number of protons in an atom is represented by an element’s
atomic number
Which of the following subatomic particles are shared by two atoms to form covalent bonds?
1. Neutron
2. Electron
3. Proton
electron
Which type of chemical bond involves the sharing of valence electron pairs between two atoms
covalent
The chemical bonds formed between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms making up a water molecule are called
polar covalent bonds
Which type of chemical reaction will absorb more energy than it releases
endergonic
An enzyme acts to
lower the activation energy needed to start the reaction
most abundant and inorganic compound in the body
water
A solute that readily dissolves in water is
hydrophilic
A solution with a pH value less than 7 is
acidic
A chemical compound that helps control the pH of a solution by adding or removing hydrogen ions is a
buffer
What is a monosaccharide that is used by cells to produce energy
glucose
What is a polysaccharide that serves as a storage form of energy in muscle and liver cells
glycogen
octect rule
electron shells like to be in pairs
if the shell is full it is a stable atom
first shell has 2 electrons
second shell has 8
if the third has 6, it would try to steal 2 or give up 6 electrons
the shell is unstable until it can fill its outermost shell
an atom with same number of protons but different number of neutrons is called
isotope
what is the mass number
number of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus
what are positively charged ions
cations
they have given away electrons (giving away their negativity)
they have more protons in the nucleus then electrons in the shell, making them more positive
anions - gained (steal) electrons
cations - give away electrons
an atom with an unpaired electron in its outer shell so it is always unstable =
free radical
highly reactive bc it steals electrons from nearby molecules causing a chain reaction and widespread damage
what are the strongest and most common bonds in the body
covalent
what bonds are found in bones and teeth
ionic
they are ions attracted together like a magnet with an opposite charge
an ion that breaks apart into its negative and positive ions in a solution and can conduct electricity is
electrolyte
what goes in, must come out law
energy is not created or destroyed, just transformed or transferred to another form
law of conservation of matter
what speeds up chemical reactions
catalyst
what 3 factors affect chemical reactions
- increase in temperature
- increased concentration
- presence of a catalyst
the sum of all chemical reactions in the body
metabolism
catabolism - break down
anabolism - build up
organic molecules always contain what
carbon
inorganic molecules lack
carbon
more H+ ions and less OH- ions =
acid
base has more H+ and OH-
what does the pH scale measure
the concentration of H+ or OH- ions
the lower number on the scale the HIGHER the acidity lever, the HIGHER the concentration of H+
1= very acidic
14= very alkaline
7= neutral
what is the most common buffer system in the body
carbonic acid bicarbonate
(buffer systems maintain pH in the body, convert strong acids and strong bases into weaker acids and bases)
are lipids hydrophobic
yes! they do not dissolve in water
they store lots of energy espec. triglycerides
what lipid stores the most energy, is most plentiful, protects and insulates
triglycerides
what are proteins made of
amino acids
they act as enzymes as catalysts
help in structural support of cells and detect other chemicals, regulate hormones
what stores genetic information on DNA and RNA
nucleic acids
most common form of energy the body uses
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
