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A&P Review > Chemical Organization > Flashcards

Chemical Organization Flashcards

1
Q

The four major elements found in the chemicals that comprise the human body?

A

oxygen
hydrogen
nitrogen
carbon

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2
Q

three types of subatomic particles that are important for understanding chemical reactions in the human body are

A

protons
neutrons
electrons

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3
Q

what subatomic particle has a neutral charge

A

neutron

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4
Q

The number of protons in an atom is represented by an element’s

A

atomic number

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5
Q

Which of the following subatomic particles are shared by two atoms to form covalent bonds?
1. Neutron
2. Electron
3. Proton

A

electron

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6
Q

Which type of chemical bond involves the sharing of valence electron pairs between two atoms

A

covalent

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7
Q

The chemical bonds formed between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms making up a water molecule are called

A

polar covalent bonds

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8
Q

Which type of chemical reaction will absorb more energy than it releases

A

endergonic

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9
Q

An enzyme acts to

A

lower the activation energy needed to start the reaction

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10
Q

most abundant and inorganic compound in the body

A

water

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11
Q

A solute that readily dissolves in water is

A

hydrophilic

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12
Q

A solution with a pH value less than 7 is

A

acidic

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13
Q

A chemical compound that helps control the pH of a solution by adding or removing hydrogen ions is a

A

buffer

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14
Q

What is a monosaccharide that is used by cells to produce energy

A

glucose

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15
Q

What is a polysaccharide that serves as a storage form of energy in muscle and liver cells

A

glycogen

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16
Q

octect rule

A

electron shells like to be in pairs
if the shell is full it is a stable atom

first shell has 2 electrons
second shell has 8
if the third has 6, it would try to steal 2 or give up 6 electrons

the shell is unstable until it can fill its outermost shell

17
Q

an atom with same number of protons but different number of neutrons is called

A

isotope

18
Q

what is the mass number

A

number of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus

19
Q

what are positively charged ions

A

cations

they have given away electrons (giving away their negativity)

they have more protons in the nucleus then electrons in the shell, making them more positive

20
Q

anions - gained (steal) electrons

A

cations - give away electrons

21
Q

an atom with an unpaired electron in its outer shell so it is always unstable =

A

free radical

highly reactive bc it steals electrons from nearby molecules causing a chain reaction and widespread damage

22
Q

what are the strongest and most common bonds in the body

A

covalent

23
Q

what bonds are found in bones and teeth

A

ionic

they are ions attracted together like a magnet with an opposite charge

24
Q

an ion that breaks apart into its negative and positive ions in a solution and can conduct electricity is

A

electrolyte

25
Q

what goes in, must come out law

energy is not created or destroyed, just transformed or transferred to another form

A

law of conservation of matter

26
Q

what speeds up chemical reactions

A

catalyst

27
Q

what 3 factors affect chemical reactions

A
  1. increase in temperature
  2. increased concentration
  3. presence of a catalyst
28
Q

the sum of all chemical reactions in the body

A

metabolism

catabolism - break down
anabolism - build up

29
Q

organic molecules always contain what

A

carbon

30
Q

inorganic molecules lack

A

carbon

31
Q

more H+ ions and less OH- ions =

A

acid

base has more H+ and OH-

32
Q

what does the pH scale measure

A

the concentration of H+ or OH- ions
the lower number on the scale the HIGHER the acidity lever, the HIGHER the concentration of H+

33
Q

1= very acidic
14= very alkaline
7= neutral

A
34
Q

what is the most common buffer system in the body

A

carbonic acid bicarbonate

(buffer systems maintain pH in the body, convert strong acids and strong bases into weaker acids and bases)

35
Q

are lipids hydrophobic

A

yes! they do not dissolve in water

they store lots of energy espec. triglycerides

36
Q

what lipid stores the most energy, is most plentiful, protects and insulates

A

triglycerides

37
Q

what are proteins made of

A

amino acids

they act as enzymes as catalysts
help in structural support of cells and detect other chemicals, regulate hormones

38
Q

what stores genetic information on DNA and RNA

A

nucleic acids

39
Q

most common form of energy the body uses

A

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A&P Review (12 decks)

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