Final Review Flashcards
1
Q
what prevents back flow into the right atrium
R.A.T
A
tricuspid valve
2
Q
what prevents back flow into the right ventricle
PVR
A
pulmonary semilunar valve
3
Q
what prevents back flow into the left atrium
L.A.M
A
mitral (bicuspid valve)
L.A.M
left atrium mitral
4
Q
what prevents back flow into the left ventricle
L.A.V
A
aortic semilunar valve
5
Q
what mm’s attache to chordae tendinae
A
papillary muscles (prevent valve prolapse)
6
Q
what supplies oxygenated blood to the myocardium
A
coronary arteries
7
Q
what drains deoxygenated blood from the heart into the right atrium
A
coronary sinus
8
Q
what can blocked coronary arteries lead to
A
myocardial infarction
9
Q
______ wave is ventricular repolarization (ventricles contract, diastole)
A
T wave
(TVR)
10
Q
_____ wave is the atrial depolarization (atria contracts, systole)
A
P wave
11
Q
______ wave is ventricular depolarization (ventricles contract, systole) atrial repolarization occurs here
A
QRS
12
Q
what starts an action potential
A
SA node (pacemaker)
13
Q
sympathetic nervous system increase ____ node
A
SA node activity –> HR increases
PNS does opposite
14
Q
conduction system of heart
A
- SA node –> (pacemaker of heart, starts action potential)
- AV node –> (receives impulse from SA node)
- AV bundle of his –> (sends impulse down the septum)
- Purkinje fibres (spread impulses through ventricles)
15
Q
blood ejected per ventricular contraction =
A
stroke volume
16
Q
cardiac output =
A
stroke volume x heart rate = amount of blood pumped per min
17
Q
the mechanical process of moving air in and out of the body =
A
ventilation
18
Q
the exchange of gases in the body =
A
respiration
19
Q
O2 moves from alveoli –> pulmonary capillaries; CO2 moves from blood –> alveoli (to be exhaled) = what kind of respiration
A
external
20
Q
O2 moves from systemic capillaries (blood) –> tissues (muscles); CO2 moves from tissues –> blood = what kind of respiration
A
internal
21
Q
the breakdown of carbohydrates to produce ATP = what kind of respiration
A
cellular
22
Q
at what structure does the lower respiratory tract start
A
layrnx
23
Q
what zone is the site of gas exchange in
A
respiratory zone (alveoli, respiratory bronchioles)
24
Q
regions of pharynx (3)
A
- nasopharynx - air only
- oropharynx - food & air
- laryngopharynx (behind larynx) - food & air
25
what type of alveolar cells allow gas exchange
type I
(simple squamous cells)
26
what type of alveolar cells produce surfactant
type II
surfactant prevents alveolar collapse and allows expansion
27
primary muscles of inspiration
1. diaphragm
2. external intercostals
28
is there primary muscles of expiration
no.
passive process.
just relaxation of diaphragm and ex. intercostals
29
secondary muscles of active exhalation during exercise
internal intercostals
abdominal muscles (rec abdominis)
30
secondary mm's of active inhalation (forced)
1. SCM
2. Pecs
3. Scalenes
31
factors that decrease hemoglobin affinity (encourage O2 to release to tissue) (4)
1. decreased pH (increased acidity)
2. increased CO2 levels
3. increased temperature
4. increased 2,3 BPG (molecule that reduces O2 by binding affinity)
32
higher the affinity =
hemoglobin holds onto oxygen
33
lower affinity =
hemoglobin releases oxygen into tissues
34
skin, mucous membranes, saliva, gastric juices are an example of
first line of defence
35
natural killer cells, inflammation, fever are an example of
second line of defence
36
B cells (plasma cells) that produce antibodies are what type of immunity
antibody-mediated immunity
antiBody = B cells
37
cytotoxic T cells (killer T cells) are an example is what immunity
cell-mediated immunity
38
most abundant antibody (immunoglobulin)
IgG
39
antibody (immunoglobulin) found in secretions (saliva, tears, breast milk)
IgA
40
first antibody to appear in response to infection
IgM
41
antibody involved in allergic and hypersensitivity reactions
IgE
42
what type of immunity are vaccines
artificially acquired active immunity
(body produces antibodies in response)
43
what type of immunity is injection of antibodies
artificially acquired passive immunity
44
getting a cold in an example of what type of immunity
naturally acquired active immunity
(body produces it's own antibodies)
45
antibodies being passed from mother to baby is what type of immunity
naturally acquired passive immunity
46
what does the right lymphatic duct drain
right arm
right thoracic cavity
right side of head and neck
* thoracic duct drains everything else
47
where are B and T cells produced
red bone marrow
(B cells mature here)
48
where do T cells mature
thymus
49
what are secondary lymphatic organs
lymph nodes
spleen
lymphatic nodules
(where lymphocytes function)
50
primary lymphatic organs are :
red bone marrow
thymus
51
what type of fluid is found between tissues and outside of blood vessels
interstitial
52
when interstitial fluid enters lymphatic vessels it is now called
lymph
53
what is the main difference between interstitial fluid and lymph
location
54
where does reabsorption and secretion occur
renal tubules in nephron
55
what contains the glomerulus and bowmans capsule
renal corpuscle
(where filtration occurs)
56
key processes in nephron
1. glomerular filtration
(blood filtered at glomerulus, filtrate enters Bowman's capsule)
2. tubular reabsorption
(movement of substance from tubules into bloodstream) (PCT)
3. tubular secretion (DCT, collecting duct)
57
where is the majority of water/solutes reabsorbed by the blood stream
proximal convoluted tubules
58
movement of substances from blood into tubules is called
secretion
59
what is the one hormone that DECREASES blood pressure and blood volume
atrial natriuretic (ANP -
secreted by the heart (atria)
60
what is the RAAS system activated by
low blood pressure
low blood volume
dehydration
61
what does renin do
converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
62
what does angiotensin II affect
vasoconstriction (increase BP)
stimulate aldosterone release
stimulate ADH release
63
what secretes ADH
hypothalamus
64
what is secreted by the adrenal medulla (2)
norepinephrine
epinephrine
65
what is secreted from the adrenal cortex
aldosterone
cortisol
66
what acts on the kidneys in response to low BP or BV
angiotensin II
67
what 2 things are stored in the posterior pituitary gland\
oxytocin
ADH (prevents decreased GFR)
68
what does the parathyroid hormone do
released by parathyroid glands in respsonse to LOW blood calcium levels
works to INCREASE calcium through stimulating osteoclast activity --> bone resorption --> releases calcium and phosphate into blood stream
69
increase in acidity (decrease in pH)
increase in CO2
increase in temp
increase in 2,3-BPG all lead to
decrease O2 affinity
(a decrease in affinity means that hemoglobin is less willing to bind to oxygen and more likely to release oxygen to tissues)
70
what do chief cells secrete
pepsinogen (pepsin--> proteins)
lipase (fats)
71
what does gastrin do
increase motility and secretions
72
when is CCK released
when fats enter duodenum --> gallbladder contracts --> pancreas enzyme release
73
what do alpha cells secrete
glucagon (when low blood sugar)
*beta* cells secrete *insulin* when high blood sugar
74
bile is produced in the liver and store where
gallbladder
75
where does most absorption occur in stomach
small intestine
76
what brings absorbed nutrients from GI to liver
hepatic portal vein
77
what are excess calories stored as
fat
78
what is the most abundant mineral in the body
calcium
79
breakdown of glycogen to glucose =
glycogenolysis
80
what is glycolysis
glucose breaks into ATP
first step of cellular respiration
81
descending limb does what
water reabsorption
82
ascending limb does what
salt reabsorption
83
anterior pituitary secretes (x7)
1. FSH (follicle stimulating)
2. LH (lutenizing)
3. ACTH (adrenocortiotropic)
4.TSH (thyroid stimulating)
5. hGH (human growth)
6. Prolactin (PRL)
7. MSH (melanocyte stimulating)
84
what does calcitonin do
decrease blood calcium levels
comes from thyroid
85
where does fertilization occur
fallopian tubes specifically in ampulla
86
where does implantation occur
uterus
87
similar structures male vs female
ovaries = testes
labia majora = scrotum
clitoris = penis glans
88
what is the formula for cardiac output
stroke volume x heart rate
89
where does external respiration take place
between alveoli and pulmonary capillaries
90
what happens when the diaphragm contracts
inhalation occurs
thoracic volume increases
pressure decreases (Boyles law)
air flows into lungs
91
Which class of antibody is most abundant in the bloodstream?
IgG
92
Which organ filters blood and removes old red blood cells?
spleen
93
Which cells in the stomach secrete pepsinogen?
chief cells
94
What hormone stimulates bile release when fat enters the duodenum?
CCK
95
Which hormone increases sodium and water reabsorption?
aldosterone
96
an increase in blood volume would cause a _____ in ADH secretion
decrease
97
disorder characterized by hypersecretion of suprarenal cortex
cushings syndrome
98
disorder caused by hyposecretion of glucocorticoids and aldosterone
addisons
99
benign tumors causing hypersecretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine
pheochromocytomas
100
automimmune disease where beta cells are destroyed
type I diabetes
101
what does FSH do in females
stimulate maturation of oocyte or egg
102
what does LH do in females
helps stimulate ovulation where egg is released
103
where is cortisol and aldosterone secreted from
adrenal cortex
104
what connects the anterior pituitary to posterior pituitary
infundibulum
105
what does LH in males do
secrete testosterone
106
what does FSH in males do
stimulates sperm production
spermatogenesis
107
if you have a gallstone and it got stuck in bile duct what would it impact
pancreas & gallbladder
108
what is needed in order to absorb B12
intrinsic factor
109
where does the pancreas empty its contents into
duodenum
110
what drains the head and neck
superior vena cava
111
what mm's convey electricity in the heart
trabeculae carneae
112
bicuspid valve receives blood from ____ via ______ veins to _____ ventricle
left atrium via pulmonary veins to the left ventricle
113
flow of deoxygenated blood on right side
body --> superior/inferior vena cava --> right atrium --> tricuspid valve --> right ventricle --> pulmonary valve --> pulmonary arteries
114
flow of oxygenated blood on left side
lungs --> pulmonary veins--> left atrium --> mitral (bicuspid) valve --> left ventricle --> aortic valve --> aorta --> body
115
atrioventricular valves closing = what sound
lubb
(LAV)
(Lubb-Atrio-Ventricular)
116
systemic circulation is ______ blood
oxygenated blood
117
degree of stretch right before a contraction - volume of blood filling the heart --> increases stroke volume =
preload
118
ability to contract - increases stoke length =
contractility
119
the pressure that must be exceeded for blood to be ejected from the ventricles - resistance to blood pumping - decreases stoke volume =
afterload
120
where is the layrnx located
C4-6
121
where does the trachea branch off
at superior border of T5
122
what is the end of the conducting zone
terminal bronchioles
123
what hormone increases stomach motility and secretions
gastrin secreted by G cells
124
glucose formed into proteins=
gluconeogenesis
125
process that stored glucose as glycogen
glycogenesis
126
what is the body's thermostat
preoptic area of hypothalamus
127
mineral that is essential component of thyroid hormones
iodide
128
vitamin responsible for protein synthesis, lays collagen, wound healing, antioxidant
vitamin C
129
vitamin essential for absorption of calcium
D
130
vitamin essential for clotting
K
131
vitamin responsible for carbohydrate metabolism
B1
132
vitamin responsible for RBC formation, requires intrinsic factor for absorption
B12
133
vitamin responsible for light sensitive pigments in photoreceptors of retina
A
134
