Final Review Flashcards
what prevents back flow into the right atrium
tricuspid valve
what prevents back flow into the right ventricle
pulmonary semilunar valve
what prevents back flow into the left atrium
mitral (bicuspid valve)
L.A.M
left atrum mitral
what prevents back flow into the left ventricle
aortic semilunar valve
what mm’s attache to chordae tendinae
papillary muscles (prevent valve prolapse)
what supply oxygenated blood to the myocardium
coronary arteries
what drains deoxygenated blood from the heart into the right atrium
coronary sinus
what can blocked coronary arteries lead to
myocardial infarction
what part of wave is the ventricular repolarization, where ventricles relax (diastole)
T wave
what part of wave is the atrial depolarization (atria contracts, systole)
P wave
what part of wave is ventricular depolarization (ventricles contract, systole)
QRS
what starts an action potential
SA node (pacemaker)
sympathetic nervous system increase ____ node
SA node activity –> HR increases
PNS does opposite
conduction system of heart
- SA node –> (pacemaker of heart, starts action potential)
- AV node –> (receives impulse from SA node)
- AV bundle of his –> (sends impulse down the septum)
- Purkinje fibres (spread impulses through ventricles)
blood ejected per ventricular contraction =
stroke volume
cardiac output =
stroke volume x heart rate = amount of blood pumped per min
the mechanical process of moving air in and out of the body =
ventilation
the exchange of gases in the body =
respiration
O2 moves from alveoli –> pulmonary capillaries; CO2 moves from blood –> alveoli (to be exhaled) = what kind of respiration
external
O2 moves from systemic capillaries –> tissues (muscles); CO2 moves from tissues –> blood = what kind of respiration
internal
the breakdown of carbohydrates to produce ATP = what kind of respiration
cellular
at what structure down the lower respiratory tract start
layrnx
what zone is the site of gas exchange in
respiratory zone (alveoli, respiratory bronchioles)
regions of pharynx (3)
- nasopharynx
- oropharynx
- laryngopharynx
what type of alveolar cells allow gas exchange
type I
(simple squamous cells)
what type of alveolar cells produce surfactant
type II
surfactant prevents alveolar collapse and allows expansion
primary muscles of inspiration
- diaphragm
- external intercostals
is there primary muscles of expiration
no.
passive process.
just relaxation of diaphragm and ex.intercostals
secondary muscles of active exhalation during exercise
internal intercostals
abdominal muscles (rec abdominis)
secondary mm’s of active inhalation (forced)
- SCM
- Pecs
- Scalenes
factors that decrease hemoglobin affinity (encourage O2 to release to tissue) (4)
- decreased pH (increased acidity)
- increased CO2 levels
- increased temperature
- increased 2,3 BPG (molecule that reduces O2 by binding affinity)
higher the affinity =
hemoglobin holds onto oxygen
lower affinity =
hemoglobin releases oxygen into tissues
skin, mucous membranes, saliva, gastric juices are an example of
first line of defence
natural killer cells, inflammation, fever are an example of
second line of defence
B cells (plasma cells) that produce antibodies are what type of immunity
antibody-mediated immunity
cytotoxic T cells (killer T cells) are an example is what immunity
cell-mediated immunity
most abundant antibody (immunoglobulin)
IgG
antibody (immunoglobulin) found in secretions (saliva, tears, breast milk)
IgA
first antibody to appear in response to infection
IgM
antibody involved in allergic and hypersensitivity reactions
IgE
what type of immunity are vaccines
artificially acquired active immunity
(body produces antibodies in response)
what type of immunity is injection of antibodies
artificially acquired passive immunity
getting a cold in an example of what type of immunity
naturally acquired active immunity
(body produces it’s own antibodies)
antibodies being passed from mother to baby is what type of immunity
naturally acquired passive immunity
what does the right lymphatic duct drain
right arm
right thoracic cavity
right side of head and neck
- thoracic duct drains everything else
where are B and T cells produced
red bone marrow
(B cells mature here)
where do T cells mature
thymus
what are secondary lymphatic organs
lymph nodes
spleen
lymphatic nodules
(where lymphocytes function)
primary lymphatic organs are :
red bone marrow
thymus
what type of fluid is found between tissues and outside of blood vessels
interstitial
when interstitial fluid enters lymphatic vessels it is now called
lymph
what is the main difference between interstitial fluid and lymph
location
where does reabsorption and secretion occur
renal tubules in nephron
what contains the glomerulus and bowmans capsule
renal corpuscle (where filtration occurs)
key processes in nephron
- glomerular filtration
(blood filtered at glomerulus, filtrate enters Bowman’s capsule) - tubular reabsorption
(movement of substance from tubules into bloodstream) - tubular secretion
where is the majority of water/solutes reabsorbed by the blood stream
proximal convoluted tubules
movement of substances from blood into tubules is called
secretion
what is the one hormone that DECREASES blood pressure and blood volume
atrial natriuretic (ANP_
secreted by the heart (atria)
what is the RAAS system activated by
low blood pressure
low blood volume
dehydration
what does renin do
converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
what does angiotensin II affect
vasoconstriction (increase BP)
stimulate aldosterone release
stimulate ADH release
what secretes ADH
hypothalamus
what is secreted by the adrenal medulla (2)
norepinephrine
epinephrine
what is secreted from the adrenal cortex
aldosterone
what acts on the kidneys in response to low BP or BV
angiotensin II
what 2 things are stored in the posterior pituitary gland\
oxytocin
ADH (prevents decreased GFR)
what does the parathyroid hormone do
released by parathyroid glands in respsonse to LOW blood calcium levels
works to INCREASE calcium through stimulating osteoclast activity –> bone resorption –> releases calcium and phosphate into blood stream
increase in acidity (decrease in pH)
increase in CO2
increase in temp
increase in 2,3-BPG all lead to
decrease O2 affinity
(a decrease in affinity means that hemoglobin is less willing to bind to oxygen and more likely to release oxygen to tissues)
what do chief cells secrete
pepsinogen (pepsin–> proteins)
lipase (fats)
what does gastrin do
increase motility and secretions
when is CCK released
when fats enter duodenum –> gallbladder contracts –> pancreas enzyme release
what do alpha cells secrete
glucagon (when low blood sugar)
beta cells secrete insulin when high blood sugar
bile is produced in the liver and store where
gallbladder
where does most absorption occur in stomach
small intestine
what brings absorbed nutrients from GI to liver
hepatic portal vein
what are excess calories stored as
fat
what is the most abundant mineral in the body
calcium
glycogenolysis =
breakdown of glycogen to glucose
what is glycolysis
glucose breaks into ATP
descending limb down what
water reabsorption
ascending limb does what
salt reabsorption
anterior pituitary secretes
FSH
LH
ACTH
TSH
GH
prolactin
what does calcitonin do
decrease blood calcium levels
comes from thyroid
where does fertilization occur
fallopian tubes
where does implantation occur
uterus
analogous structures male vs female
ovaries = testes
labia majora = scrotum
clitoris = penis glans
what is the formula for cardiac output
stroke volume x heart rate
where does external respiration take place
between alveoli and pulmonary capillaries
what happens when the diaphragm contracts
inhalation occurs
thoracic volume increases
Which class of antibody is most abundant in the bloodstream?
IgG
Which organ filters blood and removes old red blood cells?
spleen
Which cells in the stomach secrete pepsinogen?
chief cells
What hormone stimulates bile release when fat enters the duodenum?
CCK
Which hormone increases sodium and water reabsorption?
aldosterone
