Cellular Organization

Question 1

what are complex cells called

Answer 1

eukaryotic - (have NUCLEUS)

prokaryotic = NO NUCLEUS

Question 2

3 parts to a cell

Answer 2

1. plasma membrane
2. cytoplasm
3. nucleus

Question 3

what membrane controls what enters or exits the cell

Answer 3

plasma membrane

has identifiers on cell membrane and communicates with neighboring cells

Question 4

the model that states molecules are constantly moving around and rearranging depending on conditions

Answer 4

fluid mosaic model

Question 5

what is the lipid bilayer made of

Answer 5

hydrophilic heads that face OUTWARD
and
hydrophobic tails that face INWARD

Question 6

functions of membrane proteins

Answer 6

1. form ion channels
2. act as carriers
3. act as a receptor
4. act as enzymes
5. linkers
6. cell identity markers

Question 7

substances always move down their concentration gradient going from…

Answer 7

high concentrations to low concentrations

Question 8

how does water cross the membrane

Answer 8

1. in between phospholipids
2. use integral protein that forms aquaporin channels

Question 9

RBC swells and bursts - lower concentrations of solutes outside the cell - solutes flow into the cell bringing water in - swells and bursts

what kind of solution is this called

Answer 9

hypotonic solution

Question 10

RBC shrinks and dies =

Answer 10

hypertonic solution

Question 11

which active transport uses symporters to transport two different substances in the same direction

and antiporters to transport substances in opposite directions

Answer 11

secondary active transport

Question 12

endocytosis - receptor-mediated - 6 steps

Answer 12

1. binding
2. vesicle formation
3. uncoating
4. fusion of newly formed vesicle with endosomes
5. recycling of receptors
6. degradation of lysosomes

Question 13

what is endocytosis

Answer 13

bringing substances inside the cell

Question 14

3 methods of transport using vesicles

Answer 14

1. endocytosis - bringing substances inside a cell
2. phagocytosis - cell eating - the cell ingulfs large particles
3. bulk phase endocytosis - plasma membrane pinches off a part of its membrane

Question 15

2 common phagocytes

Answer 15

macrophages
neutrophils

Question 16

what is transcytosis

Answer 16

process of endocytosis and exocytosis at the same time

moving substances into and out of the cell using transport vesicles

Question 17

what is the cytoplasm

Answer 17

everything inside of the cell except nucleus

Question 18

where does growth of mitotic spindles and cell division occur

Answer 18

pericentriolar matrix

Question 19

where does protein synthesis occur

Answer 19

ribosomes

Question 20

what do microfilaments do

Answer 20

bring strength and shape to the cell
mechanical support
generate movement
anchor

Question 21

what do intermediate filaments do

Answer 21

thick
very strong
help hold organelles in place and help attach cells to one another

Question 22

what structure is paralyzed by nicotine

Answer 22

cilia

Question 23

a network of membranes connecting the nuclear envelope to the rest of the cell

Answer 23

endoplasmic reticulum

Question 24

what is covered in ribosomes

Answer 24

rough endoplasmic reticulum

Question 25

what structure has no ribosomes, synthesizes fatty acids and steroids and detoxifies drugs

Answer 25

smooth ER

Question 26

what structure generates most ATP

Answer 26

mitcochondria

Question 27

mitosis phases in order
PMAT

Answer 27

prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase

Question 28

which phase is DNA replicated in only

Answer 28

interphase

Question 29

46 chromosomes are split in half and two cells are created with 23 chromosomes each - goes through mitosis

Answer 29

meiosis I

Question 30

two new cells w 23 chromosomes each divide again into four cells w 23 chromosomes each

Answer 30

meiosis II

Question 31

which phase do the nucleus and cytoplasm divide

Answer 31

mitotic phase

Question 32

what structure is found at the tips of each chromosome and shorten each time they divide until disappearing altogether

Answer 32

telomeres

• these determine how long we live
  stress shortens telomeres *

Question 33

the normal life span of a cell
AKA programmed cell death

Answer 33

apoptosis