Cellular Organization Flashcards

1
Q

what are complex cells called

A

eukaryotic - (have NUCLEUS)

prokaryotic = NO NUCLEUS

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2
Q

3 parts to a cell

A
  1. plasma membrane
  2. cytoplasm
  3. nucleus
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3
Q

what membrane controls what enters or exits the cell

A

plasma membrane

has identifiers on cell membrane and communicates with neighboring cells

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4
Q

the model that states molecules are constantly moving around and rearranging depending on conditions

A

fluid mosaic model

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5
Q

what is the lipid bilayer made of

A

hydrophilic heads that face OUTWARD
and
hydrophobic tails that face INWARD

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6
Q

functions of membrane proteins

A
  1. form ion channels
  2. act as carriers
  3. act as a receptor
  4. act as enzymes
  5. linkers
  6. cell identity markers
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7
Q

substances always move down their concentration gradient going from…

A

high concentrations to low concentrations

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8
Q

how does water cross the membrane

A
  1. in between phospholipids
  2. use integral protein that forms aquaporin channels
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9
Q

RBC swells and bursts - lower concentrations of solutes outside the cell - solutes flow into the cell bringing water in - swells and bursts

what kind of solution is this called

A

hypotonic solution

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10
Q

RBC shrinks and dies =

A

hypertonic solution

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11
Q

which active transport uses symporters to transport two different substances in the same direction

and antiporters to transport substances in opposite directions

A

secondary active transport

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12
Q

endocytosis - receptor-mediated - 6 steps

A
  1. binding
  2. vesicle formation
  3. uncoating
  4. fusion of newly formed vesicle with endosomes
  5. recycling of receptors
  6. degradation of lysosomes
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13
Q

what is endocytosis

A

bringing substances inside the cell

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14
Q

3 methods of transport using vesicles

A
  1. endocytosis - bringing substances inside a cell
  2. phagocytosis - cell eating - the cell ingulfs large particles
  3. bulk phase endocytosis - plasma membrane pinches off a part of its membrane
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15
Q

2 common phagocytes

A

macrophages
neutrophils

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16
Q

what is transcytosis

A

process of endocytosis and exocytosis at the same time

moving substances into and out of the cell using transport vesicles

17
Q

what is the cytoplasm

A

everything inside of the cell except nucleus

18
Q

where does growth of mitotic spindles and cell division occur

A

pericentriolar matrix

19
Q

where does protein synthesis occur

20
Q

what do microfilaments do

A

bring strength and shape to the cell
mechanical support
generate movement
anchor

21
Q

what do intermediate filaments do

A

thick
very strong
help hold organelles in place and help attach cells to one another

22
Q

what structure is paralyzed by nicotine

23
Q

a network of membranes connecting the nuclear envelope to the rest of the cell

A

endoplasmic reticulum

24
Q

what is covered in ribosomes

A

rough endoplasmic reticulum

25
what structure has no ribosomes, synthesizes fatty acids and steroids and detoxifies drugs
smooth ER
26
what structure generates most ATP
mitcochondria
27
mitosis phases in order PMAT
prophase metaphase anaphase telophase
28
which phase is DNA replicated in only
interphase
29
46 chromosomes are split in half and two cells are created with 23 chromosomes each - goes through mitosis
meiosis I
30
two new cells w 23 chromosomes each divide again into four cells w 23 chromosomes each
meiosis II
31
which phase do the nucleus and cytoplasm divide
mitotic phase
32
what structure is found at the tips of each chromosome and shorten each time they divide until disappearing altogether
telomeres - these determine how long we live stress shortens telomeres *
33
the normal life span of a cell AKA programmed cell death
apoptosis