Cellular Organization Flashcards
what are complex cells called
eukaryotic - (have NUCLEUS)
prokaryotic = NO NUCLEUS
3 parts to a cell
- plasma membrane
- cytoplasm
- nucleus
what membrane controls what enters or exits the cell
plasma membrane
has identifiers on cell membrane and communicates with neighboring cells
the model that states molecules are constantly moving around and rearranging depending on conditions
fluid mosaic model
what is the lipid bilayer made of
hydrophilic heads that face OUTWARD
and
hydrophobic tails that face INWARD
functions of membrane proteins
- form ion channels
- act as carriers
- act as a receptor
- act as enzymes
- linkers
- cell identity markers
substances always move down their concentration gradient going from…
high concentrations to low concentrations
how does water cross the membrane
- in between phospholipids
- use integral protein that forms aquaporin channels
RBC swells and bursts - lower concentrations of solutes outside the cell - solutes flow into the cell bringing water in - swells and bursts
what kind of solution is this called
hypotonic solution
RBC shrinks and dies =
hypertonic solution
which active transport uses symporters to transport two different substances in the same direction
and antiporters to transport substances in opposite directions
secondary active transport
endocytosis - receptor-mediated - 6 steps
- binding
- vesicle formation
- uncoating
- fusion of newly formed vesicle with endosomes
- recycling of receptors
- degradation of lysosomes
what is endocytosis
bringing substances inside the cell
3 methods of transport using vesicles
- endocytosis - bringing substances inside a cell
- phagocytosis - cell eating - the cell ingulfs large particles
- bulk phase endocytosis - plasma membrane pinches off a part of its membrane
2 common phagocytes
macrophages
neutrophils
what is transcytosis
process of endocytosis and exocytosis at the same time
moving substances into and out of the cell using transport vesicles
what is the cytoplasm
everything inside of the cell except nucleus
where does growth of mitotic spindles and cell division occur
pericentriolar matrix
where does protein synthesis occur
ribosomes
what do microfilaments do
bring strength and shape to the cell
mechanical support
generate movement
anchor
what do intermediate filaments do
thick
very strong
help hold organelles in place and help attach cells to one another
what structure is paralyzed by nicotine
cilia
a network of membranes connecting the nuclear envelope to the rest of the cell
endoplasmic reticulum
what is covered in ribosomes
rough endoplasmic reticulum
what structure has no ribosomes, synthesizes fatty acids and steroids and detoxifies drugs
smooth ER
what structure generates most ATP
mitcochondria
mitosis phases in order
PMAT
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
which phase is DNA replicated in only
interphase
46 chromosomes are split in half and two cells are created with 23 chromosomes each - goes through mitosis
meiosis I
two new cells w 23 chromosomes each divide again into four cells w 23 chromosomes each
meiosis II
which phase do the nucleus and cytoplasm divide
mitotic phase
what structure is found at the tips of each chromosome and shorten each time they divide until disappearing altogether
telomeres
- these determine how long we live
stress shortens telomeres *
the normal life span of a cell
AKA programmed cell death
apoptosis
