Midterm Review Flashcards
What is Manifest Destiny?
the belief that America was destined to extend its boundaries all the way to the Pacific Ocean
What is the name of the river that is currently the boundary between Mexico and the United States?
The Rio Grande
What unique American religious group brought thousands of settlers to Utah?
Mormons
What brought thousand of people to California starting in 1849?
Gold was discovered
Who was the President of the United States during the Mexican War?
James K. Polk
Which territory did the United States gain as a result of the Mexican War (1846-48)?
A. Oregon Country
B. Louisiana
C. California and New Mexico
D. Texas
C. California and New Mexico
Women in the West often had more rights than women in other regions of the United States because…
their labor was needed for their families to survive
True or false: The issue of water rights was important in early California because much of California is desert with very little water.
True
What effect did the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hildago have on the United States?
Mexico ceded a large area of territory to the United States
The Guadalupe-Hildago Treaty stated that the United States had to pay $18 million, and in turn, they got present-day California, Nevada, Utah, New Mexico, most of Arizona and Colorado, and parts of Oklahoma, Kansas, and Wyoming (the Mexican Cession).
A small number of Texans held off a large Mexican army for about two weeks at this fort before being massacred. The massacre inspired many Americans to volunteer for the Texan army.
The Alamo
Why did the Mormons leave the eastern states and move out west?
They wanted to escape religious persecution
Which of the following is NOT a geographical obstacle faced by people moving west?
A. hostile Native Americans
B. mountains
C. forests
D. rivers
A. hostile Native Americans
During the winter on Blackfoot Creek, what was the only type of food?
meat
Food was cooked and served by who?
the camp kicker
Where did the Mountain Men live?
together in lodges
A camp keeper did all of the following EXCEPT…
A. kill buffalo.
B. guard the horses.
C. keep fires.
D. cook.
A. kill buffalo
The Mountain Men amused themselves during the summer rendezvous by all of the following EXCEPT…
A. playing the game of “hand”.
B. horse racing.
C. dancing.
D. relating the past year’s events.
C. dancing
A treaty with Great Britain in 1846 established United States ownership of this region.
letter A
This was the area of the original United States in 1783.
letter G
This area was acquired from Spain in 1819.
Letter H
This independent republic was annexed by the United States in 1845 after winning its independence from Mexico.
letter F
This area was acquired from France in 1803.
letter E
A boundary settlement with Great Britain in 1818 gave this area to the United States.
letter D
This area was bought from Mexico in 1853.
letter C
The United States gained this region after the war with Mexico.
letter B
What was the name of the book written by Harriet Beecher Stowe about slavery?
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
True or false: Uncle Tom’s Cabin allowed for Northerners to see life of a slave
True
Slaves were considered what in all federal territories?
property
What is John Brown most famous for?
Raid on Harpers Ferry
True or false: John Brown was a former slave trying to free other slaves.
False
The Kansas-Nebraska Act repealed which compromise?
A. The Great Compromise
B. Missouri Compromise
C. Compromise of 1850
D. North West Compromise
B. Missouri Compromise
The Kansas-Nebraska Act established…
(type of voting)
popular sovereignty
How did Lincoln win the election of 1860?
The Democrats split the votes
What started the Civil War?
Attack on Fort Sumter
What did John Brown hope would happen when he raided the federal armory?
Enslaved people would help, triggering a massive slave revolt
True or false: John Brown succeeded in his slave rebellion.
False
What did the Wilmot Proviso propose?
the banning of slavery in newly acquired territories
(from the Mexican-American war)
- This act allowed runaway slaves to be returned to the South.
the Fugitive Slave Act
True or false: All northerners were happy to help in the Fugitive Slave Act.
False
What does Bleeding Kansas refer to?
when pro-slavery and anti-slavery settlers flooded into Kansas to vote illegally, and violence broke out soon after
Summary: People would fight over land from the North and South
The Missouri Compromise1 was declared unconstitutional because of what?
1 proposed that all slavery above the 36˚30’ line was banned
the Dred Scott Case
What did the South gain from the Compromise of 18501?
Fugitive Slave Act
1 The act called for the admission of California as a “free state,” provided for a territorial government for Utah and New Mexico, established a boundary between Texas and the United States, called for the abolition of slave trade in Washington, DC, and amended the Fugitive Slave Act.
What was the first state to secede from the Union?
South Carolina
What state became a free state in the Compromise of 1850?
California
What party did Abraham Lincoln join?
Republicans
True or false: John Breckenridge was the only Democratic nominee in the election of 1860.
False
What act banned slave trade in Washington D.C.?
The Compromise of 1850
What was the deciding factor that made the Southern States secede?
The Election of 1860
This act allowed for Popular Sovereignty in new territories.
A. Kansas-Nebraska Act
B. Compromise of 1850
C. Wilmot Proviso
D. Dred Scott Case
A. Kansas-Nebraska Act
Slaves were considered property due to what ruling?
the Dred Scott Case
Who wanted a transcontinental railroad in Kansas and Nebraska?
Stephen Douglas
True or false: Daniel Webster was the Chief Justice for the Dred Scott case.
False
The Chief Justice for the Dred Scott case was Roger B. Taney.
What year did South Carolina secede from the Union?
1860
Who was the spokesperson for the South?
John C. Calhoun
Who came up with the Compromise of 1850?
Henry Clay
Henry Clay was known as the ________________.
Great Compromiser
- Ruled that African Americans had no right to sue in federal court because African Americans were not citizens
- Ruled that African Americans were property, therefore protected by the U.S. Constitution
- Ruled that Congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery in any territory
Dred Scott Case
Who was the only leader of the Confederate States of America?
Jefferson Davis of Kentucky
True or false: The seceding states rejected Lincoln’s reassurance message to the Southern states.
True
Fill in the blanks:
- Cause - The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 was passed.
- Effect - Thousands of __________ African Americans fled to ________.
northern, Canada
Fill in the chart:
"In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow countrymen, and not in mine, is the momentous issue of... war. The government will not attack you...We are not enemies, but friends. We must not be enemies."
Who most likely made this quote?
Abraham Lincoln
What was Lincoln’s plan to deal with the siege of Fort Sumter?
To send a supply ship with no guns so southerners wouldn’t think he was attacking them
Which reason would most northerners have given for going to war with the Confederate States of America in 1861?
to save the Union
The purpose of the Union blockade was to…
A. prevent the French from helping the South.
B. prevent Confederate soldiers from capturing Washington.
C. prevent the Confederates from retreating to Richmond.
D. choke off the South’s foreign trade.
D. choke off the South’s foreign trade
The Emancipation Proclamation…
A. compensated owners for the loss of their slaves.
B. freed all slaves.
C. freed all slaves under Union control.
D. freed all slaves under Confederate control.
D. freed all slaves under Confederate control.
Where did General Robert E. Lee surrender to General Ulyssess S. Grant?
Appomattox Court House
According to Abraham Lincoln, why did the United States have the right to prevent the southern states from seceding from the Union?
A. The issue of slavery was not a sufficient reason to secede.
B. A nation has the right to protect itself from destruction.
C. The United States needed the tax money paid by the southern states.
D. The Constitution outlaws secession.
B. A nation has the right to protect itself from destruction.
Which of the following was NOT one of the disadvantages faced by the Confederacy as it entered the Civil War?
A. The Confederacy had a smaller pool of soldiers.
B. The Confederate army had to maintain longer lines of communication.
C. The South had very few factories.
D. The Confederacy had little money.
B. The Confederate army had to maintain longer lines of communication.
What was the main reason why poor northerners resented the Emancipation Proclamation?
they were afraid that they would have to compete with freed slaves for jobs
The Civil War began with the…
fall of Fort Sumter
What advantage did southerners have over northerners in the Civil War?
A. Southerners were defending their homeland.
B. The South had more factories and harbors.
C. The South had more money with which to fight the war.
D. The Confederacy had a larger army.
A. Southerners were defending their homeland.
Which of the following indicates that the South was not doing well in the war?
A. The draft in the South was eventually applied to slaves.
B. The draft in the South did not apply to men owning at least 20 slaves.
C. The draft in the South was established after the draft in the North.
D. The draft in the South did not allow people to pay someone to serve in their place.
A. The draft in the South was eventually applied to slaves.
Which of the following is a reason why the Emancipation Proclamation did not free all slaves?
A. Jefferson Davis did not give his authorization.
B. Lincoln did not want to anger the Border States.
C. Lincoln knew that South needed slaves to fight.
D. This question is wrong. The Emancipation Proclamation did free all the slaves.
B. Lincoln did not want to anger the Border States.
What was the name given to people in the North who opposed the Civil War?
copperheads
What was the capital of the Confederacy?
Richmond, VA
Which of the following statements is NOT true?
A. During the first two years of the Civil War the North won most of the battles.
B. The South’s foreign trade grew stronger as the war progressed.
C. Gettysburg was a major victory for the South.
D. All of the above.
D. All of the above.
How were you able to escape the draft in the South?
If you hired a substitute OR owned at least 20 slaves
In the North, you could escape the draft if you either paid $300 or hired a substitute.
What is the destruction of an enemy’s civilian resources as well as their army called?
total war
Which of the following statements is true about the effect of the Civil War?
A. Northern factories produced less and less.
B. Trade between the South and Europe increased greatly.
C. The North’s economy was hurt more than the South’s economy.
D. Prices of goods rose in both the North and the South.
D. Prices of good rose in both the North and the South.
The capture of which southern city by General Sherman gave the northerners hope and helped get Lincoln re-elected in 1864?
Atlanta, GA
True or false: By 1865, parts of the South lay in ruins because of the North’s strategy of total war.
True
According to the figure, what percentage of the national total of factories was in the North?
85 percent
According to the figure, how many acres of farmland were in the South?
56,832
According to the figure, which side had an advantage in every resource shown?
North
According to the figure, it could be said that 9 out of every 10 workers in industry…
lived in the North
Which of the following statements is NOT supported by the figure?
A. The North had more than twice as many miles of railroad track.
B. The South had far fewer workers in industry.
C. Southern factories were less efficient than northern factories.
D. The population of the South included almost 4 million slaves.
C. Southern factories were less efficient than northern factories.
List the five border states.
- Delaware
- Maryland
- West Virginia
- Kentucky
- Missouri
What was the attitude of the Northerners about the war before the First Battle of Bull Run?
They were confident that the Civil War would be a short conflict, with a decisive Union victory. Many rode out from D.C. to watch this upcoming battle.
The First Battle of Bull Run was the first major battle of the civil war. It took place on July 21, 1861, near Manassas, Virginia. The Confederate forces, under the command of General P.G.T. Beauregard, won a decisive victory over the Union forces, led by General Irvin McDowell.
Is this following characteristic describing the North or the South?
- This region had better officers to decide logistics
The South
Provide the definition of the term:
Ulysses S. Grant
General in charge of the Union forces in the West
What were the Union vs. Confederate casualities at the Battle of Antietam?
- Union - 12,000
- Confederate - 10,000
Who claimed victory at the Battle of Antietam?
the Union
When did Lincoln issue the Emancipation Proclamation?
January 1, 1863
Provide the definition of the term:
William Tecumseh Sherman
Union General who captured Atlanta and blazed a path of destruction through the deep South
After being provided the definition, name the term:
warships covered with protective iron plates
ironclads
What was the result of the Battle of Shiloh?
The South lost control of Western Tennessee, a railroad junction, and part of the Mississippi River
What was the nickname given to the Union position at the Battle of Shiloh?
the Hornet’s Nest
Explanation:
The Union’s position was nicknamed the Hornet’s Nest because of the intense fire the Confederate soldiers encountered.
What did the Emancipation Proclamation state?
slaves in seceded states were now freed
Why was the Civil War sometimes called a “poor man’s fight” in both the North and the South?
- North - People who drafted could pay a $300 fee to avoid service, or hire a substitute to fight in their place
- South - A man who owned at least 20 slaves or hired a substitute did not have to serve
During Reconstruction, Southern states used all of the following tactics to reduce blacks to second-class citizenship EXCEPT…
A. literacy tests.
B. the grandfather clause.
C. the Compromise of 1887.
D. poll taxes.
C. the Compromise of 1887.
What is the main idea of this statement?
A. Everyone who commits a crime will be convicted.
B. People who live within the jurisdiction of the United States cannot have servants.
C. Slavery is abolished in the United States.
D. People have the right to a public trial.
C. Slavery is abolished in the United States
Why did many women’s rights activists object to the wording of the Fifteenth Amendment?
The amendment did not extend the right to vote to all Americans
The main purpose of Reconstruction was to…
A. reunite the country and to build a southern society not based on slavery.
B. offer amnesty to southerners and to abolish slavery in former Confederate states.
C. grant citizenship to freedmen and to establish Republican legislatures in the South.
D. divide southern plantations among freedpeople and to found the Freedmen’s Bureau.
A. reunite the country and to build a southern society not based on slavery.
After Reconstruction ended, segregation laws were known as…
A. the Compromise of 1877.
B. Jim Crow laws.
C. the Civil Rights Act.
D. Black Codes.
B. Jim Crow laws.
What amendment officially abolished slavery?
13th
Who was the first president to be impeached?
Andrew Johnson
Who shot Abraham Lincoln?
John Wilkes Booth
Which of the following is NOT true about the black codes?
A. The codes were designed to keep blacks in a state of semi-slavery.
B. The codes required that blacks sign labor contracts.
C. The codes banned blacks from interracial marriage.
D. The codes were supported by the Radical Republicans in Congress.
D. The codes were supported by the Radical Republicans in Congress.
The Supreme Court ruled that separate but equal facilities were equal in what case?
Plessy v. Ferguson
The 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments are called…
The Reconstruction Amendments
All of the following are true about the Fourteenth Amendment EXCEPT…
A. that it made segregation legal.
B. that it was designed to make blacks citizens no matter where they lived.
C. that the Southern states initially refused to ratify it.
D. that it guarantees equal protection of the law to all Americans.
A. that it made segregation legal.
When the President rejects a bill passed by Congress its known as a…
veto.
What act allowed for the military occupation of the South in order to protect the rights of all citizens?
The Reconstruction Act
What name was given to northerners that went to the South after the Civil War to profit financially or politically?
carpetbaggers
Name the most famous secret organization whose aim was to hold blacks down by terror.
Ku Klux Klan
Under the system of sharecropping, …
A. landowners kept all of the profits from the sale of the crops.
B. slaves worked for wages.
C. landowners provided laborers with housing and supplies in return for their working the land.
D. each slave was given 160 of land to farm.
C. landowners provided laborers with housing and supplies in return for their working the land.
Republicans proposed the Fourteenth Amendment…
A. after the Civil Rights Act of 1875 was declared unconstitutional.
B. after federal troops were removed from the South.
C. to guarantee citizenship to freed people and American Indians.
D. to protect new laws enacted by the Civil Rights Act of 1866.
D. to protect new laws enacted by the Civil Rights Act of 1866.
Which party was supported by nearly all African Americans in 1868?
Republican
The Freedman’s Bureau…
A. fed, clothed, and educated displaced persons.
B. helped freedman to vote for Democrats.
C. destroyed the Ku Klux Klan.
D. enforced the Black Codes.
A. fed, clothed, and educated displaced persons.
What was Abraham Lincoln’s Reconstruction plan known as?
The Ten Percent Plan
The Ten Percent Plan allowed a state to form a new government once 10% of its voters pledged loyalty to the Union.
What did many expect from Andrew Johnson regarding Reconstruction?
A strict approach to Reconstruction
Given his background as a Southern Democrat, many thought he would align with the Radical Republicans.
What did the Thirteenth Amendment accomplish?
Abolished slavery throughout the nation and banned forced labor
It also gave Congress the power to make laws and enforce its terms.
What is a major provision of the Fourteenth Amendment?
Granted citizenship to formerly enslaved people
It also protected the liberties of existing citizens of the United States
What does the Fifteenth Amendment provide?
Grants the right to vote for all male citizens, regardless of ethnicity or former slave status
What criticisms were directed towards the 15th Amendment?
It was considered too weak for not preventing property or tax requirements for voters
Critics argued that the amendment did not fully guarantee voting rights.
Fill in the blank: The _______ Act of 1866 granted citizenship rights to African Americans.
Civil Rights
This act was a response to the Civil War and aimed to protect African Americans’ rights.
What began the period known as Radical Reconstruction?
When the Radical Republicans gained control of Congress
Fill in the blank: The ‘New South’ was based on _______.
new industrial growth
The New South aimed to diversify the economy and reduce dependence on agriculture
Railroads were important to the settling of the West for all of the following reasons EXCEPT…
A. they provided employment.
B. they reduced the travel time between the East coast and the West coast.
C. they caused increased sectional conflicts among the states.
D. they forced the Indians off their land.
C. they caused increased sectional conflicts among the states.
Farmers on the Great Plains faced all of the following problems EXCEPT…
A. the need to fence in their land.
B. hurricanes.
C. a lack of trees.
D. droughts.
B. hurricanes
Fill in the blanks: Plains Indians used Buffalo as a source of _____ and _________.
food, clothing
Which of the following is NOT true about the Ghost Dance?
A. It was a celebration of the Indian way of life
B. It was based on a vision that an Indian leader would come to drive the whites from Indian lands.
C. It was an Indian call to war.
D. It was part of a religious revival that swept through the Indian tribes in 1889.
C. It was an Indian call to war.
What act of 1862 allowed two companies to begin building a railway from different parts of the U.S.?
the Pacific Railway Act
The most dangerous tasks in the construction of the Central Pacific Railroad were given to…
A. Mexican-American vaqueros.
B. Chinese immigrants.
C. African Americans.
D. Irish immigrants and Civil War veterans.
B. Chinese immigrants.
Farmers who settled on the Great Plains found…
A. pleasant summers and mild winters.
B. plentiful supplies of water.
C. an abundance of lumber for building.
D. hot summers and harsh winters.
D. hot summers and harsh winters.
As farming technology improved, the Great Plains became known as the…
A. grazing ground of the longhorn.
B. breadbasket of the world.
C. sodbuster’s folly.
D. American Eden.
B. breadbasket of the world.
What was the rail line that provided the most direct route from San Francisco to Cheyenne?
Union Pacific
What is significant about the points where the Goodnight-Loving Trail and the Chisholm Trail ended?
A. They both ended in the South, where population density was high.
B. They both ended at railroads that shipped cattle to eastern cities.
C. They both ended in Oklahoma, where cattle herds were processed for western markets.
D. They both ended in large cities with large markets for cattle.
B. They both ended at railroads that shipped cattle to eastern cities.
Fill in the blank: _____ towns started as camps near actives mines.
Boom
Who owned the land of the open range?
The government
A land rush in 1889 brought tens of thousands of settlers to which state?
Oklahoma
How did the federal government help with the construction of railroads?
A. It hired Stanford and his partners to build a transcontinental railroad.
B. It sent people to the West to look for gold and silver.
C. It gave railroad companies land in the West.
D. It organized the Union Pacific Railroad to help the Central Pacific lay tracks.
C. It gave railroad companies land in the West.
What role did Leland Stanford play in the construction of the railroad?
A. He was the first person to propose building a transcontinental railroad.
B. His company laid tracks for the western part of the transcontinental railroad.
C. He convinced the government to give companies land for laying railroad tracks.
D. He planned the route of the railroad from Omaha to Sacramento.
B. His company laid tracks for the western part of the transcontinental railroad.
The Battle of Wounded Knee signaled the…
A. need for a bigger cavalry.
B. change in the government’s Indian policy.
C. beginning of many Sioux victories.
D. end of the Indian wars.
D. end of the Indian wars.
The destruction of the buffalo that once roamed the Plains was mainly the result of…
A. a severe drought.
B. wasteful hunting.
C. a disease introduced by horses to America by the Spanish.
D. a series of harsh winters.
B. wasteful hunting
After 1851, the U.S. government forced the Plains Indian tribes to stay in limited areas called what?
reservations
Reformers who believed that American Indians would be better off if they adopted the ways of white people were hopeful when…
A. the Fort Laramie Treaty replaced the Treaty of Medicine Lodge.
B. Congress passed the Dawes Act in 1887.
C. the Homestead Act was extended to include the Plains Indians in 1867.
D. Congress passed the Morrill Act that allowed American Indians to attend agricultural colleges.
B. Congress passed the Dawes Act in 1887.
Who said, “I will fight no more forever”?
Chief Joseph
What was the size and location of the land being offered?
A. The land was sixty miles wide and two hundred miles long. It was located south of Kansas and north of the Territory of Oklahoma.
B. The land was two hundred miles wide and two hundred miles wide. It was located south of the border and north of the Territory of Yo Quero.
C. The land was sixteen miles wide and two hundred miles long. It was located south of Kansas and south of the Territory of Oklahoma.
D. The land was sixty miles long and two hundred miles wide. It was located south of Kansas and north of the Territory of Oklahoma.
A. The land was sixty miles wide and two hundred miles long. It was located south of Kansas and north of the Territory of Oklahoma.
Why and how was the author going to take part in the race?
A. The author was taking part because he did not own land and was going to make the run on foot.
B. The author was taking part because he was an athlete and was going to make the run on a train.
C. The author was taking part just for fun and was going to make the run on a bicycle.
D. The author was taking part because he was eligible and was going to make the run on a horse.
C. The author was taking part just for fun and was going to make the run on a bicycle.
Where were the most desireable sites?
A. The most desirable sites were along the large bodies of water that covered the Great Plains.
B. The most desirable sites were along the railroads.
C. There were no desirable sites.
D. The most desirable sites were along the border of the Territory of Oklahoma.
B. The most desirable sites were along the railroads.
What restriction was there on the amount of land a boomer could claim?
A. A boomer could only claim one town lot or one farm lot.
B. A boomer could claim only farm lots.
C. A boomer could claim one town lot and one farm lot.
D. A boomer could claim all the land that he wanted to.
A. A boomer could only claim one town lot or one farm lot.
For what reason were matters beginning to “look ominous” in the days before the race?
A. Because there were more boomers than land available.
B. Because his bike was not working properly.
C. Because the Indians were planning to attack.
D. Because there was too much land for the boomers to handle.
A. Because there were more boomers than land available.
A grant of land or money, usually given by a government is known as what?
a subsidy
What incentives did the government offer to railroad builders?
For every mile of railroad track, builders gained ten square miles of land next to the track.
The government also helped cover the cost of construction
What was the purpose of the Fort Laramie Treaty signed in 1851?
To protect Native American lands
The Treaty of Fort Laramie of 1851 was an agreement between Native American tribes of the northern Great Plains and the United States government. It aimed to resolve disputes between the two groups and to establish boundaries between the tribes.
What significant event occurred in 1864 involving Colonel John Chivington?
The Sand Creek Massacre
Colonel John Chivington and 700 voluneers attacked a band of Cheyennes at Sand Creek in eastern Colorado in 1864. These Cheyennes were friendly and under army protection. They raised a white flag to signal peace, but Chivington ordered his men to attack.
After a gold strike in 1874 brought a flood of miners to the Black Hills, who led attacks to keep the whites out?
Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull
What event in 1876 involved Colonel George Armstrong Custer?
The Battle of Little Bighorn
What did soldiers think of the Ghost Dance?
They saw it as the beginning of an uprising
What tragic event occurred at the Battle of Wounded Knee?
Nearly 200 Sioux men, women, and children were killed
The Battle of Wounded Knee, also known as The Wounded Knee Massacre, was the deadliest mass shooting in American history.
What did the Dawes Act do for Native Americans?
- It gave Native American men 160 acres to farm
- It set up schools for Native American children
"Fearful of further violence, a band of Sioux tried to flee to safety. Army troops surrounded them at Wounded Knee Creek in South Dakota. As the Sioux were giving up their guns, a shot rang out. The men, women, and children were killed."
What battle is being described?
The Battle of Wounded Knee
What happened to Colonel Custer and his men during the Battle of Little Bighorn?
They all died
Colonel Custer tried to force Native Americans onto a reservation, which did not end up working well for him.
True or false: Populists wanted to use silver in addition to gold as a basis for money supply, with the hope of steady inflation.
True
