Chapter 20 Review Flashcards
Who was Matthew C. Perry?
U.S. naval officer who led a squadron to Japan to open trade
His visit to Tokyo Bay helped convince Japan to industrialize.
What does isolationism mean?
Avoiding involvement in other countries’ affairs
A policy often adopted by nations to maintain neutrality.
Who was Frederick Jackson Turner?
Historian whose theory influenced expansionists
He believed overseas expansion was the new frontier, influencing Presidents such as Theodore Roosevelt and William McKinley.
Who was William Seward?
U.S. Secretary of State who purchased Alaska from Russia
He faced criticism for the purchase, dubbed ‘Seward’s Folly’.
What is imperialism?
Building empires by imposing political and economic control over peoples
A significant concept in U.S. foreign policy during expansion.
Who was Liliuokalani?
Last Queen of Hawaii, overthrown in an attempt to annex Hawaii
Her overthrow was supported by American interests.
What is a sphere of influence?
Area where another nation has economic and political control
Often seen in the context of international relations.
Who was Alfred T. Mahan?
U.S. Naval Captain who advocated for a powerful navy to enhance trade
His ideas significantly influenced naval strategy.
Who was John Hay?
U.S. Secretary of State who issued the Open Door Notes regarding trade with China
His policies aimed to ensure equal trading rights.
How did the United States get Japan to open trade?
A squadron of heavily armed U.S. warships sailed into Tokyo Bay
This show of force made Japan eager to trade.
How was William Seward’s purchase of Alaska justified over time?
Increased U.S. territory by one fifth and discovered valuable resources
Critics were proven wrong as Alaska became economically beneficial. The discovery of gold led to the Klondike and Alaska gold rushes of 1897-1898.
What arguments did expansionists make for U.S. expansion?
Promoting economic growth and spreading American Christian values
They viewed overseas expansion as a means to renew national vitality.
How did the United States acquire Hawaii?
American planters organized an uprising with U.S. Marines’ help
This led to Hawaii becoming a U.S. territory under McKinley.
What was the goal of the U.S. Open Door Policy?
To guarantee equal trade rights for all nations with China
Aimed to prevent any single nation from monopolizing trade.
How much money did the United States pay per acre for Alaska?
2 cents per acre
Many Americans opposed the purchase, calling Alaska a frozen wasteland—“Seward’s Folly” or “Seward’s Icebox.”
Why was Hawaii eyed with such value?
it could serve as a military and commercial outpost in the Pacific
The islands also have great natural beauty, sunshine, beaches, and rolling surf.
How many marines did it take to overthrow the queen of Hawaii?
50
True or false: When Hawaii was overthrown, Grover Cleveland was eager to annex Hawaii.
False
Cleveland rejected a proprosal to annex Hawaii. He argued that the revolt had been illeagal and was not supported by the people of the islands. William McKinley, however, favored annexation and supported a treaty to achieve it.
Fill in the blank: As the sugar industry in Hawaii grew, so did the power of American planters. In 1887, planters forced the Hawaiian king, __________, to accept a new constitution that gave them great influence.
Kalakaua
When Kalakaua died in 1891, his sister, Liliuokalani succeeded him. The new queen was a strong advocate of Hawaiian independence. She refused to recognize the 1887 constitution, which started the rebellion.
Many Chinese resented foreign influences, so they created a secret society to combat the foreigners. What did they call themselves? What did the Europeans call them?
- Righteous and Harmonious Fists
- Boxers
Europeans called the society Boxers because they performed ceremonial exercises that resembled shadowboxing.
The Boxers began a rebelion to expel the foreigners, attacking and killing __________ and Chinese __________.
westerners, Christians
Eventually, outside powers including the United States, sent 18,000 troops armed with modern weapons.
What professional fighting style did the Boxers utilize?
martial arts
the forced movement of large numbers of people into detention camps for military or political reasons
reconcentration
Who was Jose Marti?
a Cuban exile who was famous for his poetry; he urged the U.S. government to help the rebels in Cuba
an independent country whose policies are controlled by an outside power
protectorate
Who was William Randolph Hearst?
publisher of the New York Journal, he was Joseph Pulitzer’s biggest competition and took yellow journalism to a new level
Who was Emilio Aguinaldo?
a rebel leader in the Philippines who fought against the Spanish and later the U.S.A. for independence
nickname for newspapers using sensational and exaggerated stories to sell papers and make money
yellow journalism
Why was the Maine in Havana Harbor?
to protect American lives and interests
($50 million worth of property was invested in Cuba)
What did the American press do after the Maine exploded in Havana Harbor?
they blamed Spain with cries of
“Remember the Maine”
This caused the public to become outraged, creating a new wave of nationalism that took over the United States as people demanded revenge.
Why was the U.S. Navy so important in the Spanish-American War?
most of the Spanish possessions were islands
The United States’ superior naval power allowed it to defeat the Spanish fleet, isolate Spanish garrisons in Cuba and the Phillipines, and secure American victory and expansion.
What lands did Spain lose in the Carribean as a result of the Spanish-American War?
Puerto Rico and Cuba
What were the terms of the peace treaty between the United States and Spain?
- Spain - Accepted Cuban independence and granted Puerto Rico, Phillipines, and the Pacific islands of Guam and Wake to the U.S.
- United States - Paid Spain $20 million
How much money did Americans have invested in Cuba?
$50 million
This explains why Americans wanted to safeguard investments in Cuba.
What were the two biggest newspapers that utilized yellow journalism?
- New York World - Joseph Pulitzer
- New York Journal - William Randolph Hearst
These two publishers focused their attention on Cuba. Some of their headlines read:
“FEEDING PRISONERS TO THE SHARKS.”
“Cuba, a land of blood on the roadsides, blood in the fields, blood on the doorsteps, blood, blood, blood.”
How many people were on the Maine when it was sunk?
260
One of the best known units in the Carribean war were known as the Rough Riders. Who were they led by?
Theodore Roosevelt
On July 1, Roosevelt helped lead his men in a successful charge up San Juan Hill that became the most celebrated event of the war.
What amendment is being described?
Cuba had limited power to make treaties or borrow money; the United States had a right to intervene in Cuban affairs, and the United States could permanently keep a naval base in Cuba.
The Platt Amendment
a narrow strip of land joining two larger areas of land
isthmus
Who was William C. Gorgas?
American expert on tropical diseases, he led the effort to eradicate Yellow Fever and Malaria in Panama during construction of the canal. He worked closely with Cuban doctor Carlos Juan Finlay and English doctor Ronald Ross.
a logical extension of a doctrine or proposition
corollary
Teddy Roosevelt’s foreign policy which let the world know that if diplomacy failed, the USA would not hesitate to use military force to protect its interests
Big Stick Diplomacy
Taft’s foreign policy based on the idea that economic ties were the best way to expand American influence.
Dollar Diplomacy
Who was Francisco Villa?
Mexican rebel general nicknamed “Pancho” who led an attack into New Mexico killing 18 Americans
How did Roosevelt deal with Colombian opposition to his offer to purchase land for a canal?
he supported a revolt in Panama to break free from Colombia, and then made them immediately sign a deal with the United States
How did the United States help rebels in Panama?
They waited in Panama’s harbor to provide support for rebels, and Marines landed in Cólon to prevent Colombian troops from reaching Panama City
What problems did the builders of the Panama Canal have to overcome?
- Diseases - malaria, yellow fever
- Physical obstacles - cutting through mountains, damming rivers, erecting canal locks
How did President Roosevelt build on the Monroe Doctrine?
he created the Roosevelt Corollary
The Roosevelt Corollary stated that when the neighbors of the United States got into disputes with foreign nations, the United States had the right to “exercise…an international police power” to restore order.
What was President Woodrow Wilson’s policy toward Mexico?
he followed “watchful waiting”; stating that the U.S. should aim to support and nurture but not intervene
How much did the U.S. offer to pay to control the Isthmus of Panama1?
$10 million plus $250,000 a year in rent
1 A 10-mile wide zone across the Isthmus of Panama, not the whole thing.
True or false: A majority of US soldiers died from food poisioning, disease, and other causes in the Spanish-American war.
True
Who is the man holding the shovel?
Teddy Roosevelt
U.S. FOREIGN POLICY IN LATIN AMERICA New York Herald (1903)
What is the purpose of including gunboats in the cartoon?
U.S. gunboats waited in Panama’s harbor to provide support for rebels
(gunboat diplomacy)
U.S. FOREIGN POLICY IN LATIN AMERICA New York Herald (1903)
Why is the man shoveling dirt on Bogota?
to show how the U.S. disregarded Colombian authority
(Bogota was the capital of Colombia)
U.S. FOREIGN POLICY IN LATIN AMERICA New York Herald (1903)
Why is the new treaty shown in the cartoon?
it represents the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty, which granted the U.S. control over the Panama Cana Zone after supporting Panama’s independence
U.S. FOREIGN POLICY IN LATIN AMERICA New York Herald (1903)
In a sentence, summarize the main idea of the cartoon.
the cartoon shows U.S. intervention in Panama, depicting how military force and diplomacy were used to secure control over the Panama Canal while disregarding Colombia’s authority
U.S. FOREIGN POLICY IN LATIN AMERICA New York Herald (1903)
On May 1, _________________, with a small fleet of American warships, sank the entire Spanish squadron at Manilla1 Bay, in the Phillipines.
Commodore Dewey
1 The largest island in the Phillipines.
What is territory 1?
Hawaii
What is territory 2?
Midway
What is territory 9?
Canal Zone
What is territory 3?
Wake Island
What is territory 8?
Puerto Rico
What is territory 4?
Guam
What is territory 7?
Cuba
What is territory 6?
Samoa
What is territory 5?
Phillipines
When, where, and how was Hawaii acquired?
- When - 1898
- Where - The Hawaiian Kingdom
- How - Overthrow of Queen Liluokalani
When, where, and how was Midway acquired?
- When - 1867
- Where - Nobody - unclaimed
- How - Annexed by Captain N.C. Brooks
When, where, and how was Wake Island acquired?
- When - 1899
- Where - Nobody - unclaimed
- How - Annexed and occupied
When, where, and how was Guam acquired?
- When - 1898
- Where - Spain
- How - Conquested from Spain via Treaty of Paris
When, where, and how was Phillipines acquired?
- When - 1898
- Where - Spain
- How - Conquested from Spain through Treaty of Paris
When, where, and how was Samoa acquired?
- When - 1899
- Where - Division with Britain and Germany
- How - Annexed
When, where, and how was Cuba acquired?
- When - 1898
- Where - Spain
- How - Conquested from Spain via Treaty of Paris
When, where, and how was Puerto Rico acquired?
- When - 1898
- Where - Spain
- How - Conquested from Spain via Treaty of Paris
When, where, and how was the Canal Zone acquired?
- When - 1904
- Where - Panama
- How - Treaty with Panama
Why, according to Mahan, must Americans “begin to look outward”?
the “growing production of the country” and an “increasing volume of public sentiment” demands it
What reccomendations did Mahan make concerning the military readiness of the Pacific states?
“underlying military readiness” including “fortifications”, “coast defense ships”, and “offensive… naval force”
What policy did Mahan believe the United States should maintain with Great Britain? Why?
a “cordial understanding”; “formal alliance is out of the question”
Possible bonus:
key battle during the Spanish-American War (Rough Riders)
Kettle Hill
Possible bonus:
How much money did the United States buy Alaska for?
$7.2 million
List the types of imperalism being shown:
- U.S. Control of Hawaiian government
- Encouraging U.S. businesses in Latin America
- Missionaries in Hawaii
- U.S. dividing Samoa
word bank: colonial, cultural, political, economical
- Political
- Economical
- Cultural
- Colonial
Is the statement imperialistic or anti-imperialistic?
- Overseas colonies hurt U.S. values
- If we don’t act, others will
- Forcing rule violates freedom
- U.S. must civilize Filipinos
- Anti-imperialistic
- Imperialistic
- Anti-imperialistic
- Imperialistic
Possible bonus:
In the late 1800s, many European nations wanted to carve China into…
spheres of influence
Possible bonus:
What was the first battle of the Spanish-American War?
Manila Bay
Possible bonus:
What occurs once in a minute, twice in a moment, and never in a thousand years?
The letter “M”
