Chapter 20 Review Flashcards
Who was Matthew C. Perry?
U.S. naval officer who led a squadron to Japan to open trade
His visit to Tokyo Bay helped convince Japan to industrialize.
What does isolationism mean?
Avoiding involvement in other countries’ affairs
A policy often adopted by nations to maintain neutrality.
Who was Frederick Jackson Turner?
Historian whose theory influenced expansionists
He believed overseas expansion was the new frontier, influencing Presidents such as Theodore Roosevelt and William McKinley.
Who was William Seward?
U.S. Secretary of State who purchased Alaska from Russia
He faced criticism for the purchase, dubbed ‘Seward’s Folly’.
What is imperialism?
Building empires by imposing political and economic control over peoples
A significant concept in U.S. foreign policy during expansion.
Who was Liliuokalani?
Last Queen of Hawaii, overthrown in an attempt to annex Hawaii
Her overthrow was supported by American interests.
What is a sphere of influence?
Area where another nation has economic and political control
Often seen in the context of international relations.
Who was Alfred T. Mahan?
U.S. Naval Captain who advocated for a powerful navy to enhance trade
His ideas significantly influenced naval strategy.
Who was John Hay?
U.S. Secretary of State who issued the Open Door Notes regarding trade with China
His policies aimed to ensure equal trading rights.
How did the United States get Japan to open trade?
A squadron of heavily armed U.S. warships sailed into Tokyo Bay
This show of force made Japan eager to trade.
How was William Seward’s purchase of Alaska justified over time?
Increased U.S. territory by one fifth and discovered valuable resources
Critics were proven wrong as Alaska became economically beneficial. The discovery of gold led to the Klondike and Alaska gold rushes of 1897-1898.
What arguments did expansionists make for U.S. expansion?
Promoting economic growth and spreading American Christian values
They viewed overseas expansion as a means to renew national vitality.
How did the United States acquire Hawaii?
American planters organized an uprising with U.S. Marines’ help
This led to Hawaii becoming a U.S. territory under McKinley.
What was the goal of the U.S. Open Door Policy?
To guarantee equal trade rights for all nations with China
Aimed to prevent any single nation from monopolizing trade.
How much money did the United States pay per acre for Alaska?
2 cents per acre
Many Americans opposed the purchase, calling Alaska a frozen wasteland—“Seward’s Folly” or “Seward’s Icebox.”
Why was Hawaii eyed with such value?
it could serve as a military and commercial outpost in the Pacific
The islands also have great natural beauty, sunshine, beaches, and rolling surf.
How many marines did it take to overthrow the queen of Hawaii?
50
True or false: When Hawaii was overthrown, Grover Cleveland was eager to annex Hawaii.
False
Cleveland rejected a proprosal to annex Hawaii. He argued that the revolt had been illeagal and was not supported by the people of the islands. William McKinley, however, favored annexation and supported a treaty to achieve it.
Fill in the blank: As the sugar industry in Hawaii grew, so did the power of American planters. In 1887, planters forced the Hawaiian king, __________, to accept a new constitution that gave them great influence.
Kalakaua
When Kalakaua died in 1891, his sister, Liliuokalani succeeded him. The new queen was a strong advocate of Hawaiian independence. She refused to recognize the 1887 constitution, which started the rebellion.
Many Chinese resented foreign influences, so they created a secret society to combat the foreigners. What did they call themselves? What did the Europeans call them?
- Righteous and Harmonious Fists
- Boxers
Europeans called the society Boxers because they performed ceremonial exercises that resembled shadowboxing.
The Boxers began a rebelion to expel the foreigners, attacking and killing __________ and Chinese __________.
westerners, Christians
Eventually, outside powers including the United States, sent 18,000 troops armed with modern weapons.
What professional fighting style did the Boxers utilize?
martial arts
the forced movement of large numbers of people into detention camps for military or political reasons
reconcentration
Who was Jose Marti?
a Cuban exile who was famous for his poetry; he urged the U.S. government to help the rebels in Cuba