Chapter 19 Review Flashcards
society and politics changing
What is the civil service?
A system that includes most government jobs
It helps limit corruption by filling jobs based on merit.
What is a primary?
An election in which voters, rather than party leaders, choose their party’s candidate.
This process increases voter participation in candidate selection.
What is recall?
A process by which people may vote to remove an elected official from office.
This empowers voters to hold elected officials accountable.
A process that allows voters to put a bill before a state legislature.
initiative
This gives citizens the ability to propose legislation directly.
What is referendum?
A way for people to vote directly on a proposed new law.
This allows voters to have a direct say in legislation.
Nickname given to crusading journalists who tried to expose the corruption of big business and government
Muckraker
The term was popularized by President Theodore Roosevelt.
What is a graduated income tax?
A method of taxation that taxes people at different rates based on income.
This system aims to make taxation more equitable.
Who was Ida Tarbell?
She was a muckraker that targeted big business and especially Rockefeller’s Standard Oil Company.
Her investigative work contributed to public awareness of corporate abuses.
Who was Upton Sinclair?
Author of The Jungle which described the grisly details of the meatpacking industry.
His work led to significant reforms in food safety regulations.
How did the civil service system limit corruption?
It filled jobs based on merit, getting rid of the spoils system.
This ensured that qualified individuals were hired for government positions. The Civil Service Exam is a standardized test for government employees to ensure that they are proficient in their jobs.
What two laws did the government enact to control big business?
- Interstate Commerce Act
- Sherman Antitrust Act
These laws aimed to regulate monopolies and promote fair competition.
What reforms put more power in the hands of voters?
- Recalls
- Primaries
- Initatives
- Referendums
- The Seventeenth Amendment1
1 Mandated direct election of U.S. senators. Beforehand, senators had been elected by state legislatures. Powerful interest groups often bribed lawmakers to vote for certain candidates.
Fill in the blank: President Theodore Roosevelt compared reporters who uncovered problems to men who raked up ____, or ____, in stables.
dirt, muck
This metaphor highlighted their role in exposing societal issues.
True or False: Muckrakers only reported on social issues and not on political corruption.
False.
Muckrakers covered both political corruption and social issues caused by big business.
Fill in the blank: The _______ provided detailed, accurate journalistic accounts of the political and economic corruption and social hardships caused by the power of big business.
[Muckrakers]
Their work raised public awareness and encouraged reform.
The period after the Civil War came to be known as the Gilded Age. What does gilded mean?
coated with a thin layer of gold (paint)
This term suggests falseness beneath surface glitter.
What were the two concerns that shaped politics during the Gilded Age?
- Industrialists were enriching themselves at the expense of the public
- Corruption (bribery and voter fraud)
The civil service includes most government jobs, except for ________ positions, the _________, and the ________.
elected, judiciary, military
What act is being described?
- forbade practices such as rebates
- set up the Interstate Commerce Commision to oversee railroads
Interstate Commerce Act
What act is being described?
- prohibited businesses from trying to limit or destroy competition
Sherman Antitrust Act
What was the problem with the Sherman Antitrust Act?
it was difficult to enforce
Judges sympathetic to business ruled in favor of trusts. The courts said strikes organized by labor unions blocked free trade and thus threatened competiton.
handed out turkeys at Thanksgiving, extra coal in winter, and provided jobs in return for votes from the lower class
city “bosses”
Powerful politicians called bosses controlled work done locally and demanded payoffs from businesses.
William Tweed was an extremely popular, corrupt city boss in New York City. What was his nickname?
possible bonus
Boss Tweed
What was the first state to appoint Progressive reforms?
Wisconsin
Wisconsin governor Robert La Follette, known as Battling Bob, introduced various Progressive reforms that became known as the Wisconsin Idea. La Follete opposed political bosses, appointed commisions of experts to solve problems, and adopted primaries.
What does the sixteenth amendment state?
Congress has the power to pass a(n) (graduated) income tax
"Every great campaign against rival interests which the Standard Oil Company has carried on has been inaugurated...to build up and sustain a monopoly in the oil industry."
Who most likely made this quote?
Ida M. Tarbell
Remember, Ida Tarbell was a muckraker that targeted big business, especially Rockefeller’s Standard Oil Company.
How much money did William Tweed cheat New York City out of?
more than $100 million
Teddy Roosevelt, a former governor of __________, was elected ______________ under McKinley.
New York, Vice-President
How did President Theodore Roosevelt become President?
President William McKinley was shot and killed
At age __, Theodore Roosevelt was the youngest President to take office.
42
President Theodore Roosevelt believed the government had to _______ or ________ bad trusts.
control, break up
Theodore Roosevelt was not against big business, indeed, he liked big business. However, he saw a difference between “good trusts” and “bad trusts”.
What companies did Roosevelt launch lawsuits against?
- Northern Securities Companies1
- Standard Oil
1 Northern Securities was a trust that had been formed to control competition against railroads.
What was so special in the case against Northern Securities?
it was the first time that the Sherman Antitrust Act had been used to break up trusts, not unions
Judges sympathetic to business often ruled in favor of trusts. The courts said strikes organized by labor unions blocked free trade and thus threatened competiton.
In 1902, what significant boost for organized labor occured?
(regarding coal mines)
The President sided with strikers
In 1902, Pennsylvanian coal miners wen ton strike for better pay and a shorter workday. Mine owners refused to negotiate with the miners’ union. As winter approached, schools and hospitals ran out of coal. Furious at the owners, Roosevelt threatened to send in troops to run the mines.
When Roosevelt ran for President in 1904, he promised Americans a Square Deal. What did he mean by this?
everyone–from farmers and consumers to workers and owners–should have the same opportunity to succeed
True or false: Roosevelt took action to hurt the nation’s wilderness areas.
False
To fuel the nation’s surging industrial growth, lumber companies were cutting down entire forests. Miners were removing iron and coal at a frantic pace, leaving gaping holes in the earth. Roosevelt loved the outdoors and worried about the destruction of the wilderness.
In 1905, Roosevelt created the ______________ to conserve the nation’s woodlands. He had _________ of acres of land set aside for ____________.
U.S. Forest Service, thousands, national parks
Roosevelt also supported reforms to protect consumers. The…required food and drug makers to list all ingredients on packages.
A. Pure Food and Medicine Act
B. Pure Food and Supplements Act
C. Pure Food and Drug Act
D. Pure Food Act
C. Pure Food and Drug Act
True or false: Roosevelt did not want to run for reelection in 1908, so he backed William Howard Taft, his secretary of war.
True
Was Taft’s approach to presidency similar or different from Roosevelt’s?
different
Unlike the energetic Roosevelt, Taft was ______ and ________.
quiet, cautious
What were some of the Progressive reforms Taft supported?
- broke up more trusts than TR
- favored the graduated income tax
- approved new safety rules for mines
- gave government workers 8-hour workday
- made regulations against child labor
Why did Taft loose Progressive support?
he signed a bill that raised most tariffs and modified conservation policies
Progressives accused the President of blocking conservation efforts.
"Roosevelt had broken with Taft. He decided to run against Taft for the Republican nomination. Roosevelt had massive popular support, but Taft controlled the Republican Party leadership. At its convention, the Republican Party nominated Taft. Roosevelt and his supporters stormed out of the convention and set up a new party."
What was this new party called?
Progressive Party
What was another name for Roosevelt’s Progressive Party?
the Bull Moose Party
When Roosevelt set up a new party (Progressive) and was chosen as the candidate, he accepted, saying, “I feel as strong as a bull moose.”
Because Taft and Roosevelt split the Republican vote, ____________ won the presidential election of 1912.
Woodrow Wilson
Woodrow Wilson had served as a university1 president and the governor of _________. He was known as a brilliant _______ and a cautious _______.
1 Princeton
New Jersey, scholar, reformer
Woodrow Wilson’s program to restore free competition was called what?
the New Freedom
To restore free competition, the New Freedom program included the creation of what three things?
- Federal Trade Commission1
- Clayton Antitrust Act2
- Federal Reserve Act3
1 The FTC had the power to investigate companies and order them to stop using unfair practices to destroy competition.
2 The Clayton Antitrust Act banned business practices that limited competition and stopped antitrust laws from being used against unions.
3 The Federal Reserve Act set up a system of federal banks and gave the government the power to raise or lower interest rates and control the money supply.
What was so important about the Seneca Falls Convention?
it marked the start of an organized women’s rights movement in the U.S.
After the Civil War, _________________ and Susan B. Anthony founded the National Woman Suffrage Association.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
This group pushed for a constitutional amendment to give women the right to vote.
By the late 1800s, which (western) states did women win voting rights in?
- Wyoming
- Utah
- Colorado
- Idaho
True or false: In Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, and Idaho, women could vote in the local, state, and federal governments.
False
Women could only vote in local or state elections.
As more women worked ______ the home, they demanded a say in ____________.
outside, making the laws
After Stanton and Anthony died, a new generation of leaders took up the cause. Who were some prominent women leaders that took up this role?
- Carrie Chapman Catt
- Alice Paul
Which women suffrage leader is being described?
- Devised a detailed strategy to win suffrage, state by state.
Carrie Chapman Catt
Which women suffrage leader is being described?
- Met with President Woodrow Wilson to get the passing of a federal amendment that would allow women to vote.
Alice Paul
What did the Nineteenth Amendment allow?
for women to vote in all elections
It was ratified in August, 1920.
Despite obstacles, women began to earn _______________.
advanced degrees
During the late 1800s, many middle-class women joined women’s _____. At first, they focused on advancing their _________. However, the focus of many switched to ____________.
clubs, knowledge, social reforms
What reforms did women’s clubs start supporting?
- The raising of money for libraries, schools, and parks
- Laws to protect women and children, to ensure pure food and durgs, and to win the right to vote
Why did African American women have to form their own clubs?
racial barriers
What was a popular African American women club?
the National Association of Colored Women
What was the temperance movement?
a massive campaign against alcohol abuse
In 1874, a group of women organized the _____________________, or WCTU. Its goal was to ban the sale of liquor and close saloons.
Woman’s Christian Temperance Movement
Who were the presidents of the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union?
Frances Willard and Carry Nation
Which president of the WCTM is being described?
- Became president in 1879, speaking tirelessly about the evils of alcohol.
- She called for state laws to ban the sale of liquor, and joined the suffrage movement.
- She had more of a calm, collected approach to progression.
Frances Willard
Which president of the WCTM is being described?
- A radical temperance crusader
- Her husband died from heavy drinking
- Would often storm into saloons and smash beer kegs and liquor bottles with hatchets
Carry Nation
What did the Eighteenth Amendment prohibit?
the sale and consumption of alcohol
It was ratified in 1919.
What was the first university to grant a Ph.D. to a woman?
Boston University
Who was Booker T. Washington?
prominent African American leader who founded the Tuskegee Institutue in Alabama and advised African Americans to learn trades and seek to move up gradually in society
Who was the African American leader who urged blacks to fight discrimination rather than patiently submit to it?
W.E.B. Du Bois
True or false: Booker T. Washington joined Jane Addams and other reformers in forming the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).
False
W.E.B. Du Bois joined Jane Addams and other reformers in forming the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).
What is lynching?
murder by a mob
What was the form of killing that usually occured during a lynching?
hanging
Who was Ida B. Wells?
African American journalist who protested lynchings and urged African Americans to boycott segregated street cars
What is a parochial school?
a school sponsered by a church
prejudice against Jews is also known as…
anti-Semitism
On what grounds did W.E.B. Du Bois disagree with Booker T. Washington?
Du Bois urged blacks to fight discrimination rather than patiently submit to it, while Washington suggested that black people should become economically prominent to eventually have enough power to demand equality
Why did immigration from Mexico rise after 1910?
Revolution and famine swept Mexico
What was the Gentlemen’s Agreement?
an agreement where Japan agreed to stop workers from going to the United States, while the United States would allow Japanese women to join their husbands who were already in the country
What problems did Jews and Catholics face?
Jewish people faced anti-Semitism, and Catholics faced prejudice
They faced discrimination in jobs and housing, and in schools, teachers lectured against the Pope and referred to Catholics as “deceitful”
How did American Catholics and Jews respond to prejudice?
Catholics set up parochial schools, while Jewish people founded the Anti-Defamation League1
1 Worked to promote understanding and fight prejudice against Jews
True or false: W.E.B. Du Bois was the first African American to receive a Ph.D. from Harvard University.
True
What newspaper did Ida B. Wells create?
Free Speech
In her newspaper, Wells urged African Americans to protest the lynchings. She called for a boycott of segregated street-cars and white-owned stores.
"Segregation is not humiliating, but a benefit."
Which President made this quote?
President Woodrow Wilson
Who was the first American woman to earn more than $1 million?
Sarah Walker
She created a line of hair care products for African American women.
In 1913, a notorious case of anti-Semitism occured. _________, a Jewish man, was falsely accused of murdering a young girl. Despite a lack of evidence, he was sentenced to death.
Leo Frank
Name all of the Progressive Amendments and what they did.
- 16th - (graduated) income tax
- 17th - direct election of senators
- 18th - Prohibition of alcohol
- 19th - women’s suffrage
Who was the cartoonist responsible for exposing Boss Tweed?
Thomas Nast
