Chapter 19 Review

Question 1

What is the civil service?

Answer 1

A system that includes most government jobs

It helps limit corruption by filling jobs based on merit.

Question 2

What is a primary?

Answer 2

An election in which voters, rather than party leaders, choose their party’s candidate.

This process increases voter participation in candidate selection.

Question 3

What is recall?

Answer 3

A process by which people may vote to remove an elected official from office.

This empowers voters to hold elected officials accountable.

Question 4

A process that allows voters to put a bill before a state legislature.

Answer 4

initiative

This gives citizens the ability to propose legislation directly.

Question 5

What is referendum?

Answer 5

A way for people to vote directly on a proposed new law.

This allows voters to have a direct say in legislation.

Question 6

Nickname given to crusading journalists who tried to expose the corruption of big business and government

Answer 6

Muckraker

The term was popularized by President Theodore Roosevelt.

Question 7

What is a graduated income tax?

Answer 7

A method of taxation that taxes people at different rates based on income.

This system aims to make taxation more equitable.

Question 8

Who was Ida Tarbell?

Answer 8

She was a muckraker that targeted big business and especially Rockefeller’s Standard Oil Company.

Her investigative work contributed to public awareness of corporate abuses.

Question 9

Who was Upton Sinclair?

Answer 9

Author of The Jungle which described the grisly details of the meatpacking industry.

His work led to significant reforms in food safety regulations.

Question 10

How did the civil service system limit corruption?

Answer 10

It filled jobs based on merit, getting rid of the spoils system.

This ensured that qualified individuals were hired for government positions. The Civil Service Exam is a standardized test for government employees to ensure that they are proficient in their jobs.

Question 11

What two laws did the government enact to control big business?

Answer 11

1. Interstate Commerce Act
2. Sherman Antitrust Act

These laws aimed to regulate monopolies and promote fair competition.

Question 12

What reforms put more power in the hands of voters?

Answer 12

• Recalls
• Primaries
• Initatives
• Referendums
• The Seventeenth Amendment₁

₁ Mandated direct election of U.S. senators. Beforehand, senators had been elected by state legislatures. Powerful interest groups often bribed lawmakers to vote for certain candidates.

Question 13

Fill in the blank: President Theodore Roosevelt compared reporters who uncovered problems to men who raked up ____, or ____, in stables.

Answer 13

dirt, muck

This metaphor highlighted their role in exposing societal issues.

Question 14

True or False: Muckrakers only reported on social issues and not on political corruption.

Answer 14

False.

Muckrakers covered both political corruption and social issues caused by big business.

Question 15

Fill in the blank: The _______ provided detailed, accurate journalistic accounts of the political and economic corruption and social hardships caused by the power of big business.

Answer 15

[Muckrakers]

Their work raised public awareness and encouraged reform.

Question 16

The period after the Civil War came to be known as the Gilded Age. What does gilded mean?

Answer 16

coated with a thin layer of gold (paint)

This term suggests falseness beneath surface glitter.

Question 17

What were the two concerns that shaped politics during the Gilded Age?

Answer 17

1. Industrialists were enriching themselves at the expense of the public
2. Corruption (bribery and voter fraud)

Question 18

The civil service includes most government jobs, except for ________ positions, the _________, and the ________.

Answer 18

elected, judiciary, military

Question 19

What act is being described?

• forbade practices such as rebates
• set up the Interstate Commerce Commision to oversee railroads

Answer 19

Interstate Commerce Act

Question 20

What act is being described?

• prohibited businesses from trying to limit or destroy competition

Answer 20

Sherman Antitrust Act

Question 21

What was the problem with the Sherman Antitrust Act?

Answer 21

it was difficult to enforce

Judges sympathetic to business ruled in favor of trusts. The courts said strikes organized by labor unions blocked free trade and thus threatened competiton.

Question 22

handed out turkeys at Thanksgiving, extra coal in winter, and provided jobs in return for votes from the lower class

Answer 22

city “bosses”

Powerful politicians called bosses controlled work done locally and demanded payoffs from businesses.

Question 23

William Tweed was an extremely popular, corrupt city boss in New York City. What was his nickname?

possible bonus

Answer 23

Boss Tweed

Question 24

What was the first state to appoint Progressive reforms?

Answer 24

Wisconsin

Wisconsin governor Robert La Follette, known as Battling Bob, introduced various Progressive reforms that became known as the Wisconsin Idea. La Follete opposed political bosses, appointed commisions of experts to solve problems, and adopted primaries.

Question 25

What does the sixteenth amendment state?

Answer 25

Congress has the power to pass a(n) (graduated) income tax

Question 26

``` "Every great campaign against rival interests which the Standard Oil Company has carried on has been inaugurated...to build up and sustain a monopoly in the oil industry." ``` Who most likely made this quote?

Answer 26

Ida M. Tarbell ## Footnote Remember, Ida Tarbell was a muckraker that targeted big business, **especially** Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company.

Question 27

How much money did William Tweed cheat New York City out of?

Answer 27

more than $100 million

Question 28

Teddy Roosevelt, a former governor of __________, was elected ______________ under McKinley.

Answer 28

New York, Vice-President

Question 29

How did President Theodore Roosevelt become President?

Answer 29

President William McKinley was shot and killed

Question 30

At age __, Theodore Roosevelt was the youngest President to take office.

Answer 30

42

Question 31

President Theodore Roosevelt believed the government had to _______ or ________ bad trusts.

Answer 31

control, break up ## Footnote Theodore Roosevelt was not against big business, indeed, he liked big business. However, he saw a difference between "good trusts" and "bad trusts".

Question 32

What companies did Roosevelt launch lawsuits against?

Answer 32

* Northern Securities Companies₁ * Standard Oil ## Footnote ₁ Northern Securities was a trust that had been formed to control competition against railroads.

Question 33

What was so special in the case against Northern Securities?

Answer 33

it was the first time that the Sherman Antitrust Act had been used to break up trusts, not unions ## Footnote Judges sympathetic to business often ruled in favor of trusts. The courts said strikes organized by labor unions blocked free trade and thus threatened competiton.

Question 34

In 1902, what significant boost for organized labor occured? ## Footnote (regarding coal mines)

Answer 34

The President sided with strikers ## Footnote In 1902, Pennsylvanian coal miners wen ton strike for better pay and a shorter workday. Mine owners refused to negotiate with the miners' union. As winter approached, schools and hospitals ran out of coal. Furious at the owners, Roosevelt threatened to send in troops to run the mines.

Question 35

When Roosevelt ran for President in 1904, he promised Americans a Square Deal. What did he mean by this?

Answer 35

everyone--from farmers and consumers to workers and owners--should have the same opportunity to succeed

Question 36

True or false: Roosevelt took action to hurt the nation's wilderness areas.

Answer 36

False ## Footnote To fuel the nation's surging industrial growth, lumber companies were cutting down entire forests. Miners were removing iron and coal at a frantic pace, leaving gaping holes in the earth. **Roosevelt loved the outdoors and worried about the destruction of the wilderness**.

Question 37

In 1905, Roosevelt created the ______________ to conserve the nation's woodlands. He had _________ of acres of land set aside for ____________.

Answer 37

U.S. Forest Service, thousands, national parks

Question 38

Roosevelt also supported reforms to protect consumers. The...required food and drug makers to list all ingredients on packages. **A.** Pure Food and Medicine Act **B.** Pure Food and Supplements Act **C.** Pure Food and Drug Act **D.** Pure Food Act

Answer 38

C. Pure Food and Drug Act

Question 39

True or false: Roosevelt did not want to run for reelection in 1908, so he backed William Howard Taft, his secretary of war.

Answer 39

True

Question 40

Was Taft's approach to presidency similar or different from Roosevelt's?

Answer 40

different

Question 41

Unlike the energetic Roosevelt, Taft was ______ and ________.

Answer 41

quiet, cautious

Question 42

What were some of the Progressive reforms Taft supported?

Answer 42

* broke up more trusts than TR * favored the graduated income tax * approved new safety rules for mines * gave government workers 8-hour workday * made regulations against child labor

Question 43

Why did Taft loose Progressive support?

Answer 43

he signed a bill that raised most tariffs and modified conservation policies ## Footnote Progressives accused the President of blocking conservation efforts.

Question 44

``` "Roosevelt had broken with Taft. He decided to run against Taft for the Republican nomination. Roosevelt had massive popular support, but Taft controlled the Republican Party leadership. At its convention, the Republican Party nominated Taft. Roosevelt and his supporters stormed out of the convention and set up a new party." ``` What was this new party called?

Answer 44

Progressive Party

Question 45

What was another name for Roosevelt's Progressive Party?

Answer 45

the Bull Moose Party ## Footnote When Roosevelt set up a new party (Progressive) and was chosen as the candidate, he accepted, saying, "I feel as strong as a bull moose."

Question 46

Because Taft and Roosevelt split the Republican vote, ____________ won the presidential election of 1912.

Answer 46

Woodrow Wilson

Question 47

Woodrow Wilson had served as a university₁ president and the governor of _________. He was known as a brilliant _______ and a cautious _______. ## Footnote ₁ Princeton

Answer 47

New Jersey, scholar, reformer

Question 48

Woodrow Wilson's program to restore free competition was called what?

Answer 48

the New Freedom

Question 49

To restore free competition, the New Freedom program included the creation of what **three** things?

Answer 49

1. Federal Trade Commission₁ 2. Clayton Antitrust Act₂ 3. Federal Reserve Act₃ ## Footnote ₁ The FTC had the power to investigate companies and order them to stop using unfair practices to destroy competition. ₂ The Clayton Antitrust Act banned business practices that limited competition and stopped antitrust laws from being used against unions. ₃ The Federal Reserve Act set up a system of federal banks and gave the government the power to raise or lower interest rates and control the money supply.

Question 50

What was so important about the Seneca Falls Convention?

Answer 50

it marked the start of an organized women's rights movement in the U.S.

Question 51

After the Civil War, _________________ and Susan B. Anthony founded the National Woman Suffrage Association.

Answer 51

Elizabeth Cady Stanton ## Footnote This group pushed for a constitutional amendment to give women the right to vote.

Question 52

By the late 1800s, which (western) states did women win voting rights in?

Answer 52

* Wyoming * Utah * Colorado * Idaho

Question 53

True or false: In Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, and Idaho, women could vote in the local, state, and federal governments.

Answer 53

False ## Footnote Women could only vote in local or state elections.

Question 54

As more women worked ______ the home, they demanded a say in ____________.

Answer 54

outside, making the laws

Question 55

After Stanton and Anthony died, a new generation of leaders took up the cause. Who were some prominent women leaders that took up this role?

Answer 55

* Carrie Chapman Catt * Alice Paul

Question 56

# Which women suffrage leader is being described? * Devised a detailed strategy to win suffrage, state by state.

Answer 56

Carrie Chapman Catt

Question 57

# Which women suffrage leader is being described? * Met with President Woodrow Wilson to get the passing of a federal amendment that would allow women to vote.

Answer 57

Alice Paul

Question 58

What did the Nineteenth Amendment allow?

Answer 58

for women to vote in all elections ## Footnote It was ratified in August, 1920.

Question 59

Despite obstacles, women began to earn _______________.

Answer 59

advanced degrees

Question 60

During the late 1800s, many middle-class women joined women's _____. At first, they focused on advancing their _________. However, the focus of many switched to ____________.

Answer 60

clubs, knowledge, social reforms

Question 61

What reforms did women's clubs start supporting?

Answer 61

* The raising of money for libraries, schools, and parks * Laws to protect women and children, to ensure pure food and durgs, and to win the right to vote

Question 62

Why did African American women have to form their own clubs?

Answer 62

racial barriers

Question 63

What was a popular African American women club?

Answer 63

the National Association of Colored Women

Question 64

What was the temperance movement?

Answer 64

a massive campaign against alcohol abuse

Question 65

In 1874, a group of women organized the _____________________, or WCTU. Its goal was to ban the sale of liquor and close saloons.

Answer 65

Woman's Christian Temperance Movement

Question 66

Who were the presidents of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union?

Answer 66

Frances Willard and Carry Nation

Question 67

# Which president of the WCTM is being described? * Became president in 1879, speaking tirelessly about the evils of alcohol. * She called for state laws to ban the sale of liquor, and joined the suffrage movement. * She had more of a calm, collected approach to progression.

Answer 67

Frances Willard

Question 68

# Which president of the WCTM is being described? * A radical temperance crusader * Her husband died from heavy drinking * Would often storm into saloons and smash beer kegs and liquor bottles with hatchets

Answer 68

Carry Nation

Question 69

What did the Eighteenth Amendment prohibit?

Answer 69

the sale and consumption of alcohol ## Footnote It was ratified in 1919.

Question 70

What was the first university to grant a Ph.D. to a woman?

Answer 70

Boston University

Question 71

Who was Booker T. Washington?

Answer 71

prominent African American leader who founded the Tuskegee Institutue in Alabama and advised African Americans to learn trades and seek to move up gradually in society

Question 72

Who was the African American leader who urged blacks to fight discrimination rather than patiently submit to it?

Answer 72

W.E.B. Du Bois

Question 73

True or false: Booker T. Washington joined Jane Addams and other reformers in forming the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).

Answer 73

False ## Footnote W.E.B. Du Bois joined Jane Addams and other reformers in forming the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).

Question 74

What is lynching?

Answer 74

murder by a mob

Question 75

What was the form of killing that usually occured during a lynching?

Answer 75

hanging

Question 76

Who was Ida B. Wells?

Answer 76

African American journalist who protested lynchings and urged African Americans to boycott segregated street cars

Question 77

What is a parochial school?

Answer 77

a school sponsered by a church

Question 78

prejudice against Jews is also known as...

Answer 78

anti-Semitism

Question 79

On what grounds did W.E.B. Du Bois disagree with Booker T. Washington?

Answer 79

Du Bois urged blacks to fight discrimination rather than patiently submit to it, while Washington suggested that black people should become economically prominent to eventually have enough power to demand equality

Question 80

Why did immigration from Mexico rise after 1910?

Answer 80

Revolution and famine swept Mexico

Question 81

What was the Gentlemen's Agreement?

Answer 81

an agreement where Japan agreed to stop workers from going to the United States, while the United States would allow Japanese women to join their husbands who were already in the country

Question 82

What problems did Jews and Catholics face?

Answer 82

Jewish people faced anti-Semitism, and Catholics faced prejudice ## Footnote They faced discrimination in jobs and housing, and in schools, teachers lectured against the Pope and referred to Catholics as "deceitful"

Question 83

How did American Catholics and Jews respond to prejudice?

Answer 83

Catholics set up parochial schools, while Jewish people founded the Anti-Defamation League₁ ## Footnote ₁ Worked to promote understanding and fight prejudice against Jews

Question 84

True or false: W.E.B. Du Bois was the first African American to receive a Ph.D. from Harvard University.

Answer 84

True

Question 85

What newspaper did Ida B. Wells create?

Answer 85

*Free Speech* ## Footnote In her newspaper, Wells urged African Americans to protest the lynchings. She called for a boycott of segregated street-cars and white-owned stores.

Question 86

``` "Segregation is not humiliating, but a benefit." ``` Which **President** made this quote?

Answer 86

President Woodrow Wilson

Question 87

Who was the first American woman to earn more than $1 million?

Answer 87

Sarah Walker ## Footnote She created a line of hair care products for African American women.

Question 88

In 1913, a notorious case of anti-Semitism occured. _________, a Jewish man, was falsely accused of murdering a young girl. Despite a lack of evidence, he was sentenced to death.

Answer 88

Leo Frank

Question 89

Name all of the Progressive Amendments and what they did.

Answer 89

* **16th** - (graduated) income tax * **17th** - direct election of senators * **18th** - Prohibition of alcohol * **19th** - women's suffrage

Question 90

Who was the cartoonist responsible for exposing Boss Tweed?

Answer 90

Thomas Nast

Question 91

Discuss two of the issues that needed reform in American society in the gilded age. Choose two people from the progressive era and explain how each person contributed to the reform of those problems. ## Footnote (essay question)

Answer 91

* **Ida B. Wells** - The post-Reconstruction South witnessed a surge in racial violence, particularly lynching, used to terrorize and oppress African Americans. During the depression of 1893, jobless whites took out their anger on blacks. In 1892, she published her most famous book, *Southern Horrors: Lynch Law in all its Phases,* which revealed the atrocities of African American lynchings in the South. She became one of the founding members of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909. Wells was inspired to start her crusade following the People's Grocery murders in Memphis, Tennessee. Three prominent, well-liked African American men opened the People's Grocery. A local white grocer, WIlliam Barret, found his business shrinking due to the success of the People's Grocery. When a large group of white men attacked the People's Grocery, its owners opened fire, and bullets were exchanged resulting in the wounding of three white men. The three black men were arrested. A mob broke into the jail and took the three men outside. All three men were brutally shot, their bodies left in an open field. Wells urged for black people to leave Memphis by the thousands and protest the lynchings. She called for a boycott of segregated street cars and white owned stores. Her documentations of the murders brought national and international attention to the atrocities, challenging the justification for such acts and advocating for justice and equality. * **Ida Tarbell** - The Gilded Age economy was dominated by powerful industrialists and monopolies, leading to economic differences and unethical business practices. Ida Tarbell, a journalist and author, published a series of magazine articles that exposed the corrupt tactics used by the Standard Oil Company to monopolize the oil industry. The articles were the basis for her book, The History of the Standard Oil Company. Published in 1904, the book depicted the company owner, John D. Rockefeller, as a ruthless, greedy business man. The evidence she uncovered through unrelenting effort would eventually help to bring down the Standard Oil Company after the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in 1911 that the company was violating the Sherman Antitrust Act. In the following passage, from Tarbell’s The History of the Standard Oil Company, she points out how Rockefeller made secret deals with railroad companies in order to eliminate his competition. The rail companies increased their charges for shipping, then secretly gave Rockefeller's company “rebates.” Forced to pay the extraordinary shipping costs without receiving money back like Rockefeller, many oil businesses were forced to close, further increasing Rockefeller’s control over the industry. Her detailed reporting is credited with contributing to the U.S. Supreme Court's decision to break up Standard Oil in 1911, starting an era of trust control that benefited middle-class Americans for lifetimes to come.