Chapter 18 Review

Question 1

What conditions spurred the growth of industry as the nation expanded westward?

Answer 1

Government policies, new technology, and new sources of energy

Government policies helped business grow, new technology allowed railroads and cities to expand, and new sources of energy supplied industry needs.

Question 2

What technology made steel the main building material of American cities and industries?

Answer 2

The Bessemer process

The Bessemer process was a method to make stronger steel at a low cost.

Question 3

How did the government support business?

Answer 3

Land grants, subsidies, and high tariffs

The government gave generous land grants and other subsidies to railroads and other businesses, while keeping high tariffs on imports.

Question 4

What was ‘black gold’ and how did it get that name?

Answer 4

Oil; it was extremely valuable, similar to gold

Black gold was a nickname for oil because it was so valuable for the industrialization of machinery.

Question 5

Why was Thomas Edison’s power plant important?

Answer 5

It provided reliable energy for homes and factories

Edison’s power plant powered homes, city streetcars, and enabled factories to replace steam engines with safer electric ones.

Question 6

Why did the cost of automobiles decrease after 1913?

Answer 6

Introduction of the assembly line by Henry Ford

The assembly line sliced production time in half, allowing lower production costs and prices.

Question 7

Fill in the blank: The invention considered most important to modern life is _______.

Answer 7

Thomas Edison’s electrical power plant

Edison’s electrical power plant is crucial because other inventions rely on a reliable source of energy.

Question 8

True or False: The electrical power plant was essential for the development of other inventions like light bulbs and the phonograph.

Answer 8

True

The electrical power plant started the modern age of electricity, making other inventions possible.

Question 9

What is an entrepreneur?

Answer 9

Someone who sets up a new business to make a profit

Entrepreneurs take on financial risks in the hope of profit.

Question 10

A business owned by many investors is also known as a…

Answer 10

corporation

Corporations can raise capital by selling stock.

Question 11

What defines a monopoly?

Answer 11

When a company controls most or all business in a particular industry

Monopolies can limit competition and raise prices.

Question 12

… founded the steel company that produced more steel than all the mills in England combined in 1882.

Answer 12

Andrew Carnegie

Carnegie was a key figure in the American steel industry.

Question 13

Who was John D. Rockefeller?

Answer 13

He formed the Standard Oil Trust, thus ending competition in the oil industry

Rockefeller is often associated with monopolistic practices.

Question 14

True or false: A trust is a group of corporations run by a single board of directors.

Answer 14

True

Trusts are used to control a market and reduce competition.

Question 15

What is free enterprise?

Answer 15

The system in which privately owned businesses compete freely

Free enterprise is a fundamental principle of capitalism.

Question 16

What did Samuel Gompers found?

Answer 16

the American Federation of Labor (AFL) in 1886

Gompers was a key labor leader advocating for workers’ rights.

Question 17

What is collective bargaining?

Answer 17

When unions negotiate with management for workers as a group

Collective bargaining aims to improve working conditions and wages.

Question 18

How did trusts benefit the nation?

Answer 18

They created jobs and built up the economy

Trusts can lead to economic growth through increased efficiency.

Question 19

How were trusts detrimental to the nation?

Answer 19

They had the ability to become a monopoly and get rid of free enterprise

Trust leaders could influence politicians and crush competition.

Question 20

What dangers did factory workers face?

Answer 20

They breathed in fibers and dangerous dusts, risking lung disease

Steelworkers faced burns and death from molten metal, with employers often not liable for injuries.

Question 21

What were the goals of labor unions?

Answer 21

To provide better working conditions, higher wages, and shorter hours

Labor unions aimed to improve the lives of industrial workers.

Question 22

What methods did the AFL use for fair working conditions?

Remember: Samuel Gompers was the founder of the AFL

Answer 22

Collective bargaining and strikes as a last resort

The AFL focused on negotiating for skilled workers.

Question 23

Fill in the blank: The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire could have been avoided by improving _______.

Answer 23

[safety standards]

The fire highlighted the need for better workplace safety regulations.

Question 24

After the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire, what safety features were implemented across factories nationwide?

Answer 24

fire alarms, fire extinguishers, and hoses

Question 25

Andrew Carneige's steel company was named what? ## Footnote it's very obvious

Answer 25

Carnegie Steel Company

Question 26

# After being provided the description, name the person: * called his philosophy the Gospel of Wealth * donated hundreds of millions of dollars to build libraries and support other charities

Answer 26

Andrew Carnegie

Question 27

# After being provided the description, name the person: * did not hesitate to buy out direct competitors * one of the most hated and admired figures of his time

Answer 27

John D. Rockefeller

Question 28

# After being provided the description, name the person(s): * gained the nickname: Robber Baron

Answer 28

Carnegie and Rockefeller

Question 29

Social Darwinism applied the idea of ... to human affairs.

Answer 29

survival of the fittest ## Footnote Big business leaders used Social Darwinism to justify efforts to limit competition. They were the "fittest" and deserved to survive.

Question 30

When and where did the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire occur?

Answer 30

March 25, 1911 in NYC

Question 31

Before the AFL, what workers union was predominant throughout the country?

Answer 31

the Knights of Labor ## Footnote Terence Powderly, who rejected the use of strikes, was the president of the Knights of Labor. They admitted women, African Americans, immigrants, and unskilled workers, in constrast to the AFL who admitted skilled workers only.

Question 32

``` Women played leading roles in building unions. Mary Harris Jones tirelessly traveled the country, campaigning for unions and giving support to striking miners. ``` What did people begin calling her?

Answer 32

Mother Jones

Question 33

One of the worst worker strikes occured in _______. George Pullman, a manufacturer of railroad cars, cut his workers' pay by __ percent.

Answer 33

Chicago, 25

Question 34

Urbanization is the rapid growth of ____ populations.

Answer 34

city

Question 35

Why were people attracted to cities?

Answer 35

they attracted industry, which attracted people

Question 36

To meet the needs of shoppers, merchants developed..., which offered all varieties of goods in different sections of the same store. **A.** wholesale stores **B.** department stores **C.** fine homes **D.** steel bridges

Answer 36

B. department stores

Question 37

List some possible (2-3) leisure places you could visit in a city.

Answer 37

* Musuems * Theaters * Circuses * Orchestras * Art galleries

Question 38

New technology, such as subways, ________, and ___________ helped cities grow.

Answer 38

streetcars, electric trains

Question 39

Public transportation gave rise to new living areas called ________.

Answer 39

suburbs

Question 40

_____________ helped speed up the growth of suburbs.

Answer 40

Steel bridges

Question 41

As cities began to expand upward as well as outward, a new type of building named _____________ emerged.

Answer 41

skyscrapers

Question 42

To be classified as a skyscraper, a building has to be __ stories or higher.

Answer 42

10

Question 43

In _____, architects in _______ constructed the first 10-story building (skyscraper).

Answer 43

1885, Chicago

Question 44

* _____ families lived in the oldest sections at cities' centers. * ____________ lived in fine homes on outskirts of cities. * ___________ lived away from city centers in row houses and apartments. ## Footnote word bank: upper class, middle class, poor families

Answer 44

* poor families * upper class * middle class

Question 45

_____ was a constant threat in _______ packed neighborhoods.

Answer 45

Fire, tightly

Question 46

Tenement life was _____, and slum streets were littered with _______.

Answer 46

bleak, garbage

Question 47

Disease was caused by poor living conditions. List an extremely common disease in the late 19th century.

Answer 47

cholera

Question 48

To solve urban problems, cities provided ___________, _____________ departments, and __________.

Answer 48

street lights, fire and police, sanitation

Question 49

Religious groups served the ____. Mother _______, a Catholic nun, set up _________ and clinics for people who could not afford a doctor.

Answer 49

poor, Cabrini, hospitals

Question 50

The Salvation Army was founded by a _________ minister. It gave food, clothing, and ________ to the homeless.

Answer 50

Methodist, shelter

Question 51

Reformers created settlement houses that offered help to the urban ____. They taught _______ to immigrants, sponsored ______ and sports for young people, and provided _________ for children of working mothers.

Answer 51

poor, English, music, nurseries

Question 52

What was the first professional sports team?

Answer 52

The Cincinnati Red Stockings ## Footnote After the Civil War, professional sports teams began to spring up in cities. The most popular sport was baseball.

Question 53

Why did many people leave their homelands?

Answer 53

* Religious persecution * Political persecution * Better job and land opportunities in the United States

Question 54

What hardships did immigrants face?

Answer 54

* An intolerable journey to America * The chance of being deported if carrying disease * Assimilation into a new culture

Question 55

How did immigrants assimilate?

Answer 55

* They would learn English * Play American sports and music (baseball) * Dress like Native-born Americans * Educate themselves

Question 56

Why did nativists oppose immigration?

Answer 56

They felt that immigrants were different from Native-born Americans and would not assimilate but instead resort to crime and anarchy

Question 57

What do Andrew Carnegie and Alexander Graham Bell both have in common?

Answer 57

they were both born in Scotland

Question 58

Most immigrants coming from Europe landed in New York, via the receiving center on _______ Island. In contrast, Asian immigrants entered through _______ Island.

Answer 58

Ellis, Angel

Question 59

Once admitted to the United States, immigrants would settle near other people from the same country. What were these neighborhoods known as?

Answer 59

ethnic (immigrant) neighborhoods

Question 60

Who was the inventor of the telephone?

Answer 60

Alexander Graham Bell

Question 61

Who was the inventor of the lightweight camera?

Answer 61

George Eastman

Question 62

The Knights of Labor (and pretty much all other labor unions) pushed for an __ hour workday and an end to _____ labor.

Answer 62

8, child

Question 63

The exclusive right to manufacture or sell an invention is also known as a...

Answer 63

patent

Question 64

# Which labor union is being described? * focused on skilled workers * aimed for higher wages and better working conditions * was fine with using strikes as a last resort

Answer 64

the American Federation of Labor (AFL)

Question 65

What was the nickname given to Thomas Edison due to his numerous inventions?

Answer 65

The Wizard of Menlo Park

Question 66

# Who is being described? Pioneers of air travel who developed the first successful airplane.

Answer 66

Wright Brothers

Question 67

John D. Rockefeller would MOST likely agree with... **A.** competition in the marketplace is good for business owners **B.** competition in the marketplace is costly for business owners **C.** competition in the marketplace doesn't affect business owners **D.** All of the above

Answer 67

B. competition in the marketplace is costly for business owners ## Footnote Rockefeller directly bought out his competition, allowing him to have a monopoly with the Standard Oil Trust.

Question 68

# Which labor union is being described? * Elected Terence Powderly as president * Rejected the use of strikes as a tool * Admitted women, African Americans, immigrants, and unskilled workers

Answer 68

Knights of Labor

Question 69

Did Rockefeller or Carniege use vertical integration₁? ## Footnote ₁ A business strategy where a company owns multiple stages of item production.

Answer 69

Carniege ## Footnote Carniege purchased all levels of production, including iron ore mills and transportation services.

Question 70

Evaluate whether industrialists such as John D. Rockefeller and Andrew Carnegie should be considered as robber barons due to their businesses practices or captains of industry. Provide significant evidence to support your argument. ## Footnote {rate yourself based on how many times you want this to appear; there is a provided answer for you to study}

Answer 70

* **_John D. Rockefeller - A Robber Baron_:** Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company revolutionzed the oil industry but at the cost of free enterprise. By 1880, Standard Oil owned or **controlled 90 percent of the U.S. oil refining business**, making it the world's first great monopoly. Rockefeller strongly opposed labor unions and collective bargaining, and tolerated no strikes and crushed attempts at worker organization. Additionally, in the 1870s, Rockefeller negotiated **secret rebates on railroad shipments for Standard Oil**, giving him an unfair advantage in shipping costs. Those secret discounts helped him put rivals out of business. **He also bought out competitors directly**, and if they refused, he would force them out of business by undercuting his prices and wiping out most competition. * **_Andrew Carnegie - Captain of Industry_:** Carnegie's impact on the economy was mainly positive and transformational. He built Carnegie Steel Company into the largest steel producer of its time, fueling American industrial growth. Through technological innovation (adopting the Bessemer process) and cost-cutting, Carnegie expanded U.S. steel output. His vertical integration strategy allowed him to own all levels of steel production, including the iron ore mines, coal fields, and railroads and steamships, cutting costs dramatically. This was a genius, **captain of industry** move, as it allowed him to avoid dependence on other companies. On the philanthropy aspect, Carniege believed that **"the man who dies rich dies disgraced."** Arising from poverty himself, he believed that he had a duty to serve society. In his *Gospel of Wealth*, he declared that the rich should live without extravagance and give away their wealth for the public good. He lived by his words, **donating 90% of his fortune** in the last 18 years of his life. He also began founding thousands of libraries around the world, providing free knowledge to thousands of people internationally.

Question 71

John D. Rockefeller donated $____ million dollars to charitable institutions across the span of his whole life.

Answer 71

540