Chapter 21 Review

Question 1

What is militarism?

Answer 1

The buildup and glorification of the military

Militarism often leads to increased tensions between nations.

Question 2

Define nationalism.

Answer 2

Pride in one’s nation or ethnic group

Nationalism can lead to a desire for independence among ethnic groups within larger empires.

Question 3

What is trench warfare?

Answer 3

A style of fighting where soldiers fire on one another from opposing dugout trenches

This method of warfare often results in high casualties and prolonged stalemates.

Question 4

What is ‘no man’s land’?

Answer 4

The unoccupied area between the trenches

This area is highly dangerous and often results in significant loss of life when crossed.

Question 5

What does stalemate mean in a conflict?

Answer 5

A deadlock in which neither side involved in a conflict can score a clear victory

Stalemates are common in trench warfare.

Question 6

What is propaganda?

Answer 6

Information designed to win support for a cause; traditionally it only presents one side of an issue

Propaganda can be used to influence public opinion and rally support for a war.

Question 7

How did nationalism contribute to the start of the Great War?

Answer 7

Led to military buildups and a desire for dominance; ethnic groups sought independence

The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand was a direct result of Serbian nationalism.

Question 8

How did the system of alliances contribute to the outbreak of the war?

Answer 8

Turned regional conflicts into a global war by binding nations to support each other

The Triple Alliance and Triple Entente created opposing sides, complicating diplomacy.

Question 9

How did new technology make the war more deadly?

Answer 9

Machine guns, rapid-fire artillery, poison gas, armored tanks, and airplanes introduced new ways to attack

These advancements led to massive casualties and prolonged battles.

Question 10

What was President Wilson’s strategy at the start of WWI?

Answer 10

Maintain strict and impartial neutrality and keep the United States out of the conflict

Wilson urged nations to seek a settlement rather than total defeat.

Question 11

Why did the Zimmerman Telegram anger many Americans?

Answer 11

It revealed Germany’s secret attempt to persuade Mexico to join the war against the United States

Germany promised Mexico the American territories of Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico if they allied with Germany.

Question 12

How did submarine warfare help lead the United States into WWI?

Answer 12

Germany’s unrestricted submarine warfare threatened U.S. ships and lives

Germany had promised to limit attacks after the sinking of the Lusitania, but in 1917 it broke this pledge and sunk American merchant ships.

Question 13

Who was originally on the Triple Entente?

**The Triple Entente is also referred to as the “Allies”

Answer 13

Great Britain, France, and Russia

Question 14

Who was originally on the Triple Alliance₁?

Answer 14

Italy, Austria Hungary, and the German Empire

The Triple Alliance was originally composed of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy, but Italy remained neutral during the war in 1914. As the war progressed, each coalition added new members. Despite proclaiming neutrality at the beginning of the war, Italy also joined the Entente in 1915 after they offered significant territorial gains.

Question 15

Who was on the Central Powers?

Answer 15

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria

Question 16

How were the Triple Alliance and the Central Powers similar?

Answer 16

The Central Powers’ origin was the Triple Alliance

The Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy) formed the basis for the Central Powers during World War I. However, Italy later switched sides, and the Central Powers expanded to include the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria.

Question 17

What occuring in Russia made it easier for the United States to join the Triple Entente?

Answer 17

the fall of the Russian monarchy

Now, the United States would not be siding with a tyrant. Instead, Wilson reasoned it would be joining with other democracies to fight tyranny.

Question 18

What does it mean to mobilize?

Answer 18

to prepare for war

Question 19

Who was Jeannette Rankin?

Answer 19

The first woman elected to Congress, she voted against going to war

Her most famous quote was when she said, “As a woman I can’t go to war and I refuse to send anyone else.”

Question 20

What does the term illiterate mean?

Answer 20

unable to read or write

Question 21

What was Herbert Hoover’s role during the war?

Answer 21

head of the Food Administration, responsible for adequate food supplies.

Question 22

Who were the Harlem Hell Fighters?

Answer 22

A group of African Americans who fought under French command.

They received the Croix de Guerre, or Cross of War, France’s highest medal for bravery.

Question 23

What is the Croix de Guerre?

Answer 23

France’s highest medal for bravery.

Question 24

How did the United States build its military force?

Answer 24

Through the Selective Service Act requiring registration for the draft.

All young men between the ages of 21 and 30 were obligated to register.

Question 25

How were African American soldiers treated differently by the French and American governments?

Answer 25

In the U.S., placed in all-black units with limited combat roles; in France, they fought in real combat and were honored.

Question 26

What were 'wheatless Mondays' and 'meatless Tuesdays'?

Answer 26

Food conservation measures to support the war effort.

Question 27

What was the role of the War Industries Board (WIB)?

Answer 27

Directed industries on production, pricing, and resource allocation. ## Footnote For example, to make sure there was enough tin for military use, the WIB forbade toy makers to use tin for toys.

Question 28

How did the war change the American labor force?

Answer 28

Women took on new roles, and African Americans migrated for factory jobs.

Question 29

What positive actions did the government take to build public support for the war?

Answer 29

Created the Committee on Public Information which recruited 'Four-Minute Men'₁ and enlisted artists to produce pro-war cartoons and posters ## Footnote ₁Four Minute Men delievered patriotic speeches at places like movie theaters and ball parks.

Question 30

What negative actions did the government take against antiwar sentiment?

Answer 30

Suppressed criticism by closing newspapers and jailing dissenters.

Question 31

What state did Jeannette Rankin represent?

Answer 31

Montana

Question 32

Who was Eugene V. Debs?

Answer 32

presidential candidate of the Socialist Party; urged workers to not support the war effort ## Footnote He was eventually jailed for his antiwar views.

Question 33

``` "It is extremely dangerous to exercise the constitutional right of free speech in a country fighting to make democracy safe in the world," ``` Who most likely made this quote?

Answer 33

Eugene V. Debs ## Footnote Eugene's quote is a critique of government hypocrisy. Debs is saying that while the U.S. claims to be fighting for democracy abroad, it punishes people at home for using their democratic rights, like free speech.

Question 34

What is a convoy?

Answer 34

A large group of merchant vessels sailing together ## Footnote The convoy system helped protect ships from enemy attacks.

Question 35

Who was John J. Pershing?

Answer 35

Commander of the American Expeditionary Force in Europe; nicknamed 'Black Jack' ## Footnote Pershing led American forces during World War I.

Question 36

What is communism?

Answer 36

Economic & political system based on the idea that social classes & the right to private property should be eliminated ## Footnote Communism aims for a classless society.

Question 37

What was the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk?

Answer 37

Peace agreement signed in March 1918 between Germany and Russia; it took Russia out of the war ## Footnote This treaty allowed Germany to focus on the western front.

Question 38

What is an armistice?

Answer 38

A halt in fighting that allows peace talks to begin ## Footnote An armistice is a prerequisite for negotiating a peace treaty.

Question 39

How did the convoy system help the Allies?

Answer 39

It maintained a flow of products needed to sustain the war effort as allied ship losses fell ## Footnote This system was crucial for the logistical support of the Allies.

Question 40

Why did the United States send unprepred troops to France in June 1917?

Answer 40

To improve sagging French morale ## Footnote The presence of American troops was intended to boost the spirits of the Allies.

Question 41

Why did President Wilson order General Pershing to have American soldiers fight in separate units?

Answer 41

To show that the United States could be victorious on its own in battle ## Footnote This was a strategic decision to assert American military identity.

Question 42

How did American troops help win World War I?

Answer 42

They replenished the allies numbers and helped win the battle of the Argonne Forest₁; blocked German ports; and protected Paris from German advances ## Footnote ₁ Weaked by influenza and deprived of supplies, Germany's army was losing the will to fight. Now, the Allies' were ready to take the offensive. Americans, more than one million of them, advanced on heavily fortified German positions between the Meuse River and the Argonne Forest in northeastern France, helping crush German defenses.

Question 43

What did President Wilson demand regarding Germany and the armistice?

Answer 43

That Germany follow his Fourteen Points Peace Plan and that the Kaiser step down, leading to Germany becoming a republic ## Footnote Wilson's demands were aimed at establishing a lasting peace. However, Wilson ultimately had little say in the negotiations, and his demands were mostly sidesweeped.

Question 44

What was the war's effect on the European population?

Answer 44

Generations of young men had lost their lives ## Footnote The demographic impact of the war was profound and long-lasting.

Question 45

Where did the Kaiser of Germany flee to?

Answer 45

Holland, Netherlands ## Footnote Wilson's major impact was his insistence that the Kaiser, the absolute monarch of Germany, must step down. On November 9, Kaiser Wilhelm II fled to Holland.

Question 46

What is self-determination?

Answer 46

The right of a group to decide its own form of government ## Footnote This concept emphasizes the autonomy of nations and peoples to govern themselves.

Question 47

What are reparations?

Answer 47

Payments to cover war damages ## Footnote Reparations are often imposed on defeated nations to compensate for the destruction caused during conflicts.

Question 48

Who were the 'Big Four'?

Answer 48

President Wilson of the USA, Prime Minister Clemenceau of France, Prime Minister George of Great Britain, and Prime Minister Orlando of Italy ## Footnote They were the primary leaders at the Paris Peace Conference and made significant decisions regarding the post-war treaties.

Question 49

Who was Henry Cabot Lodge?

Answer 49

A powerful Republican Senator from Massachusetts who led the objections to the Treaty of Versailles ## Footnote Lodge was a significant political figure during the post-World War I era, particularly opposing the League of Nations.

Question 50

What was the 'Red Scare'?

Answer 50

The fear of a Communist revolution in the USA that gripped the nation in 1919-1920 ## Footnote This period was characterized by widespread paranoia about the influence of communism and radical leftism in America.

Question 51

What does deport mean?

Answer 51

To return someone to his/her home country ## Footnote Deportation often refers to the removal of non-citizens from a country, typically due to legal violations.

Question 52

What was President Wilson's main goal of his Fourteen Points plan?

Answer 52

To prevent future wars and create lasting peace ## Footnote Wilson's Fourteen Points were a set of principles aimed at establishing a framework for international relations after World War I.

Question 53

Why was Point 14 the most important to President Wilson?

Answer 53

It called for setting up an international organization to guarantee world peace ## Footnote The League of Nations was envisioned as a means to facilitate diplomacy and prevent future conflicts.

Question 54

How did the Treaty of Versailles punish Germany?

Answer 54

It took away territory, stripped colonies, forced acceptance of war responsibility, required reparations, and imposed military limits ## Footnote These punitive measures were intended to weaken Germany and prevent future military aggression.

Question 55

Why did Wilson agree to the harsh terms of the Treaty of Versailles?

Answer 55

To win his cherished peacekeeping organization, the League of Nations ## Footnote Wilson believed that the establishment of the League was crucial for maintaining global peace.

Question 56

Why did Henry Cabot Lodge oppose the League of Nations?

Answer 56

He believed it would restrict the right of the United States to act independently in its own interest ## Footnote Lodge feared that membership in the League could entangle the U.S. in foreign conflicts.

Question 57

What problems affected the postwar United States?

Answer 57

An influenza epidemic, labor unrest, and a red scare ## Footnote These issues contributed to social and economic instability in the U.S. after World War I.

Question 58

Who was Vladimir Lenin?

Answer 58

leader of the Bolsheviks who seized control of the Russian government in 1917 ## Footnote Vladimir Lenin led to the establishment of a communist government, the **Russian Soviet Federative Socialistic Republic,** which soon became the core of the **Soviet Union**. He pulled Russia out of World War I by signing the **Treaty of Brest-Litovsk**.

Question 59

Where did Vladimir Lenin get most of his ideas from?

Answer 59

German thinker Karl Marx ## Footnote Karl Marx (creater of Marxism) predicted that workers around the world would **overthrow the ruling class**, which was why when the United States was being overrun by labor unrest, Americans thought there was a communist revolution taking place.

Question 60

# **READ ONLY!!!!!!!** In essay format, explain the following political cartoon. Your essay should contain paragraphs, complete sentences, and proper English. Start with some background information that explains what the cartoon deals with. Be sure to discuss the imagery being used and what it is meant to represent. Don't forget to explain the opinion being expresed by the cartoon as well.

Answer 60

{rate 1,2,3,4,5 based on how many times you want it appearing} The political cartoon relates to World War I and focuses on the League of Nations, an international organization propsed after World War I by the Treaty of Versailles (and Wilson's Fourteenth Point). It's goal was to promote peace and cooperation among countries. The cartoon shows a broken bridge labeled "The League of Nations Bridge." The two sides of the bridge are labeled "Belgium-France" and "England-Italy," representing the Allied Powers (Triple Entente) of World War I. However, there is a large gap in the middle of the bridge, making it incomplete and nonfunctional. The missing piece of the bridge is supposed to be the "Keystone," which is labeled "U.S.A." **In architecture, the keystone is the central, most important piece that holds an arch together. Without it, the structure collapses.** Next to the gap, a figure symbolizing the United States--depicted as Uncle Sam--is sitting back, smoking a cigar, and not participating in bridging the gap. There is also a sign on the left side of the bridge that reads, "This League of Nations Bridge was designed by the President of the U.S.A.," referring to President Woodrow Wilson, who was one of the main advocates for the League. Despite his efforts, the U.S. Senate rejected joining the League, leading to the absence of the United States from the organization. The imagery of the broken bridge shows that without the U.S., the League of Nations is incomplete and weak. The cartoon expresses the opinion that the League was ineffective without American support, suggesting that the United States' absence was a critical flaw in maintaining international peace, **allowing World War II to happen shortly after**.