Midterm Review Flashcards
A fetal brain with no recognizable cerebral cortex and defined thalami and cerebellum is:
Hydranencephaly
A large herniation of the posterior fossa contents into the foramen magnum with hydrocephalus and myelomeningocele describes which type of Arnold-Chiari malformation
III
A markedly retroflexed neck is an indication of:
Iniencephaly
A measurement of the lateral ventricular atrium should not exceed:
1 cm
A normal cisterna magna measurement is less than:
1 cm
A partial absence of the cranium is called:
Acrania
AFP is secreted by the
Yolk sac and liver
Beta hCG levels plateau at _____________ weeks
9-11
Cerebellar hypoplasia with herniation into the spinal canal describes:
Type 4 Arnold Chiari malformation
head end of the neural tube
Rostral neuropore
sonographic appearance of a cephalocele
Complex paracranial mass
Cranial anatomy is routinely visualized after how many gestatonal weeks?
12-14
Define brachycephaly
Short broad head due to premature fusion
Define dolichocephaly
Long narrow head
During a sonographic examination, a wide high third ventricle, teardrop-shaped ventricle, a widened ventricular atria, absent cavum septi pellucid, and a sunburst appearance of the gyri and suli were imaged in the fetal brain. What malformation do these findings support?
Agenesis of the corpus callosum
During the sonographic examination on a first trimester pregnancy, a crescent-shaped complex fluid collection images between the gestational sac and the uterus. What is the most likely differential
Subchorionic hemorrhage
Identify the term describing the abiltiy of embryonic cells to differentiate into any cell type
Pluripotent
Identify the type of ectopic pregnancy that is surrounded by less than 5 mm of myometrium.
Intramural
Lissencephaly is an absence or paucity of gyri resulting in the characteristic appearance of:
A smooth cerebral appearance after 20 weeks
Neural plate development completes at ________ days
18-23
the measurement fro the frontal to the occipital bone obtained at the level of the thalami
OFD
sonographic features of semilobar holoprosencephaly
Incomplete fusion of the thalami, microcephaly, partial separation of the hemispheres and ventricles
The metencephalon and myelencephalon are part of the:
Rhombencephalon
e most frequent anomaly noted with cleft palate or cleft lip is:
Clubfoot
most studied artery in the fetal brain is the
MCA
What is the ratio of the BPD and the OFD called?
Cephalic index
hat portion of the femur does the sonographer measure to obtain the length?
Osseous diaphyses
hat weight is considered macrosomia?
> 4000 g
ic anatomic landmarks help determine the correct level to measure the HC?
Thalamus, falx, cavum septum pellucidum
hich cranial bones are the landmark for measurement of the BPD?
Parietal bones
ich measurement is the most important indicator of fetal weight?
AC
most commonly associated with cystic hygroma
Turner syndrome
central nervous system malformations is identifiable in the first trimester?
Spina bifida
s cystic dilatation of the fourth ventricle?
Dandy walker
sonographic feature of anencephaly?
Frog eyes
most commonly used parameters for estimating fetal age and may be more accurate than the BPD late in pregnancy?
FL
congenital absence of one or both eyes?
Anophthalmia
an abnormally fast heart rate
Tachycardia
protrusion of meniges through a spinal defect?
Meningocele
rostral end of the neural tube
Neuropore
eneral term describing an abnormal heart rate?
Arrhythmia
part of Ebstein anomaly?
Abnormal tricuspid valve
congenital malformation in which the aorta arises from the right ventricle?
DORV
abnormal opening between the right and left atrium
ASD
Which anatomy images on the four chamber view?
RA
RV
LA
LV
Mitral valve
Tricuspid valve
What doppler flow changes occur with sever coarction of the aorta?
Reversed ductus arteriosus flow
A fetal heart with a large RA, small RV, apically displaced TV, hydrops, arrhythmia and abnormal right ventricular contraction raises suspicion for which heart defect?
Epstein anomaly
What heart defect has perimembranous ventricular septal defect, pulmonic stenosis, pulmonary artery hypoplasia, right ventricular hypertrophy, overriding aorta and right sided aorta in 25% of cases?
Tetralogy of Fallot
The embryonic heart is completely formed at the:
Beginning of the 8 week
Fetal blood circulates within the embryo at:
3 weeks post conception
Fetal oxygenated blood circulation from the placenta enters the fetus through the:
Umbilical vein to the hepatic circulation and left portal vein
Fetal blood fro the IVC enters the heart:
Right atrium
In the fetus, left atrial blood passes through the _______________ into the left ventricle
Mitral valve
The greatest concentration of oxygenated fetal blood is to the fetal
Cranium
A normal heart orientation is:
Levocardia
n the normal fetal heart, which chamber is located closest to the fetal spine
Left atrium
Fetal tachyarrhythmias are heart rates:
Greater than 180 bpm
An abnormally large right atrium and abnormally small right ventricle is an indication of:
Ebsteins anomaly
The most common cardiac tumor is:
Rhabdomyoma
DORV involves:
parallel aorta and pulmonary artery and VSD
The pulmonary valve reeives blood from the
Pulmonary artery
Ultrasound resolution limits of ______________ mm still prevent the identification of small VSD’s
1-2
A break in the skin surface directly over the spine is associated with:
Myelomeningocele
Thoracic chest measurements (outer edge to outer edge) are obtained from a true transverse view at the level of the:
Fetal heart
If the fetal heart (in transverse view) occupies more than 1/3 of the thorax, ______________ should be considered
Pulmonary hypoplasia
Abdominal circumference is considered more important as an indicator of _______________________ than as a indicator of fetal age.
Weight
Exclude ______________ of the scalp when measuring from the leading edge of theparietal bone for a BPD.
Skin/soft tissue
Macrosomia equates to a fetus over ______________ g.
4000 g
Ratio of the BPD to the OFD is_________________
Cephalic index
The femur length can be reliably used after _________________weeks gestation
14
The earliest successful BPD measuement can usually be obtained at week:
12
The BPD is measured at the level of the ______________, _______________ and _________________.
Thalamus csp
The preferred measurement method for fetal growth is
Average of multiple parameters
A sonolucent area in the choroid plexus is known as __________________
Choroid plexus cyst
Many brain structures develop between week _____________________, resulting in this time frame being identified as the critical period of brain development.
3 and 16
The central portionof the cerebellum betwee the hemispheres is termed the ____________________________.
Vermis
The forebrain is also known as the ______________________________.
Prosencephalon
he great cerebral vein is also called____________
Vein of Galen
he most sever form of arnold-chiari malformation is ________________________
Type III
he presence of a single median bony orbit with a fleshy proboscis above it is ____________________________.
Cyclopia
he third ventricle is positioned between the ________________________ and the frontal horns of the lateral ventricles.
Thalami
is a substance that interferes with embryonic development.
Teratogen
the most severe form of holoprosencephaly.
Alobar
most common type of intracranial hemorrhage seen in the fetus.
Intraventricular hemorrhage
bell shaped chest and multiple fetal fractures are indicative of
Osteogenesis imperfecta
break in the skin surface directly over the spine is associated with:
Myelomeningocele
cystic hygroma is the result of:
Abnormal accumulation of lymphatic fluid within the soft tissue
A large herniation of the posterior fossa contents into the foramen magnum with hydrocephalus and myelomeningocele describes which type of Arnold-Chiari malformation
Type II
An absent sacrum and coccyx is referred to as:
Caudal regression syndrome
An increased nuchal fold is most likely associated with:
Trisomy 21
A group of anomalies characterized by a small or an absent left ventricle is:
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome
A coexisting pericardial effusion and a pleural effusion is consistent with the diagnosis of
Fetal hydrops
A heart positioned in the right chest with the apex pointing right is labeled ________________________
Dextrocardia
A midline heart is termed _______________________.
Mesocardia
A structure in the right ventricle, the ____________________ , should differentiate the right ventricle from the left ventricle
Moderator band
An EIF would most likely be associated with
Trisomy 21
Blood returning from the IVC enters the:
Right atrium
The ______________________ view of the heart is often used for the diagnosis of VSD
Subcostal four chamber view
The blood returning from the lungs through the pulmonary veins enters into the:
Left atrium
condition in which the heart is located outside the chest wall is termed:
Ectopic cordis
The fetal heart should consume most of the left side of the chest and lays with a normal angle of _________________ degrees to ________________ of midline.
45, left
The greatest concentration of fetal blood travels to the:
Cranium
The mitral valve is located:
Between the left ventricle and the left atrium
The moderator band is located within the:
Right Ventricle
The tricuspid valve is located:
Between the right ventricle and the right atrium
The normal heart will fill approximately _____________ of the fetal chest.
1/3
he most common fetal cardiac tumor is the :
Rhabdomyoma
The most common cause of cardiac malposition is
Diaphragmatic hernia
When hypoplastic left heart syndrome is found in girls, what syndrome should be suspected?
Turners Syndrome
the most common cardiac defect?
VSD
A right sided heart with the apex pointing left is called_________________________
Dextroposition
What is the normal opening in the lower middle third of the atriual septum?
Foramen ovale
Which statement is true concerning the fetal outflow tract?
The normal pulmonary artery should be positioned anterior to the aorta and should be visualized crossing over it
hich of the following best describes transposition of the great vessels
The aorta arises from the right ventricles, and the pulmonary artery arises from the left ventricle
