Chapter 25: Fetal Echocardiography Flashcards
without motion
akinetic
abnormal heart rate
arrythmia
abnormal opening between the right and left atrium
atrial septal defect (ASD)
aka endocardial cushion defect
atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD)
primum-type ASD in the lower portion of the atrial septum without a ventricular defect component
partial atrioventricular septal defect
a heart with both primum type ASD and inlet-type VSD and a single common atrioventricular valve
complete atrioventricular septal defect
valves located between the atrium and the ventricles (tricuspid and mitral valves)
atrioventricular valves
slow heart rate
bradyarrhythmia
narrowing of the aorta, either discrete or long segment
coarctation of the aorta
apex of the heart points to the right chest
dextracardia
both great arteries arise from the morphologic right ventricle, with a VSD. There may be pulmonary stenosis and/or other lesions present
double-outlet right ventricle (DORV)
venous connection from the umbilical vein inserting into the inferior vena cava
ductus venosus
impaired of abnormal movement
dyskinetic
right heart abnormality with apical displacement of the tricuspid valve resulting in varying degrees of right atrial enlargement or diminished RV size and function, tricuspid regurgitation, and, possibly, pulmonary stenosis or atresia
ebstein anomaly
subset of cells found in the developing heart tube that will give rise to the heart’s atrioventricular valves and septae; critical to the proper formation of a four-chambered heart
endocardial cushion
normal opening in the atrial septum allowing for blood flow from the right to left atrium during fetal life
Foramen Ovale
accumulation of fluid in the chest and abdomen because of heart failure
hydrops, nonimmune
underdevelopment of the left heart, in particular, the mitral valve, the left ventricle, and aorta; stenosis or atresia of the aortic and/or mitral valves
hypoplastic left heart syndrome
muscular projections into the ventricles that anchor the chordae tendinae of the AV valves
papillary muscles
irregular extra contractions of the atria; may be conducted or blocked in relation to the ventricles
premature atrial contractions (PACs)
benign tumor of the heart. Most common fetal cardiac tumor. Associated with the genetic disorder tuberous sclerosis complex
Rhabdomyoma
underdevelopment of the right ventricle and the tricuspid valve
right ventricular hypoplasia
first section/side of the interatrial septum to form in the embryo
septum primum
fast sustained heart beat / arrythmia. Not ventricular in origin; may originate from the atria, AV node, sinoatrial node, or as a result of an additional electrical bypass tract
supraventricular tachycardia
cardiac malformation with a VSD anterior malaligned conal septum, varying degrees of pulmonary stenosis, and overriding aorta
Tetralogy of Fallot
cardiac malformation where the aorta rises from the morphologic right ventricle and the pulmonary artery arises from the morphologic left ventricle
transposition of the great arteries
congenital/absence/closure of the tricuspid valve
tricuspid atresia
single semilunar valve providing both pulmonary artery and aortic arch flow
truncus arteriosus
A deficiency in the ventricular septum creating a communication and blood flow between the ventricles
ventricular septal defect
The ____, _____, and _____ all make up the cardiocascular system.
heart
blood vessels
blood cells
The cardiovascular system originates from:
mesodermal germ layer
Blood starts to circulate in the fetus within ____ weeks gestational age
5
The heart begins as a set of paired tubular structures known as ____
cardiogenic cords
The cardiogenic cords begin to fuse on the ___ day of development to form single heart tube
22
The single heart tube is a slightly bent structure consisting of an ______ and _____.
endocardial tube
myoepicardial mantle
The ____ portion of the heart tube bends right and ventrally.
cephalic
The _____ portion of the heart tube bends leftward in dorsocranial manner
caudal
The cephalic and caudal portions of the heart tube result in the formation of:
arterioventricular loop (AV)
At ___ days the endocardial cushion begins to develop, separating atria and ventricles.
27
At ___ days the mitral and tricuspid valves are formed.
33
The _____ begins to form as primitive ventricles begin to dilate, causing fusion of the medial walls.
ventricular septum
The ______ forms between the 25th and 28th day and created an initial division between right and left portions of the atrium
septum primum
The great vessels
aorta
pulmonary arteries
The great vessels arise from the common vessel of ______
truncus arteriosus
Arise from a series of primitive aortic arches
aortic and pulmonary arches
The aortic and pulmonary arches occur between __ and __ days postconception
19
30
The third pair of arches become the ______
internal carotid arteries
The fourth pair of arches become the _____
definitive aorta
right subclavian artery
The sixth pair of arches become the ____
right and left pulmonary arteries
At the beginning of the ___ week, the heart is fully developed
8th
Oxygenated blood enters the fetus’s circulation from placenta through the _____ and travels to hepatic circulation and ____ portal vein.
umbilical vein
left
The majority of blood from the umbilical vein is shunted into ______, which bypasses hepatic circulation and enter IVC
ductus venosus
From the IVC, the blood enters the _____
right atrium
Oxygenated blood is preferentially streamed by the eustachian valve through the foramen ovale into the ____
left atrium
Blood in the LA flows through the _____ into the _____
mitral valve
left ventricle
The LV ejection propels the blood through the ____ and into the _____
aortic valve
aorta
_________ occurs, providing oxygen rich blood to the developing myocardium
coronary perfusion
The more highly oxygenated portion of the blood is shunted mainly to the _____ portion of the fetus via the ______ arteries arising from the aortic arch
cranial
brachiocephalic
Indications for fetal echocardiography are based on documented ____ and ____ conditions associated with an increased fisk of CHD.
fetal
parental
Fetal risk factors
presence of a major fetal extracardiac anomaly
abnormal fetal cardiac screening
increased nuchal translucency thickness
chromosomal abnormality
fetal arrhythmia
Parental risk factors
pregestation or gestational diabetes
first degree relative with CHD
maternal autoimmune disease
teratogen exposure
assisted reproductive techniques
single umbilical artery
The fetal cardiac examination should be done between ___-___ weeks
18
22
The heart should occupy the majority of the ____ side of the fetal chest
left
The apex in a normal heart should be pointing to the ____.
left
The normal angle of the heart should be ___ degrees to left of midline, plus or minus 20 degrees
45
LA located closest to the fetal spine, RV wall located closest to the anterior chest wall
levocardia
The normal heart position is called
levocardia
3 abnormal positions of fetal heart
dextrocardia
dextroposition
mesocardia
occurs when heart is located on the right side of the chest with apex pointing to the right
dextrocardia
heart being located on right side of chest, with apex pointing to the left
dextroposition
heart located in the middle portion of the chest, but with apex pointing along midline
mesocardia
apical four chamber view
transverse image of fetal chest
2 types of four chamber vie
apical
subcostal
The RV appears slightly ____ than the left.
larger
The ____ is located closest to the anterior chest wall and contains the thick muscular moderator band
RV
valves located between the atria and the ventricles
MV
TV
The IVS and interatrial septum are located:
between the atria and the ventricles
should contain normal opening for foramen ovale
atrial septum
obtained by angling the transducer slightly cephalad from apical view
subcostal four chamber view
Hockey stick appearance
ductal arch
The ductal arch consists of:
PA
ductus arteriosus
descending aorta
two transducer technologies to acquire data volume set
mechanical probe
electronic 4d probe
ultrasound beam directed through area of interest in which static or spatiotemporal image correlation
mechanical probe
obtains either a single 4D volume or STIC subvolumes that are “stitched” together to form a single volume
electronic 4D probe
fetal heart rates greater than 180 bpm
tachyarrthymias
fetal heart rates less than 100 bpm
bradyarrythmias
2 types of premature atrial contraction
conducted
nonconducted
ventricular contraction follows atrial contraction but with a subsequent pause in rhythm as sinus node resets
conducted premature atrial contraction
isolated deflection of atrial wall visualized without subsequent ventricular contraction as impulse was blocked by AV note
nonconducted premature atrial contraction
diagnosed when heart rate approximately between 180 and 300 bpm
supraventricular tachycardia
defined as an atrial rate between 300-400 beats; dropped ventricular beats at a set rate
atrial flutter
irregular atrial rate greater than 400 without a set conduction pattern to ventricles
atrial fibrillation
common drugs for SVT
digoxin
flecainide
sotalol
common drugs atrial flutter
digoxin
sotalol
Fetuses that do not respond to medication for SVT or atrial flutter are at risk for:
development of high-output heart failure
fetal nonimmune hydrops
heart rate below 100 bpms
bradyarrythmia
most severe form of bradyarrythmia
complete heart block (third-degree AV block)
complete dissociation between atrial and ventricular rates
atrial rate will be normal
complete lack of conduction
ventricles 70 bpm or less
complete heart block
normal atrial rate
120-180 bpm
most common cardiac malformations
isolated VSDs
Ventricular septal defects account for approximately ___% of cardiac abnormalities
30
separate RV and LV chambers
IVS
IVS consists of _____ and _____ portions
muscular
membranous
common in setting of malalignment disorders
perimembranous lesions
membranous defect allows both ventricles to eject into aorta
Tetraology of Fallot
Defects occurring in muscular portion of septum
inlet
outlet
trabecular
apical
affect portion of septum extending from TV leaflest
inlet
occur in most superior portion of septum, close to aortic and pulmonary valves
outlet, subarterial, or conal defects
found in midportion of septum; also referred to as midmuscular or central defects
trabecular defects
occur close to apex of the heart past insertion point of moderator band
apical defects
The ____ appears as a dark, hypolucent area in septum.
VSD
anechoic area bordered by a sharply defined hyperechoic portion of the septum
“T” sign
5th most common cardiac anomaly
atrial septal defect
musculomembranous structure that divides the RA and LA
atrial septum
most common type of ASD
ostium secundum defect
second most common type of ASD
ostium primum
defect adjacent to either SVC or IVC; allows blood from SVC or IVC to pass through defect, causing a right to left shunt; may be present at ostium of coronary sinus
sinus venous ASDs
unusually large anechoic area in septum secundum close to foramen ovale; may be noted that flap insufficiently covers foramen
sinus venous ASD
lower portion of atrial septum immediately superior to AV valves is absent
ostium primum
involve a combination of malformations of the IAS, IVS, and the AV valves
Atrioventricular septal defects
also referred to as AV canal or endocardial cushion defects
atrioventricular septal defects
occur when endocardial cushions of heart fail to fuse properly
atrioventricular septal defects
consist of a large septal defect with both atrial and ventricular defects and a common AV valve that connects both atria to the ventricles
completes AVSDs
In a complete AVSD, the common AV valve consists of five leaflets:
anteriosuperior and posteroinferior leaflets
bridge septal defects
three lateral defects
mitral and tricuspid openings separate
partial AVSDs
least common form of AVSDs
intermediate
large, anechoic area encompassing the lower portion (primum) of atrial septum, upper portion of ventricular septum, normal location of MV and TV
complete AVSD
The aortic root normally lies with ______
annulus of MV and TV
most severe left-sided obstructive lesion
hypoplastic left heart syndrome
Basic components of hypoplastic left heart syndrome
hypoplastic LV
aortic atresia
hypoplasia of ascending aorta
MV atresia and/or hypoplasia
most common cause of death from CHD in neonatal period
hypoplastic left heart syndrome
lesion arises from an intial mitral stenosis with subsequent decreased development of LVOT
hypoplastic left heart syndrome
What forms the apex of the heart in hypoplastic left heart syndrome?
Right ventricle
generally results from pulmonary atresia with an intact ventricular system
right ventricular hypoplasia/ pulmonary atresia
Classification of right ventricular hypoplasia
inlet portion
apical trabecular portion
infundibulum/conus
area of right ventricle that includes the tricuspid valve
inlet portion
right ventricle area that includes the area past the insertion of the tricuspid papillary muscles
apical trabecular portion
area of right ventricle that encompasses the area surrounding the pulmonary valve
infundibulum or conus
Partite system characterizations
tripartite
bipartite
unipartite
Tripartite
involving all regions (inlet, apical trabecular, infundibulum or conus)
bipartite
with inlet and outlet componenets
unipartite
inlet lesion only
identification of an unusually small RV, regurgitation of TV, small, hyperechoic PA, no blood flow; results in ductal dependent lesion
RV hypoplasia with pulmonary atresia
result in RV hypoplasia; lack of inflow from RA; progressive lesion that tends to worsen as pregnancy progresses; hyperechoic thickened valve; Doppler- no flow on either side of the valve
Tricuspid atresia
narrowing of aorta along aortic arch resulting in outflow obstruction
coarctation of the aorta
classifications of coarctation of aorta
preductal
ductal
postductal
Majority of coarctations are classified as
ductal or postductal
Complete interruption of aorta Type A lesions are located:
just distal to left subclavian
Complete interruption of aorta Type B lesions are located:
between left carotid and left subclavian
Complete interruption of aorta Type C lesions are located:
between innominate and left carotid
Normal ratio RV to LV size
1.25
Abnormal ratio RV to LV size affected wtih coarctation of the aorta
2.25
Normal ratio of PA diameter
1.25
Abnormal ratio of PA diameter size affected with coarctation of the aorta
approaching 2
Diagnosis of interrupted aortic arch
hypoplastic ascending aorta
disproportionately small aortic root
VSD generally present
most common form of cyanotic heart disease
Tetraology of Fallot
Four classic features of Tetraology of Fallot
perimembranous (conal) VSD
overriding aorta
pulmonary stenosis or atresia
RV hypertrophy
If more than 50% of aorta overrides the RV _____ is more likely.
DORV
3 types of PA abnormalities
pulmonary stenosis
pulmonary atresia with a patent ductus
pulmonary atresia with major aortopulmonary collaterals
retrograde flow, with a lack of flow seen across the valve itself, usually associated with increased turbulence, RV hypertrophy may or may not be apparent
pulmonary atresia
Cardiac anomalies associated with Tetralogy of Fallot
right-sided aortic arch
aberrant left subclavian artery
atrial septal or AVSD
Extracardiac anomalies associated with Tetralogy of Fallot
tracheoesophageal fistula
renal anomalies
clefts
single umbilical artery
Most common chromosomal anomalies associated with Tetralogy of Fallot
DiGeorge syndrome
trisomy 21
posterior and septal TV leaflets are apically displaced from their normal location at the AV junction into the RV; results in abnormally large RA and pathologically small RV; aberrant leaflets of TV may be variable adherent to ventricular wall
Ebstein anomaly
Ebstein anomaly frequently causes severe dysfunction in utero:
cardiomegaly
hydrops
arrythmias
Maternal ingestion of _____ gives a 28 fold increase for developing the Ebstein anomaly.
lithium carbonate
Ebstein anomaly is associated with trisomies:
13
18
21
Prenatal diagnosis of Ebstein anomaly
RA enlargement with apical displacement of TV
unusal tethering of TV leaflets
severe levortation of heart
Measurement of offset between septal leaflets of MV and TV (greater than 8 mm)
Two categories of Transposition of the Great Arteries
complete transposition or d-transposition
congenitally corrected transposition (CCTGA) or l-transposition
In Transposition of the Great arteries the PA arises from the ____ and the aorta from the ____
LV
RV
Connection between atria and ventricles is concordant; RA connects with RV; LA connects with LV; aorta comes off RV; PA comes off LV
complete transposition
Normal relationship of PA encircling central aorta lost; two vessels appear as either side-by-side circular structures or parallel vessels; in the three vessel view, only two vessels are viewed (aorta and SVC)
complete transposition of the great arteries
Both AV connections and ventriculoarterial connections discordant; RA connects to morphologic LV which connects to PA; LA connects to morphologic RV which connects to aorta
CCGTA
one of a group of rare conotruncal defects that account for approx 1% fetal cardiac lesions; truncoconal ridges that normally divide truncus arteriosus into aorta and pulmonary trunks fail to fuse, resulting in a single great vessel arising just above IVS; VSD uniformly present within upper portion of septum just below location of truncus;
truncus arteriosus
associated cardiac anomalies truncus arteriosus
valvular insufficiency or stenosis
absent ductus arteriosus
right-sided aortic arch
encompasses a group of disorders in which more than 50% of both aortic root and PA arise from morphologic RV, usually directly above a perimembranous VSD; discontinuity of normal fibrous connection of MV and aortic valves
Double-Outlet Right ventricle
Four main types of DORV
VSD
Fallot
TGA
Noncommittal VSD
VSD type DORV
DORV with a subaortic VSD
Fallot type DORV
subaortic or double committed VSD and pulmonary stenosis
TGA type DORV
DORV with a subpulmonary VSD
Noncommittal VSD DORV
VSD is remote from either great vessel
DORV is strongly associated with _____
poorly controlled diabetes
Chromosomal abnormalities associated with DORV
DiGeorge syndrome
trisomies 13 and 18
most common prenatally diagnosed cardiac tumor
rhabdomyoma
echogenic mass within RV or LV or within IVS; 60-80% of patients are diagnosed with tuberous sclerosis
rhabdomyoma
Most common arrythmia associated with rhabdomyoma
supraventricular
The heart begins beating a __ weeks postconception
3
_______, tubular structures are the first sign of heart development.
cardiogenic cords
The _____ forms as the tube bends.
AV loop
Endocardial cushions develop separating the atria and ventricles at approx ___ days
27
In the ___ week, the truncus arteriosus forms, twisting into their proper location
7
Fetal circulation has three bypasses:
ductus arteriosus
foramen ovale
ductus venosus
____ is the most common malformation
CHD
The best time to examine the fetal heart with ultrasound is between __ and __ weeks
18
22
The normal heart is at a ___ degree angle to the ____ of midline
45
left
_____, ______, and _____ describe abnormal positions of the fetal heart.
dextrocardia
dextroposition
mesocardia
You should obtain a minimum a ___ 2D views of the heart to determine normalcy./
5
________ imaging allows evaluating an unlimited number of views of the cardiovascular system
3-/4D
An ____ helps detect heart rhythm anomalies when the M-line is through the atria and the ventricle
M-mode
Fetal arrythmias may lead to:
nonimmune fetal hydrops
Septal defects occur in the ____, ____, or a combo of both (___)
IAS
IVS
AVSD
Either the RV or the LV may fail to develop, resulting in _____
HLHS
RV hypoplasia
There are several types of aortic coarctation
preductual, ductal, postductal
_____ is the most common form of cyanotic heart disease
TOF
TOF is the result of five defects:
perimembranous VSD
outlet of conal ventricular defect
pulmonic stenosis
PA hypoplasia
RV hypertrophy
Main findings in Ebstein anomaly
apically placed TV
large atrialized RV
There are two types of TGA:
complete
congenitally correted
the failure of the embryonic truncus to separate into aorta and pa
truncus arteriousus
has more than 50% of the aortic root and PA arising from the RV
DORV
most common solid, benign, cardiac mass seen in the fetus and may be because of tuberous sclerosis and nonimmune fetal hydrops
rhabdomyoma
The embryonic heart is completely formed at the:
beginning of the eighth week
Fetal blood circulates within the embryo at:
3 weeks postconception
Fetal oxygenated blood circulation from the placenta enters the fetus through the:
umbilical vein to the hepatic circulation and left portal vein
Fetal blood from the IVC enters the heart:
right atrium
In the fetus, left atrial blood passes through the ______ into the left ventricle
mitral valve
The greatest concentration of oxygenated fetal blood travels to the:
cranium
A normal heart orientation is:
levocardia
In the normal fetal heart, which chamber is located closest to the fetal spine?
left atrium
Fetal tachyarrythmias are heart rates:
more than 180 beats per minute
Digoxin, solatol, and flecainide are most often selected for fetal treatment of:
SVT
A defect of the inlet, outlet, trabecular, or apical portion of the fetal septum involves the:
muscular septum
A syndrome that includes aortic atresia, a small left ventricle, and mitral valve atresia is:
HLHS
Tetralogy of Fallot includes all except:
a. perimembranous VSD
b. right atrial hypertrophy
c. pulmonic stenosis
d. pulmonary artery hypoplasia
d
An abnormally large right atrium and abnormally small right ventricle with tricuspid regurgitation is an indication of:
Ebstein anomaly
What anomaly describes a single vessel overriding a VSD and regurgitant flow, and thickened stenotic valve indicate?
Truncus arteriosus
The most common cardiac tumor is:
rhabdomyoma
DORV involves:
a. severe ASD
b. a conotruncal defect with the aorta and pulmonary artery failing to divide
c. more than 50% of both the aortic root and PA arise from the morphologic RV
d. premature closure of the foramen ovale
c
Ostium primum and ostium secundum defects involve the:
atrial septum
The pulmonary valve receives blood from the:
right ventricle
Current ultrasound resolution limits of ____ mm may prevent the identification of small VSDs
1 to 2
Blood begins to circulate in the embryo at ___ weeks postconception, which is ___ weeks gestational age.
3
5
The fetal heart should consume most of the ____ side of the chest and lays with a normal angle of ____ degrees to the ____ of midline, plus or minus 20 degrees. The normal position of the heart is termed _____.
left
45
left
levocardia
A right-sided heart with the apex pointing left is ______.
dextroposition
A heart positioned in the right chest with the apex pointing right is labeled _____.
dextrocardia
A midline heart is labeled _____
mesocardia
The standard first view in an echocardiogram is the ______ view.
apical four chamber
The subcostal fetal heart view is used for the _______ view, ______ view of the ventricles, and Doppler interrogation of the ______.
TV and MV
M-mode
AV valves
A long axis view of the ____ artery demonstrates the RVOT. A long axis view of the ____ demonstrates the LVOT.
PA
aorta
The brachiocephalic, left common carotid, and left subclavian artery arise from the _____ arch, which has a ______ shape or appearance.
ductal
candy cane
A fetal sustained heart rate of 100 bpm or less is called ______
bradyarrythmia
The most frequent cardiac malformation is ________, occurring in about 30% of live births.
ventricular septal defect
The three bypasses of the fetal heart that close at parturition are _______, _______, and _______.
ductus arteriosus
ductus venosus
foramen ovale
The 3D imaging mode used specifically for fetal cardiac imaging is _____
STIC
Tricuspid atresia results in ____ hypoplasia. It appears as a _______, ______ valve.
RV
hyperechoic
thickened
Narrowing of the aorta along the arch is _______ and results in possible _______ descending aortic flow distal to ductus arteriosus entrance.
coarctation
high velocity
Complete TGA is ____ and _____ concordant connection; aorta originating from the ____; pulmonary artery originating from the ____.
atria
ventricle
RV
LV
Endocardial cushion defect is also known as _______
AV canal/ atrioventricular septal defects
The ______ view of the fetal heart is often used for the diagnosis of VSD.
subcostal four chamber
Tubular structures called _______ are the first development of the fetal heart.
cardiogenic cords
Chamber dilation proximal to an atretic valve is known as ______
aortic root dilatation
The ______ is the most common solid, benign cardiac mass seen in the fetus.
rhabdomyoma
The correct flow direction through the foramen ovale is _____ to _____.
right atrium
left atrium
A structure in the right ventricle, the ________, should differentiate the right ventricle from the left ventricle.
tricuspid valve
The structure that separates the right and left ventricular chambers is the ______
muscular moderator band
The foraminal flap should be seen opening into the _____ atrium.
left
Tetralogy of Fallot is the result of five defects: a _______, _______, _______, _______, ________.
perimembranous VSD
outlet of conal ventricular defect
pulmonic stenosis
PA hypoplasia
RV hypertrophy
______ is a condition in which the aortic root and pulmonary artery arise from the right ventricle.
Double outlet right ventricle
Failure of the embryonic truncus to separate into the aorta and pulmonary artery is known as:
truncus arteriosus
The fetal heart begins beating ___________________ weeks post conception
3
A coexisting pericardial effusion and a pleural effusion is consistent with the diagnosis of:
nonimmune fetal hydrops
What is transposition of the great arteries?
connection between the atria and ventricles is concordant, meaning that the RA connects to the RV, and the LA connects with the LV. The aorta, however, comes off the RV and the PA comes off the LV.
When hypoplastic left heart syndrome is found in girls, what syndrome should be suspected?
Turner syndrome
A heart rate using M-mode should be sonographically obtainable with EV when the CRL measures?
4-5 mm
Blood returning from the IVC enters the:
right atrium
What is the opening located right anteromedially within the diaphram?
foramen of Morgagni
A group of anomalies characterized by a small or an absent left ventricle is:
hypoplastic left heart syndrome
A group of anomalies characterized by a small or an absent right ventricle is:
right ventricular hypoplasia
What is an opening within the septum that separates the right and left ventricles?
ventricular septal defect
The narrowing of the aortic arch is indicative of:
coarctation of the aorta
An EIF is most often seen within the:
left ventricle
An EIF would most likely be associated with:
trisomy 13 and 21
The most common fetal cardiac tumor is the :
rhabdomyoma
sonographic features of pentology of cantrell
condition that involves five anomalies: anterior abdominal wall defect, anterior diaphragmatic hernia, sternal cleft, ectopia cordis and intracardiac abnormalities
The normal heart will fill approximately _____________ of the fetal chest.
1/3
The condition in which the heart is located outside the chest wall is termed:
ectopic cordis
The moderator band is located within the:
right ventricle
The most common cause of cardiac malposition is:
diaphragmatic hernia
The tricuspid valve is located:
between the right atrium and right ventricle
The embryonic heart begins as;
two tubes called the cordiogenic cords
The mitral valve is located:
between the left atrium and left ventricle
What is the most common cardiac defect?
VSD
What is the normal opening in the lower middle third of the atriual septum?
Foramen Ovale
What structure shunts blood into the IVC from the umbilical vein?
ductus venosus
The blood returning from the lungs through the pulmonary veins enters into the:
left atrium
The greatest concentration of fetal blood travels to the:
cranium
An abnormally large right atrium and abnormally small right ventricle with tricuspid regurgitation is an indication of:
Ebstein Anomaly
________________________ is a normal heart orientation
Levocardia
Blood begins to circulate in the embryo at _____________________ post conception, which is ______________________ weeks gestational age.
3
5
The fetal heart should consume most of the left side of the chest and lays with a normal angle of _________________ degrees to ________________ of midline.
45
left
A right sided heart with the apex pointing left is called_________________________
dextroposition
A heart positioned in the right chest with the apex pointing right is labeled __________________________
dextrocardia
A midline heart is termed _______________________.
mesocardia
