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ANSC 2210 > Midterm - Physical Measures of Welfare > Flashcards

Midterm - Physical Measures of Welfare Flashcards

1
Q

physiological outputs/indicators

A

neuroendocrine
cardiovascular
metabolic
immune
musculo-skeletal responses

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2
Q

what prepares the body for immediate physical activity

A

sympathetic adrenal medullary system (fight or flight)

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3
Q

direct measurements of autonomic nervous system

A

heart rate variability
blood pressure
body temp
respirator rate
catecholamine levels

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4
Q

indirect measurement of autonomic nervous system

A

adrenal habituation
adrenal enzymes

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5
Q

invasiveness of physiological stress response measurement

A

depends on severity of implantation

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6
Q

restriction of physiological stress response measurement

A

restraint required

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7
Q

disturbance of physiological stress response measurement

A

effect of sampling on parameter

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8
Q

heart rate variability

A

vaguely mediated beat to beat change in heart rate

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9
Q

what has low HRV been associated with

A

impaired emotional and behavioural regulation and stress in animals

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10
Q

contributing factors for heart rate variability

A

stress and welfare in different housing conditions
human models for cardiovascular research
pathological conditions, behavioural disorders
training and fitness levels (horses)
understanding temperament and coping strategies

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11
Q

pros for the measurement of heart rate variability

A

non-invasive
minimal disturbance

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12
Q

cons for the measurement of heart rate variability

A

restraint is required

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13
Q

what is blood pressure a good measure of

A

chronic welfare change

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14
Q

cons with blood pressure measurement

A

somewhat invasive
restraint is required
high disturbance
lots of external factors

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15
Q

how does stress effect body temp

A

stress leads to change in blood flow
influx of blood to key organs increasing core body temperature

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16
Q

characteristics of thermography (measuring body temp)

A

can be non-invasive to invasive
restraint required in some cases
no to high disturbance
lots of external factors

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17
Q

what is respiratory rate an assessment of

A

present state
closely correlated with heart rate

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18
Q

pros of respiratory rate measurement

A

non-invasive
no restraint
no disturbance
there are lots of external factors though

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19
Q

what does the adrenal medulla release

A

adrenaline (epinephrine)
noradrenaline (norepinephrine)

20
Q

specificity of adrenaline

A

psychological stimuli

21
Q

specificity of noradrenaline

A

physical stimuli

22
Q

pros of measuring catecholamine

A

no disturbance

23
Q

cons of measuring catecholamine

A

invasive
restraint required
lots of external factors

24
Q

what can bias the physical measurements

A

other factors causing changes
individual differences
disturbance due to measurement

25
Q

examples of factors causing changes

A

activity
metabolism
timing of sample

26
Q

examples of individual differences

A

high and low responders
dominance status
sex

27
Q

examples of disturbances due to measurement

A

human presence
handling
restraint
sampling method

28
Q

what are the main glucocorticoids involved in

A

regulation of stress responses, is species dependent

29
Q

what is commonly measured as an indicator for the presence of stressors

A

glucocorticoids concentration in blood plasma

30
Q

drawbacks of measuring glucocorticoids as an indicator of stressors

A

secretion of GC occurs in pulsatile fashion
wide variation in baseline levels
stress from sampling procedure itself can influence results
sample volume available - limiting factor

31
Q

what advantage does fecal sampling offer over blood sampling for GC

A

easily collected
minimal disturbance to animal
can be collected frequently over long periods of time
feedback-free sampling method
fecal concentrations of cortisol metabolites more accurately reflect secretory patterns than blood plasma sampling

32
Q

limitations of fecal sampling

A

route and time course of excretion vary among species
metabolites formed and excreted also vary between species

33
Q

pathologies in welfare

A

adrenal hypertrophy
kidney lesions
myocardial lesions

34
Q

adrenal hypertrophy

A

due to prolonged activation of ANS and HPA systems

35
Q

kidney lesions

A

due to either prolonged high blood pressure or urine retention

36
Q

myocardial lesions

A

due to prolonged activation of sympathetic nervous system

37
Q

examples of causes of disease

A

oxygen deficiency
physical agents
infectious agents

38
Q

what is an important way to adapt to disease

A

modifying behaviour

39
Q

what do diseased animals often deal with

A

difficulty coping with their environment
lower quality of life

40
Q

what within diseased animals improves welfare

A

not diagnosis - consequent treatment

41
Q

sickness behaviour

A

constitutes an adaptive strategy involving energy-saving measures

42
Q

examples of sickness behaviours

A

decreased locomotion
increased slow wave sleep
postural changes
disinterest in:
- pleasurable activities
- social interactions
- sexual behaviour

43
Q

benefits of sickness behaviour

A
  • precludes the individual from engaging in energetically demanding functions
  • compensates for high energetic costs of fever by conserving heat and allowing for tissue repair
  • may also decrease risk of predation
44
Q

functional basis of anorexia

A
  1. induction of the response for the parasites benefit
  2. reduced food intake starves parasite
  3. reduces energetic efficiency leads to anorexia
  4. anorexia enhances effective immune responses
  5. anorexia leads to increased diet selectivity during infection
45
Q

low productivity

A

indicative of inadequate care and stress/illness

ANSC 2210 (19 decks)

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